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Treaty of Amiens
"Definitive Treaty of Peace"

Caricature on the Treaty of Amiens by James Gillray (1 January 1803)
Type of treaty Peace treaty
Signed
- location		 25 March 1802
Amiens, France
Effective 25 March 1802
Expiration 18 May 1803
Signatories Joseph Bonaparte for the French Republic and its allies and the Marquess Cornwallis for Great Britain
Language English,
French

The Treaty of Amiens temporarily ended the hostilities between France and the United Kingdom during the French Revolutionary Wars. James Gillray, sometimes spelled Gilray (born August 13, 1757 in Chelsea; died June 1, 1815) was a British New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Amiens (amjɛ̃ is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km north of Paris. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte King of Naples and Sicily, King of Spain (during a time) and the Indies (never de facto and never de iure Earl Cornwallis was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1753 for Charles Cornwallis 5th Baron Cornwallis. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1792 until 1802 fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states It was signed on March 25, 1802 (Germinal 4, year X in the French Revolutionary Calendar) by Joseph Bonaparte and the Marquess Cornwallis as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace". Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the The French Republican Calendar or French Revolutionary Calendar was a Calendar proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French government Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte King of Naples and Sicily, King of Spain (during a time) and the Indies (never de facto and never de iure Charles Cornwallis 1st Marquess Cornwallis ( 31 December 1738 &ndash 5 October 1805) was a British military commander and colonial The consequent peace lasted only one year, and was the only period of peace during the so-called 'Great French War' between 1793 and 1815. The Great French War is a term sometimes used to describe the period of almost continuous conflict April 20, 1792 to November 20, 1815, [1] Under the treaty, the United Kingdom recognized the French Republic. The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution.

Together with the Treaty of Lunéville (1801) the treaty of Amiens marked the end of the Second Coalition. The Treaty of Lunéville was signed on February 9 1801 between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire by Joseph Bonaparte and Amiens (amjɛ̃ is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km north of Paris. The " Second Coalition " ( 1799 &ndash 1802) was the second attempt by other European powers to contain or eliminate Revolutionary The War started well for the Coalition, with General Bonaparte's reverses in Egypt. But, after France's victories at Marengo and Hohenlinden, Austria, Russia and Naples asked for peace. In the Battle of Marengo was fought on 14 June 1800 between French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria The Battle of Hohenlinden was fought on December 3 1800 during the French Revolutionary Wars, near Munich, modern Germany. Nelson's victory at Copenhagen (April 2, 1801) halted the creation of the League of Armed Neutrality and led to a negotiated ceasefire: Preliminary Articles of Peace were signed in London, October 1801, and greeted with illuminations and fireworks; in Dublin a street would be named for the treaty. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758– 21 October 1805 was a British Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday League of Armed Neutrality refers to one of two alliances of minor European Naval powers ( 1780 - 1783 and 1800 - 1801 Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. [2] Peace, it was thought, would lead to the withdrawal of the income tax imposed by Pitt, the reduction of grain prices and a revival of markets. The Treaty was made possible by William Pitt's resignation 16 February 1801, on an unrelated issue; Henry Addington replaced him. William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 &ndash 23 January 1806 was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Henry Addington 1st Viscount Sidmouth, PC (30 May 1757 &ndash 15 February 1844 was a British statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from The British negotiators in Paris were led by Robert Jenkinson, Lord Liverpool. Robert Banks Jenkinson 2nd Earl of Liverpool (7 June 1770 &ndash 4 December 1828 was a British politician and the longest-serving Prime Minister of the

Contents

Terms

The treaty, beyond confirming "peace, friendship, and good understanding":

Amiens interlude

Upper-class British visitors flocked to Paris in the summer and autumn of 1802. William Herschel took the opportunity to confer with his colleagues at the Observatoire. Sir Frederick William Herschel FRS KH ( 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German -born British In booths and temporary arcades in the courtyard of the Louvre the third French exposition des produits français took place, 18-24 September. According to the memoirs of his private secretary Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Napoleon "was, above all, delighted with the admiration the exhibition excited among the numerous foreigners who resorted to Paris during the peace. Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne ( July 19, 1769 - February 7, 1834) French Diplomat, was born at Sens. "[3] Among the visitors was Charles Fox, who received a personal tour from Minister Chaptal. Charles Fox may refer to Charles James Fox (1749–1806 British politician Charles Fox (composer (1940—) film and television composer Jean-Antoine Claude comte Chaptal de Chanteloup ( June 4, 1756 &ndash July 30, 1832) was a French Chemist and statesman Within the Louvre, in addition to the display of recent works in the Salon of 1802, visitors could see the display of Italian paintings— J.M.W. Turner filled a sketchbook— and Roman sculptures collected from all over Italy under the stringent terms of the Treaty of Tolentino. The Salon (Salon or rarely Paris Salon (French Salon de Paris) beginning in 1725 was the official Art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 1775 &ndash 19 December 1851 was an English Romantic landscape painter, Watercolourist and The Treaty of Tolentino was signed after nine months of negotiations between France and the Papal States on February 19, 1797. Even the four Greek Horses of St Mark had been furtively removed in 1797 and could now be viewed in an inner courtyard. The Triumphal Quadriga or Horses of Saint Mark is a set of Roman or Greek Bronze statues of four Horses originally [4] William Hazlitt arrived at Paris, 16 October 1802: the Roman sculptures did not move him, but he spent much of three months studying and copying Italian masters in the Louvre. William Hazlitt ( 10 April 1778 &ndash 18 September 1830) was an English Writer remembered for his humanistic Essays and [5] Among the stream of British visitors were the family party that included Maria Edgeworth, who spent the winter in Paris, leaving hastily and landing safely at Dover, 6 March 1803; Lovell Edgeworth was not so lucky. Maria Edgeworth (1 January 1767 &ndash 22 May 1849 was an Anglo-Irish novelist [6] Another author, Frances Burney, travelled to Paris in April 1803 to see her husband comte Alexandre d'Arblay, and when hostilities resumed was required to remain until 1815. For playwright Frances Burney (1776–1828 niece of novelist Fanny Burney Madame d'Arblay 1752-1840 see Frances Burney (1776–1828 Frances Burney

Breakdown

The British government balked at implementing certain terms, such as evacuating their naval presence from Malta. After the initial fervor, objections to the treaty had quickly grown in the United Kingdom, where it seemed to the governing class that they were making all the concessions and ratifying recent developments. For his part, during the negotiated truce Bonaparte continued to support the French general Pierre Augereau's reactionary coup d'état of 18 September 1801 in the Batavian Republic, and the new constitution, ratified by a sham election, that brought it into closer alignment with its dominant partner. Charles Pierre François Augereau 1st Duc de Castiglione ( October 21, 1757 &ndash June 12, 1816) was a French soldier and military The Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek was the successor of the Republic of the United Netherlands. On 24 January, just before the signing at Amiens, Napoleon was installed as president of the new Italian Republic, successor to the Cisalpine Republic. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Cisalpine Republic ( Repubblica Cisalpina) was a French client republic in Northern Italy that lasted from 1797 to 1802. Earlier in that same month, Napoleon had sent forces under General Charles Leclerc to France's richest colony, Saint-Domingue, with public professions of benevolence and secret orders to reverse the revolution, to deport Toussaint Louverture— dismissed as the Africain doré but with whom the British were treating as head of state— and to reimpose slavery. Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc ( Pontoise, Val-d'Oise, France, March 17, 1772 - Saint Domingue, November 2, Saint-Domingue was a French Colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804 when it became the independent nation of François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture Leclerc came ashore to the smoldering ashes of Cap François, 2 February 1802; Toussaint died in a French prison 7 April 1803;[7] British newspaper readers followed the events, presented in strong moralising colours. Cap-Haïtien ( Okap or Kapayisyen in Kréyòl) is a city of about 130000 people on the north coast of Haiti. Bonaparte refused additional concessions despite appeals from his Foreign Minister Talleyrand, so Addington strengthened the Royal Navy and imposed a blockade of France. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 1st Sovereign Prince of Beneventum (2 February 1754 17 May 1838 the Prince of Diplomats, was a French Talks in Paris broke down in May; the British ambassador left on the 13th. [8]

In justifying an immediate casus belli for resumption of hostilities, it has been alleged that the United Kingdom did seize all French ships in British ports; there appears to be no evidence to support such an assertion. Napoleon certainly believed it, stating that six ships had been seized "on the high seas," although these ships and their captains have never been named. On 18 May a declaration of war was laid before Parliament. Presented as a response, on 22 May 1803 (2 Prairial, year XI) the First Consul suddenly ordered the imprisonment of all British males between the ages of eighteen and sixty in France, trapping many traveling civilians. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a This act was denounced as illegal by all the major powers. Napoleon claimed in the French press that the British prisoners that he had taken amounted to 10,000, but French documents compiled in Paris a few months later show that the numbers were 1,181. It was not until the abdication of Napoleon in 1814 that the last of these imprisoned British civilians were allowed to return home.

War

Addington proved an ineffective prime minister in wartime, and was replaced on 10 May 1804 with William Pitt, who started the Third Coalition. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The War of the Third Coalition in 1805 saw the defeat of an alliance of Austria, Portugal, Russia, and others by France and its client states Pitt has been alleged to have been behind assassination attempts on Bonaparte's life by Cadoudal and Pichegru. Jean-Charles Pichegru ( February 16, 1761 &mdash April 5, 1804) was a French General and political figure of the French

Napoleon, now emperor, assembled armies on the coast of France to invade England, but Austria and Russia, the United Kingdom's allies, were preparing to invade France. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The French armies were christened La Grande Armée and secretly left the coast to march against Austria and Russia before those armies could combine. The Grande Armée defeated Austria at Ulm the day before the Battle of Trafalgar, and Napoléon's victory at the Battle of Austerlitz effectively destroyed the Third Coalition. The Battle of Ulm ( October 16 - 19, 1805) was a series of minor skirmishes at the end of Napoleon Bonaparte's Ulm Campaign, culminating The Battle of Trafalgar ( 21 October 1805) was a historic sea battle fought between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the The Battle of Austerlitz (Bitva u Slavkova also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of Napoleon's greatest victories effectively destroying the In 1806, Britain re-took the Cape Colony from the Batavian Republic, which Napoleon abolished later that year in favour of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland, ruled by his brother Louis. The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town. The Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek was the successor of the Republic of the United Netherlands. Not to be confused with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koningrijk Holland Royaume

Notes

  1. ^ There would also be a premature peace during the abortive first Bourbon restoration of May 1814-March 1815, interrupted by the "Hundred Days". The Hundred Days was the period between Napoleon Bonaparte 's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the restoration
  2. ^ The street's name is generally pronounced "Ay-me-ens".
  3. ^ Quoted by Arthur Chandler, "The Napoleonic Expositions"
  4. ^ Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, Taste and the Antique (Yale University Press) 1981, pp ch xiv 'The Last Dispersals'.
  5. ^ "I say nothing of the statues; for I know but little of sculpture, and never liked any till I saw the Elgin Marbles. . . . Here, for four months together, I strolled and studied. " (Hazlitt, Table Talk:" "On The Pleasure Of Painting").
  6. ^ Hon. Emily Lawless, Maria Edgeworth, ch. viii (on-line text).
  7. ^ See, for example, Bob Corbett, "The Haitian Revolution: part III".
  8. ^ "Unfavorable termination of the discussion lately depending between his majesty and the French government, . . . his majesty's ambassador left Paris on the 13th. . . . Letters of marque and commissions to privateers are to be issued, and French ships to be captured, &c. The kings share of all French ships and property will be given to privateers. Homeward bound ships should wait for convoys. " (Beamish Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia (Halifax: James Barnes, 1865), vol. 3, p. 226; noted [1]
Preceded by
1801		 Great French War
Treaty of Amiens		 Succeeded by
Third Coalition
The French Revolutionary Wars continued in 1801 with the French bringing the war against the Second Coalition to a close The Great French War is a term sometimes used to describe the period of almost continuous conflict April 20, 1792 to November 20, 1815, The War of the Third Coalition in 1805 saw the defeat of an alliance of Austria, Portugal, Russia, and others by France and its client states
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