The word treadmill, originally a type of mill operated by a person treading steps of a wheel to grind grain, now designates a piece of indoor sporting equipment for running without moving any distance. Oxen (singular ox) are Cattle trained as draft animals. Often they are adult castrated males A treadmill is a piece of indoor sporting equipment used to allow for the motions of Running or Walking while staying in one place
A treadwheel is a form of animal engine typically powered by humans. An animal engine is a machine with an animal providing the source of power It may resemble a water wheel in appearance, and can be worked either by a human treading paddles set into its circumference (treadmill), or by a human or animal standing inside it (treadwheel). A water wheel is a means of extracting power from the flow (or fall of water otherwise known as Hydropower.
Uses of treadwheels included raising water, to power cranes, or grind grain. They were used extensively in the Greek and Roman world, such as in the reverse overshot water-wheel used for dewatering purposes. Frequently used in mines and probably elsewhere the reverse overshot Water wheel was a Roman innovation to help remove water from the lowest levels of underground workings
They were used in prisons in the Victorian period in Britain as a form of punishment. A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A treadwheel was also used in a submarine in 1851 to pump air to change buoyancy and thus make the vessel dive or rise. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability
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Treadwheel locations
England
Berkshire. Berkshire (ˈbɑːkʃə or /ˈbɑːkʃɪə/ say Baak-shuh/-sheer sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a Home County in the South
- Reading - a treadmill was erected in the Prison in 1828 and removed in the 1850s. Reading (ˈrɛdɪŋ as Redding) is a town in England, located at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, midway between This treadmill was used to mill flour.
Buckinghamshire. Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England.
- Aylesbury - a treadmill was erected in the old gaol in 1820, and another treadmill was erected with the new gaol that was built in 1845. See also Aylesbury Urban Area Aylesbury is the County town of Buckinghamshire in south east England. this treadmill seems to have been a composite one, working as a treadwheel and treadmill at the same time.
Cheshire. Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England.
- Knutsford - a treadwheel was in use in the House of Correction in 1843. Knutsford is a town and Civil parish within the Borough of Macclesfield, Cheshire, England, located south-west of Manchester
Cornwall. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar
- Bodmin - a treadwheel was in use in the Gaol from 1827-48. Bodmin (Bosvenegh is a Town in Cornwall, United Kingdom, with a population of 12778 (2001 census It was used to grind grain.
- Penzance - a treadwheel was in use in the gaol in 1840. Penzance (Pensans also Penzans, IPA: /pɛnˈzæns/ is a town Civil parish, and Port in the Penwith district of Cornwall
Essex. Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common
- Harwich - Britain's only surviving treadwheel crane dating from 1667 is preserved on Harwich Green. Harwich (ˈhærɪdʒ is a town in Essex England and one of the Haven ports, located on the coast with the North Sea
Gloucestershire. History See also History of Gloucestershire Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century
- Bristol - a treadwheel crane at the docks was known as "Padmore's Great Crane. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London "
Hampshire. Wildlife Hampshire has wildlife typical of the island of Great Britain
- Beauworth - Inside the Fox and Hounds public house is a treadwheel used to raise water. Beauworth is a village and Civil parish in the City of Winchester district of Hampshire, England, about eight miles east of Winchester
- Catherington - a treadwheel from Kinches Farm (grid ref SU 693 140) is preserved at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum Singleton' Sussex. Catherington is a village in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. Weald and Downland Open Air Museum is an Open air museum at Singleton, Sussex, England. It was used to raise water form a well 300' deep.
- Dummer - a treadwheel used to raise water from a well. For the town in New Hampshire, see Dummer New Hampshire; for the Governor of Massachusetts see William Dummer; for the private school see Governor Built in 1879 it stood at grid ref SU 589 461.
- Horndean - a treadwheel. Horndean is a Village and Civil parish in in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England.
- Upham - a treadwheel.
Huntingdonshire. History The earliest English settlers in the district were the Gyrwas, an East Anglian tribe who early in the 6th century worked their way up the Ouse and the Cam
- Huntingdon - A treadwheel was in use at the Prison to pump water in 1831. Huntingdon is a town in the county of Cambridgeshire in East Anglia, England.
Kent. KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format
- Burham - a treadwheel from Great Culand Farm is preserved in Maidstone Museum. Burham is a village and Civil parish in the Tonbridge and Malling district of Kent, England. Maidstone is the County town of Kent, England, south-east of London.
- Canterbury - a treadwheel was used in Canterbury Cathedral to power a hoist for raising building materials in the construction of the Bell Harry tower. Canterbury ( ˈkæntəbɹ̩i is a City in eastern Kent in the South East region of England. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a It is extant.
Lancashire. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea
- Liverpool - a treadmill was installed in the gaol by Sir William Cubitt. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary
Lincolnshire. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England.
- Louth - a treadwheel was in use in the House of Correction in 1788. Louth is the name of several locations around the world County Louth, Ireland the village of Louth in County Louth
London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
- Brixton Prison - housed a treadmill from 1821 to the 1840s. Brixton is an area of the London Borough of Lambeth, in inner - South London.
- City Bridewell - a treadwheel was in use as early as 1570. Bridewell Palace, London, originally a residence of Henry VIII, later became a poorhouse and prison The Bridewell was demolished in 1863.
- Coldbath Fields Prison, Clerkenwell - housed a treadmill until at least 1884. Coldbath Fields Prison (later also known as Clerkenwell Gaol) was a Prison in the Clerkenwell areas of the City of London, originally built during Clerkenwell is an area of central London in the London Borough of Islington. This was used to grind grain and pump water. It was installed by Sir William Cubitt. } Sir William Cubitt (1785-1861 was an eminent English Civil engineer and Millwright. An illustration appeared in the Illustrated London News, 4th July 1874.
- Tothill Fields Bridewell
- The Museum of London has a reconstruction of a Roman "Water Engine. Tothill Fields Bridewell (also known as Tothill Fields Prison and Westminster Bridewell) was a Prison located in the Westminster area of central "
- A treadwheel crane was illustrated in the painting "A Quay on the Thames" by the artist Samuel Scott. It is in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design housing a permanent collection The scene has been recreated in the Museum in Docklands.
Norfolk. Norfolk (ˈnɔrfək is a low-lying county in East Anglia, England, United Kingdom.
- Norwich - a treadmill was built in the old Norwich Gaol by millwright Thomas Smithdale in 1875 at a cost of £273. History Roman The Romans had their regional capital at Venta Icenorum on the river to the south which is near modern-day Caistor St Edmund The trade of millwright is concerned with the construction and maintenance of machinery 10s. 0d, replacing an earlier one burnt down in 1874. (Norfolk Chronicle, 24th April 1875).
- Swaffham - a treadmill was installed in the gaol by Sir William Cubitt. Swaffham is a Market town and Civil parish in the English County of Norfolk.
Oxfordshire. History See also History of Oxfordshire The county of Oxfordshire was formed in the early years of the 10th century and is broadly situated in the
- Oxford - There was a treadwheel in the Castle, which was used as a prison. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, The building that house it is extant.
Staffordshire. Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England.
- Stafford - a corn mill was built in the 1860s, powered by a treadwheel. This article is about the town of Stafford England For the larger local government district see Borough of Stafford.
- Bury St. Edmunds - a treadmill was installed in the gaol by Sir William Cubitt in 1819. Suffolk (ˈsʌfək is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in East Anglia, England. Bury St Edmunds is a town in the county of Suffolk, England and formerly the County town of West Suffolk.
Surrey. Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties.
- Guildford - a treadwheel crane dating from the late C17th is preserved at NGR SU 994 494. Guildford ( IPA /ˈgɪlfəd/ is the County town of Surrey, England, as well as the seat for the borough of Guildford and the
Sussex. Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex.
- Lewes - a treadmill was installed in the House of Correction. Lewes (ˈluːɨs Lewis) is the County town of East Sussex, England and gives its name to the Local government district in which it It was in use in 1835 and had Mance's ergometer.
- Petworth - a treadmill was installed in the Prison. Petworth is a small town and Civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. It had an ergometer designed by a Mr. Mance, who was employed at the prison.
Warwickshire. Geography Warwickshire is bounded to the northwest by the West Midlands Metropolitan county and Staffordshire, by Leicestershire to
- Warwick - a treadmill was used in the Gaol. Warwick (ˈwɒrɪk worrick (silent w in middle is the County town of Warwickshire, England. It was in use in 1848.
Westmorland. Westmorland (formerly also spelt Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north-west England and one of the 39 Historic counties
- Appleby - a treadmill was used in the County Jail until it closed in 1879.
Wiltshire. Etymology The county formerly 'Wiltonshire' or 'Wiltunscir' (9th century is named after the former county town of Wilton (itself named after the River Wylye
- Salisbury - a treadwheel was used in the Cathedral to raise building materials. Salisbury (ˈsɒlzbri ˈsɔːlzbri ('Solzbry' or ˈzɔːwzbri ('Zawzbry' — moving from RP to local dialect) is a cathedral city in the Salisbury Cathedral is an Anglican Cathedral in Salisbury, England, considered one of the leading examples of Early English architecture It dates from the C14th and is extant.
Worcestershire. Worcestershire (ˈwʊstəʃə abbreviated Worcs) is a county located in the West Midlands region of central England.
- Worcester - a treadmill was installed in the gaol by Sir William Cubitt. Worcester (ˈwʊstə is a city and County town of Worcestershire, in the West Midlands of England.
Yorkshire. Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain.
- Beverley - a treadwheel was used in the Minster to raise building materials. Beverley is a Market town, Civil parish and the County town of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, located between the River Beverley Minster, in Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire is a Parish church in the Church of England. It is extant.
- Driffield - a treadwheel was used to raise water from a well at Burton Agnes Hall. Driffield, also known as Great Driffield, is a Market town and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Burton Agnes Hall is a Jacobean Manor house in the village of Burton Agnes, near Driffield It is extant.
- Ripon - the Gaol, later a police station and now a museum, housed a treadwheel. Ripon is a Cathedral city, Market town and Civil parish within the Borough of Harrogate, in North Yorkshire, England.
Scotland
Argyllshire. Argyll, Archaically Argyle ( Earra-Ghàidheal in modern Gaelic) is a region of western Scotland corresponding with most of the part
- Inveraray - a treadmill was used in the Jail, now a museum. Inveraray ( Inbhir Aora in Gaelic) is a town and former Royal Burgh in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, located on the western shore
Anglesey. History There are numerous Megalithic monuments and Menhirs present on Anglesey testifying to the presence of mankind in prehistory
- Beaumaris - a treadmill is preserved in the Gaol (built 1829). The Royal Borough of Beaumaris (the first syllable is pronounced as in beautiful, so byoo-maris, not bow-maris) (Biwmares is the former It was used to pump water and is the only one in existence inside a prison in the UK.
Carmarthenshire. Geography The county is bounded to the north by Ceredigion, to the east by Powys, Neath Port Talbot and Swansea, to the south by the
- Carmarthen - a treadmill was erected in the County Gaol in 1832. Carmarthen ( Welsh Caerfyrddin - caer fort + Myrddin Moridunum is the County town of Carmarthenshire, Wales.
Australia
The Windmill at Wickham Park, Spring Hill, Brisbane was originally powered by a treadmill when built in 1828. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent Brisbane ( is the state capital of Queensland. Brisbane is the third most populous city in Australia and the most populous city of Queensland The Windmill, also known as 'The Old Windmill' is located in Wickham Park, on Wickham Terrace in Spring Hill, Brisbane, Queensland,
United States
- New Salem, Illinois - an ox-powered treadmill operating a double carding machine (full scale replica). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Menard County is a County located in the US state of Illinois. New Salem is the name of a former village in Menard County, Illinois in the United States (previously Sangamon County Carding is the processing of brushing raw or washed Fibers to prepare them as Textiles A large variety of fibers can be carded anything from Dog hair, to
Books
- Animal-powered Machines, J. Kenneth Major. Shire Album 128. Shire Publications, 1985. ISBN 0-85263-710-1
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