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Transylvania (Latin: Transsilvania; Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal; Hungarian: Erdély; German: Siebenbürgen (help·info). Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich Kiegyezés established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. In other languages: Polish: Siedmiogród or Transylwania; Bulgarian: Седмоградско; Ардял; Трансилвания; Serbian: Трансилванија, Transilvanija or Ердељ / Erdelj; Turkish: Erdel) is a historical region in present-day central Romania. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. At various times during its history Romania extended over the following historical regions Transylvania and Partium Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Outside Romania, it is strongly associated with the novel Dracula,[1][2][3] while within Romania and Hungary the region is known for the scenic beauty of its Carpathian landscape and its rich historic heritage. Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати Transylvania is a region of present-day Romania. The region now known as Transylvania was once part of Dacia, and became part of the Roman Empire.
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Etymology
Transylvania was first referred to in a Medieval Latin document in 1075 as ultra silvam, meaning "beyond the forest" (ultra meaning "beyond" and the accusative case of sylva (sylvam) meaning "wood or forest"). Transylvania has had different names applied to it in several traditions Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the Liturgical language of the medieval The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive
The modern English name is probably taken from the Hungarian Erdély, which is derived from Erdő-elve meaning "beyond the forest" (a meaning first referred to in its Medieval Latin version in a 12th century document - Gesta Hungarorum). Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Gesta Hungarorum may also refer to Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, written by Simon of Kéza "Transylvania" means "beyond the forest" (trans meaning "across, over, beyond").
The German name Siebenbürgen means "seven fortresses", after the seven (ethnic German) Transylvanian Saxons' cities in the region (Kronstadt, Schäßburg, Mediasch, Hermannstadt, Mühlbach, Bistritz and Klausenburg). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. This article is about the German diaspora See Germans for the German ethnicity in general The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County Sighişoara (sigiˈʃo̯ara Schäßburg Segesvár Latin: Castrum Sex) is a City and Municipality on the Târnava Mare River in Mediaş (Mediasch Medgyes is the second largest city in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in Sebeş ( German: Mühlbach, Hungarian: Szászsebes) is a city in Alba County, central Romania, southern Transylvania Bistriţa (Bistritz archaic Nösen; Beszterce is the capital City of Bistriţa-Năsăud County, Transylvania, Romania. (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third This is also the origin of many other language's name for the region, such as the Polish siedmiogród. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland.
The origin of the Romanian name Ardeal is controversial. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance The first known occurrence of the Romanian name appeared in a document in 1432 as Ardeliu. [4] It may be a borrowing of the Hungarian name Erdély, as is the Romani name Ardyalo - in old Hungarian, Erdély was pronounced as Erdél. The initial e- in Hungarian occasionally changes to a in Romanian (cf. Hung. egres "gooseberry" and Egyed, which became agriş and Adjud in Romanian). Adjud is a city in Vrancea county Romania, with a population of 17677 Another hypothesis is that the name is a result of an elision from the words aur and deal (gold and hill, respectively), resulting in Ardeal from the composed word Aur-deal. Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a Vowel, a Consonant, or a whole Syllable) in a word or phrase producing a result that is easier It may also take its origin from the Celtic "Arduenna" (forest), reflected in other names such as Arda, Ardal,Adella, Ardistan, Ardiche, Ardennes, Ardelt and Ardilla, or from the Sanskrit Har-Deal. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, Arda is the name given to the Earth in a period of prehistory wherein the places mentioned in The Lord of the Rings Ardal is a city in Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. For the political subdivision of France see Ardennes (department. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical
See also other languages. Most regions and provinces of Europe have alternative names in different languages
History
In its early history, the territory of Transylvania belonged to a variety of Empires and States, including Dacia, the Roman Empire, the Hun Empire and the Gepid Kingdom[5] and the Bulgarian Empire[6]. Transylvania is a region of present-day Romania. The region now known as Transylvania was once part of Dacia, and became part of the Roman Empire. Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Hunnic Empire, the empire of the Huns.The Huns were a confederation of Eurasian tribes especially Turkic ones from the Steppes of The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were The First Bulgarian Empire (Първo Българско царство Părvo Bălgarsko Tsarstvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 As a political entity, (Southern) Transylvania is mentioned from the 12th century as a county(Alba) of the Kingdom of Hungary (M. A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 princeps ultrasilvanus - comes Bellegratae). Transylvania's seven counties were brought under the voivode's (count of Alba Iulia) rule in 1263. Alba Iulia ( Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg / Weißenburg, Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, former Erdel Belgradı It then became an autonomous principality under nominal Ottoman suzerainty in 1571. A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical feudatory or Sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of Prince The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a A few centuries later, in 1688, it was added to the expanding territories of Habsburg Monarchy, then became again a part of the Kingdom of Hungary within the newly established Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867. Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Since World War I, it has been part of Romania, apart from a brief period of Hungarian occupation during World War II. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Cluj-Napoca is today considered to be the region's capital, although Transylvania was also ruled from Alba Iulia during its period as an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire, and from Sibiu, where the Habsburg governor was located from 1711 to 1848. (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Alba Iulia ( Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg / Weißenburg, Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, former Erdel Belgradı Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor The seat of the Transylvanian Diet was itself moved to Sibiu for some time in the 19th century.
Since medieval times, the population of the region has been a mixture of ethnic Romanians (whom are in the majority of the population) historically known as Vlachs, ethnic Hungarians, including their largest group unique to the region, the Székely, ethnic Germans known as Saxons, Armenians, Jews and Roma (also known as gypsies). The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins
The Ancient Kingdom of Dacia and Roman Rule
The Kingdom of Dacia was in existence at least as early as the beginning of the 2nd century BC, and it reached its maximum extent under the rule of Burebista. Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " Burebista, is widely considered to be the greatest king of Dacia. The area now constituting Transylvania was the political center of the ancient kingdom, where several important fortified cities were built, among them Sarmizegetusa, near today's Hunedoara. Sarmizegetusa (also Sarmisegetusa Sarmisegethusa Sarmisegethuza Ζαρμιζεγεθούσα (Zarmizegethousa Ζερμιζεγεθούση (Zermizegethouse) was the most Hunedoara ( German: Eisenmarkt; Hungarian: Vajdahunyad) is a city in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania
In 101-102 and 105-106, Roman forces under the Emperor Trajan fought a series of military campaigns to subjugate Dacia. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who After the suicide of the Dacian ruler Decebalus, parts of Dacia were incorporated into the Roman province of Dacia Trajana. Decebalus or "The Brave One" was a king of Dacia (originally named Diurpaneus &mdashruled the Dacians 87 – 106 and is famous for fighting three Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " The Romans built mines, roads and forts in the province. Colonists from other Roman provinces were brought in to settle the land and cities like Apulum (now Alba Iulia) and Napoca (now Cluj-Napoca) appeared. Alba Iulia ( Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg / Weißenburg, Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, former Erdel Belgradı (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third
The Dacians rebelled frequently, and due to increasing pressure from the local populace and the Visigoths, the Romans abandoned the province during the reign of the Emperor Aurelian in 271. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Lucius Domitius Aurelianus ( September 9, 214 or 215 &ndashSeptember or October 275 known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270&ndash275 As across much of Europe, a period of chaos and conquests followed after the collapse of Roman rule. The territory fell under the control of the Visigoths and Carpians until they were in turn displaced and subdued by the Huns in 376, under the leadership of their infamous warlord Attila. The Carpi or Carpians were a Dacian tribe that were originally located on the Eastern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, in what is now Bacău County The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy After the disintegration of Attila's empire, the Huns were succeeded by Gepids of Eurasian Avar descent. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. The region was also influenced during this period by massive Slavic immigration.
At the beginning of the 9th century, Transylvania, along with eastern Pannonia, was incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, The First Bulgarian Empire (Първo Българско царство Părvo Bălgarsko Tsarstvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 After a brief period of Bulgarian rule, the territory was incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946
Transylvania in the Kingdom of Hungary
The early 11th century was marked by the conflict between King Stephen I of Hungary and his uncle Gyula, the ruler of Transylvania. This is a list of all rulers of Hungary since Árpád See Heads of state of Hungary for a list of post-1918 presidents Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály Gyula is a Hungarian male given name It was adopted as a Given name sometime after the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary. The Hungarian ruler was successful in these wars, and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The Transylvanian Christian bishopric and the comitatus system were organised. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth A comitatus (vármegye less frequently a comitat, or inaccurately a county; for the various names their origin and use see here) is the name of an By the 12th century the ethnic Hungarian Szeklers were established in eastern and southeastern Transylvania as a border population of ready warriors, and in the 12th and 13th centuries, the areas in the south and northeast were settled by German colonists called Saxons. For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th
In 1241-1242, during the Mongol invasion of Europe, Transylvania was among the territories devastated by the Golden Horde. The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of East Slavic principalities such as Kiev and Vladimir A large portion of the population perished. This was followed by a second Mongol invasion in 1285, led by Nogai Khan. Nogai Khan (died 1299 also called Kara Nogai (Black Nogai was a General and de facto ruler of the Golden Horde and a great-grandson of Genghis
Following this devastation, Transylvania was reorganized according to a class system of Estates, which established privileged groups (universitates) with power and influence in economic and political life, as well as along ethnic lines. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages The first Estate was the lay and ecclesiastic aristocracy, ethnically heterogeneous, but undergoing a process of homogenization around its Hungarian nucleus. The other Estates were Saxons, Szeklers and Romanians (or Vlachs - Universitas Valachorum), all with an ethnic and ethno-linguistic basis (Universis nobilibus, Saxonibus, Syculis et Olachis). Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe Universitas Valachorum ( Estate of the Vlachs) is the Latin denomination for an Estate, an institution of self-government of the Romanians The general assembly (congregatio generalis) of the four Estates had few genuine legislative powers in Transylvania, but it sometimes took measures regarding order in the country.
A key figure to emerge in Transylvania in the first half of the 15th century was Iancu de Hunedoara (John Hunyadi). John Hunyadi ( Medieval Latin: Ioannes Corvinus, Hungarian: Hunyadi János, (c John Hunyadi ( Medieval Latin: Ioannes Corvinus, Hungarian: Hunyadi János, (c His military campaigns against the Ottoman Empire brought him the status of Transylvanian governor in 1446 and papal recognition as the Prince of Transylvania in 1448. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and List of rulers of Transylvania, from the first mention of a ruler in the tenth century until 1918.
After the suppression of the Budai Nagy Antal-revolt in 1437, the political system was based on Unio Trium Nationum (The Union of the Three Nations). The Budai Nagy Antal Revolt or Bobâlna Revolt ( hungarian Erdélyi parasztfelkelés, that is Transylvanian peasant revolt) of 1437 Unio Trium Nationum ( Latin for "Union of the Three Nations" was a pact of mutual aid formed in 1438 by three Estates of Transylvania: the (largely According to the Union, which was explicitly directed against serfs and other peasants, society was ruled by three privileged Estates of the nobility (mostly ethnic Hungarians), the Székelys, also an ethnic Hungarian people who primarily served as warriors, and the ethnic German, Saxon burghers. A privilege &mdashetymologically "private law" or law relating to a specific individual&mdashis a special Entitlement or immunity granted by a government The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages This article deals with Titles of the Nobility and royalty in the Kingdom of Hungary. For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely
The only possibility for Romanians to retain or access nobility in Hungarian Transylvania was through conversion to Catholicism. Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity or a change from one religious identity to another Some Orthodox Romanian nobles converted, becoming integrated into the Hungarian nobility. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world These circumstances marked the beginning of a conflict between ethnic Hungarian Catholics and ethnic Romanian Orthodox in the territory of Transylvania which in some regions remains unresolved to this very day. [7]
Transylvania as an Independent Principality
The 16th century in Southeastern Europe was marked by the struggle between the Muslim Ottoman Empire and the Catholic Habsburg Empire. The Báthory (Batory were a Hungarian noble family of the Gutkeled clan For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor After the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent overran central Hungary (see Ottoman Hungary), Transylvania became a semi-independent principality where Austrian and Turkish influences vied for supremacy for nearly two centuries. Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 Ottoman Hungary refers to parts of the Ottoman Empire situated in what is today Hungary in the period from 1541 to 1699. It is this period of independence and Turkish influence that contributed to Transylvania being seen as exotic in the eyes of Victorians such as Bram Stoker, whose novel Dracula was published in 1897. Orientalism refers to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers designers and artists and can also refer to a sympathetic stance Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912 was an Irish writer of novels and short stories who is best known today for his 1897 horror Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. [8]
Due to the fact that Transylvania was now beyond the reach of Catholic religious authority, Protestant preaching such as Lutheranism and Calvinism were able to flourish in the region. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the In 1568 the Edict of Turda proclaimed four religious expressions in Transylvania - Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism and Unitarianism, while Orthodoxy, which was the confession of the Romanian population, was proclaimed as "tolerated" (tolerata). The Edict of Torda (modern name Turda in 1568 also known as the Patent of Toleration. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Unitarianism as a theology is the belief in the single personality of God in contrast to the doctrine of the Trinity (three persons in one God The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world
The Báthory family began to rule Transylvania as princes under the Ottomans in 1571, and briefly under Habsburg suzerainty until 1600. The Báthory (Batory were a Hungarian noble family of the Gutkeled clan Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor The latter period of their rule saw a four-sided conflict in Transylvania involving the Transylvanian Báthorys, the emerging Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Romanian voivoideship (province) of Wallachia. For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania This included a brief period of Romanian rule after the conquest of the territory by Wallachian voivod Michael the Brave. This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul Vitéz Mihály 1558 - 9 August 1601) was the Prince of Wallachia (1593-1601 of Transylvania
The Calvinist magnate of Bihar county Stephen Bocskai managed to obtain, through the Peace of Vienna (June 23, 1606), religious liberty and political autonomy for the region, the restoration of all confiscated estates, the repeal of all "unrighteous" judgments, as well as his own recognition as independent sovereign prince of an enlarged Transylvania. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the For current affairs see Bihor County and Hajdú-Bihar County Bihar is the name of a historic administrative county ( comitatus Stephen Bocskai or István Bocskai (or Bocskay, Bocskai István Štefan Bočkaj Ştefan Bocşa) ( 1 January 1557 - 29 December Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Under Bocskai's successors, Transylvania passed through a golden age for both many religious movements and for the arts and culture. The term Golden age is best known from Greek mythology and legend but can also be found in other ancient cultures (see below Transylvania became one of the few European States where Roman Catholics, Calvinists, Lutherans and Unitarians lived in peace, although Orthodox Romanians continued to be denied equal recognition. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni
Within the Habsburg Empire
After the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Habsburgs gradually began to impose their rule on the formerly autonomous Transylvania. Samuel von Brukenthal (1721 Nocrich &ndash 1803 Sibiu) was the Habsburg governor of the Grand Principality of Transylvania between The Battle of Vienna ( German: Schlacht am Kahlenberg, Polish: Bitwa pod Wiedniem or Odsiecz Wiedeńska, Turkish: İkinci Apart from strengthening the central government and administration, the Habsburgs also promoted the Roman Catholic Church, both as a uniting force and also as an instrument to reduce the influence of the Protestant nobility. In addition, they tried to persuade Romanian Orthodox clergymen to join the Greek (Byzantine Rite) Catholic Church in union with Rome. The Romanian Church United with Rome Greek-Catholic (Biserica Română Unită cu Roma Greco-Catolică is an Eastern Rite or Greek-Catholic Church ranked as a Major As a response to this policy, several peaceful movements of the Romanian Orthodox population advocated for freedom of worship for all the Transylvanian population, most notably being the movements led by Visarion Sarai, Nicolae Oprea Miclăuş and Sofronie of Cioara. Sofronie of Cioara ( Romanian: Sofronie de la Cioara is a Romanian Orthodox Saint.
From 1711 onward, the princes of Transylvania were replaced with Austrian governors and in 1765 Transylvania was declared a grand principality.
The revolutionary year 1848 was marked by a great struggle between the Hungarians, the Romanians and the Habsburg Empire. From March 1848 through July 1849 the Habsburg Austrian Empire was threatened by revolutionary movements Warfare erupted in November with both Romanian and Saxon troops, under Austrian command, battling the Hungarians led by the Polish-born general Józef Bem. Józef Zachariasz Bem, Bem József (March 14 1794 - December 10 1850 was a Polish general and a national hero of Poland and Hungary, and a figure intertwined He carried out a sweeping offensive through Transylvania, and Avram Iancu managed to retreat to the harsh terrain of the Apuseni Mountains, mounting a guerrilla campaign on Bem's forces. This page refers to the historical figure For other uses see Avram Iancu (disambiguation Avram Iancu' (1824 in Vidra Sus today The Apuseni Mountains (Munţii Apuseni Erdélyi-szigethegység is a Mountain range in Transylvania, Romania, which belongs to the Western Carpathians Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc After the intervention by the armies of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, Bem's army was defeated decisively at the Battle of Timişoara (Temesvár, Hun. Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar ) on 9 August 1849. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Having quashed the revolution, Austria imposed a repressive regime on Hungary, ruled Transylvania directly through a military governor and granted citizenship to the Romanians.
The 300-year long special separate status came to an end by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (German: Ausgleich, Hungarian: Kiegyezés), which established the dual monarchy and reincorporated Transylvania into the Kingdom of Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich Kiegyezés established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich Kiegyezés established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich Kiegyezés established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 On 20 June 1867, the Diet was dissolved by royal decree, and an ordinance abrogated the legislative acts of the Cluj-Napoca provincial assembly. In Politics, a diet is a formal Deliberative assembly. The term is derived from Medieval Latin dietas, and ultimately comes from (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third The department of the interior inherited the responsibilities of the Transylvanian Gubernium, and the government reserved the right to name Transylvania's royal magistrates as well the Saxon bailiff of the Universitas Saxorum. Hungarian legislation also came to supersede the Austrian code of civil procedure, penal law, commercial law, and regulations for bills of exchange. The new unity of Austria-Hungary created a process of Magyarization affecting Transylvania's Romanians and German Saxons.
As Part of Romania
Since the Austro-Hungarian empire had begun to disintegrate after the end of the First World War, the nationalities living inside proclaimed their independence from the empire. Iuliu Maniu ( January 8, 1873 &mdash February 5, 1953) was an Romanian politician World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The 1228-member National Assembly of Romanians of Transylvania and Hungary, headed by leaders of Transylvania's Romanian National Party and Social Democratic Party, passed a resolution calling for unification of all Romanians in a single state on 1 December in Alba Iulia. The Romanian National Party ( Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR) initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Alba Iulia ( Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg / Weißenburg, Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, former Erdel Belgradı [9] This was approved by the National Council of the Germans from Transylvania and the Council of the Danube Swabians from the Banat, on 15 December in Mediaş. The Danube Swabians (Donauschwaben Dunai svábok or Dunamenti németek Şvabi or Şvabi Dunăreni Дунавске Швабе Dunavske Švabe, Podunavski The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe currently divided between three countries the eastern part lies in Romania (the counties Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Mediaş (Mediasch Medgyes is the second largest city in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. In response, the Hungarian General Assembly of Cluj reaffirmed the loyalty of Hungarians from Transylvania to Hungary on December 22, 1918. (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies (See also: Union of Transylvania with Romania)
The Treaty of Versailles placed Transylvania under the sovereignty of Romania, an ally of the Triple Entente, and after the defeat in 1919 of Béla Kun's Hungarian Soviet Republic by the Romanian army, the Treaties of St. Germain (1919) and Trianon (signed in June 1920) further elaborated the status of Transylvania and defined the new border between the states of Hungary and Romania. Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared on. The national holiday of Romania, the Union Day (also called Unification The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. The Triple Entente (" entente " — French for "agreement" was the name given to the loose alignment of the United Kingdom, the Béla Kun ( February 20 1886 – August 29 1938) born Béla Kohn, was a Hungarian Communist Politician The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Soviet Republic of Hungary (Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság was a Communist regime established in Hungary from The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor [10][11] King Ferdinand I of Romania and Queen Maria of Romania were crowned at Alba Iulia in 1922 as King and Queen of all Romania. Ferdinand I ( 24 August 1865 – 20 July 1927) was the King of the Romanians from October 10 1914 until his death Princess Marie of Edinburgh (Marie Alexandra Victoria later Queen of Romania; 29 October 1875 &ndash 10 July / 18 July 1938
Transylvania retained a certain degree of autonomy between December 1918 and April 1920. Autonomy ( Greek: Auto- Nomos - nomos meaning "law" one who gives oneself his/her own Law) is the right to Self-government Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar During this period, a regional government called The Dirigent Council had competencies in domains such as the public services. First, The Council was located in Sibiu, then it was moved to Cluj. Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in Cluj may refer to Cluj County, Romania Cluj-Napoca, county seat of Cluj County named Cluj until 1974 CFR Cluj, a Romanian The autonomy of Transylvania was finally abolished with the Constitution of 1923. As a result, Transylvanian Romanian leaders Iuliu Maniu and Alexandru Vaida-Voevod declared their opposition to the king. Iuliu Maniu ( January 8, 1873 &mdash February 5, 1953) was an Romanian politician Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod ( February 27, 1872 &mdash March 19, 1950) was a Romanian politician who was a supporter
In August 1940, the second Vienna Award granted the northern half of Transylvania to Hungary. The Vienna Awards are two arbitral awards by which arbiters of Germany and Italy sought to enforce peacefully the claims of Hungary on territory it Northern Transylvania is a region of Transylvania, situated within the territory of Romania. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic After the Treaty of Paris (1947), at the end of World War II, the territory was returned to Romania. The Paris Peace Conference ( July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris Peace Treaties signed on February 10, 1947 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The post-WWII borders with Hungary, agreed on at the Treaty of Paris, were identical with those set out in 1920. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic
After World War II and especially after the fall of Communism, Transylvania lost almost all of the German-speaking population, most of whom have emigrated to Germany.
From the late 1990s a growing number of ethnic Hungarian political leaders have pressed for decentralization and devolution in Transylvania. __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a State to government at subnational level
Historical coat of arms of Transylvania
The Diet of 1659 codified the representation of the privileged nations in Transylvania's coat of arms. The first heraldic representation of Transylvania is found on the Coat of arms of Michael the Brave. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people It depicts:
- A black turul on a blue background, representing the medieval nobility, which was primarily Magyar. Turul is the Mythological bird of the origin myth of the Magyars (Hungarian people Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary.
- The Sun and the Moon representing the Székelys. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. For things named Crescent see Crescent (disambiguation. In art and symbolism a crescent is generally the shape produced when a For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely
- Seven red towers on a yellow background representing the seven fortified cities of the Transylvanian Saxons
(The red dividing band was originally not part of the coat of arms. The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th )
 Coat of Arms of 1659 |  Landesfarben of Transylvania in Austria-Hungary, reflecting the tinctures of the coat-of-arms |  As part of the coat of arms of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 |  As in the coat of arms of Romania at present |
Geography and ethnography
The Transylvanian plateau, 300 to 500 metres (1,000-1,600 feet) high, is drained by the Mureş, Someş, Criş, and Olt rivers, as well as other tributaries of the Danube. In Heraldry, tinctures are the colours used to Emblazon a Coat of arms. The current coat of arms of Hungary was adopted on July 3, 1990, after the end of the Communist regime The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor The Coat of arms of Romania was adopted in the Romanian Parliament on 10 September, 1992 as a representative coat of arms for Romania The Mureş ( Romanian) ( Maros, Latin Marisus, Croatian Moriš, German Mieresch Marosch or Muresch, Serbian Мориш The river Someş in Romanian or Szamos in Hungarian, flows through Romania and Hungary. Körös (- Hungarian, Romanian: Criş, German: Kreisch) is the name of a River in eastern Hungary. The Olt River ( Romanian and Hungarian; German: Alt; Latin: Aluta or Alutus) is a River in The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj This core of historical Transylvania roughly corresponds with nine counties of modern Romania. Other areas to the west and north, which also united with Romania in 1918 (inside the border established by peace treaties in 1919-20), are since that time widely considered part of Transylvania.
- Transylvania proper:
- Amlaş
- Ţara Bârsei
- Chioar
- Ciceu
- Făgăraş
- Haţeg
- Mărginimea Sibiului
- Câmpia Transilvaniei
- Ţara Moţilor
- Ţara Năsăudului
- Ţinutul Pădurenilor
- Banat
- Crişana
- Ţara Zarandului
- Maramureş
- Ţara Lǎpuşului
- Ţara Oaşului
See also Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary. The Burzenland ( Barcaság Ţara Bârsei is a historic and ethnographic area in southeastern Transylvania, Romania with a mixed population ( German Ciceu or Csíkcsicsó (Ciceu Csíkcsicsó is a commune in Romania, located in Harghita County. Făgăraş (Fogarasch Fogaras is a city in central Romania, located in Braşov County. Haţeg (pronunciation in Romanian: /'hɑːtseɪɡ/ German: Wallenthal; Hungarian: Hátszeg) is a town in Hunedoara County Mărginimea Sibiului (Szeben-Hegyalja is an area which comprises 18 Romanian localities in the south-western part of the Sibiu County, in southern Transylvania Ţara Moţilor, also known as Ţara de Piatră ("The Stone Land" is an ethnogeographical region of Romania in the Apuseni Mountains, on the superior The Nösnerland ( Naszód Năsăud is an historic region of northeastern Transylvania in present-day Romania centered between the Bistriţa and The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe currently divided between three countries the eastern part lies in Romania (the counties Crişana is also a local newspaper in Oradea, Romania. Crişana ( Hungarian: Körösvidék, Maramureş (in Romanian; Hungarian: Máramaros; Latin: Marmatia; Мармарощина / Marmaroshchyna, Мараморщина Oaş Country or Ţara Oaşului (in Romanian is an etnographic region of Romania located The following lists show the administrative divisions of the lands belonging to the Hungarian crown (1000 -1918 at selected points of time In common reference, the Western border of Transylvania has come to be identified with the present Romanian-Hungarian border, settled in the Treaty of Trianon, although geographically the two are not identical. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic
Administrative divisions
![Map of Romania with Transylvania.[citation needed] The light yellow areas correspond to the core territory of the historic Principality. The historical regions of Crişana and Maramureş (see also Partium), and the Romanian section of the Banat, marked in dark yellow, are sometimes considered part of Transylvania.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/TransylvaniaProper.svg/300px-TransylvaniaProper.svg.png)
The historical region covers 16 present-day counties (Romanian: judeţ) which include nearly 103,600 km² of central and northwest Romania. List of counties See also List of Romanian Counties by Population The Judeţe (translated in English as "counties" are administrative Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance A judeţ /ʒu'deʦ/ is an Administrative division in Romania and was also used for some time in Moldova. The 16 counties are:
- Alba
- Arad
- Bihor
- Bistriţa-Năsăud
- Braşov
- Caraş-Severin
- Cluj
- Covasna
- Harghita
- Hunedoara
- Maramureş
- Mureş
- Sălaj
- Satu Mare
- Sibiu
- Timiş
The most populous cities are:
- Cluj-Napoca (318,027)
- Timişoara (317,651)
- Braşov (283,901)
- Oradea (206,527)
- Arad (172,824)
- Sibiu (155,045)
- Târgu Mureş (149,577)
- Baia Mare (137,976)
- Satu Mare (115,630)
Population
Historic definitions of Transylvania vary geographically. Alba ('alba Hungarian: Fehér) is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Alba Iulia Arad (a'rad Hungarian: Arad, Serbian: Arad/Арад) is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Crişana, with Bihor (bi'hor in Hungarian: Bihar (bi'har is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Crişana, with capital city at Oradea Bistriţa-Năsăud ('bistriʦa nə'səud Hungarian: Beszterce-Naszód) is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, Braşov ((bra'ʃov Hungarian: Brassó) is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Braşov Caraş-Severin ('karaʃ seve'rin Serbian: Караш Северин Karaš Severin, Croatian: Karaš-Severin; Hungarian: Cluj (kluʒ Hungarian: Kolozs) is a County ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Cluj-Napoca Covasna (ko'vasna Kovászna is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Sfântu Gheorghe. Harghita (har'gita Judeţul Harghita Hargita megye is a county ( Judeţ) in the center of Romania, in eastern Transylvania, with the county seat Hunedoara (hune'dwara Hungarian: Hunyad) is a county (Judeţ of Romania, in Transylvania, with its capital city at Deva. Maramureş (mara'mureʃ is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in the Maramureş region Sălaj (sə'laʒ Hungarian: Szilágy) is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region Transylvania, with Satu Mare County ('satu 'mare Judeţul Satu Mare Szatmár megye is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania. Sibiu (si'bju Hungarian: Szeben) is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region Transylvania, with the capital city Timiş ('timiʃ Hungarian: Temes, Serbian: Tamiš/Тамиш, Banat Bulgarian: Timiš) is a county ( Judeţ (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County Oradea (pronunciation in Romanian:, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, colloquially also Várad, German: Großwardein, former Arad (pronunciation in Romanian: /a'rad/ Hungarian: Arad; Serbian: Арад Arad) is the capital city of Arad County Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in Târgu Mureş (ˈtɨrgu ˈmureʃ in Romanian; Târgu Mureş Marosvásárhely (Székely-Vásárhely Neumarkt am Mieresch Novum Forum Siculorum is a city in Mureş Baia Mare (meaning Big Mine, pronunciation in Romanian: /'baya 'ma The 2002 Romanian census classified Transylvania as the entire region of Romania west of the Carpathians. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати This region has a population of 7,221,733, with a large Romanian majority (74. 69%). There are also sizeable Hungarian (19. The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania consisting of 1434377 people and making up 6 60%), Roma (3. The Roma ( Roma in Romany; Romi, Rromi or Ţigani in Romanian) constitute one of the major minorities in 39%), German (0. The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th 73%) and Serb (0. 1%) communities. [12] [13] The ethnic Hungarian population of Transylvania, largely composed of Székely, form a majority in the counties of Covasna and Harghita. For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely Covasna (ko'vasna Kovászna is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Sfântu Gheorghe. Harghita (har'gita Judeţul Harghita Hargita megye is a county ( Judeţ) in the center of Romania, in eastern Transylvania, with the county seat
The percentage of Romanians has increased since the union of Transylvania with Romania after World War I in 1918. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This is due to the emigration of non-Romanian peoples, the extermination of the local Jewish population in the Holocaust, assimilation and internal migration within Romania (estimates show that between 1945 and 1977, some 630,000 people moved from the Old Kingdom to Transylvania, and 280,000 from Transylvania to the Old Kingdom, most notably to Bucharest). The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The Romanian Old Kingdom ( Romanian: Vechiul Regat or just Regat; German: Regat or Altreich) is a colloquial term referring Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. [14] The assimilation process for Hungarians slowed during the first stages of the communist era, when most of the region's ethnic Hungarian population was granted nominal political autonomy, but accelerated under the Ceauşescu regime. The Hungarian Autonomous Province ( Romanian: Regiunea Autonomă Maghiară, Hungarian: Magyar Autonóm Tartomány) was an autonomous region in
For people connected to Transylvania's cultural life see: List of Transylvanians. The following is a list of Transylvanian personalities Endre Ady, Hungarian poet János Apáczai Csere, Hungarian writer and
Economy
Transylvania is rich in mineral resources, notably lignite, iron, lead, manganese, gold, copper, natural gas, salt and sulfur. Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, or Rosebud coal by Northern Pacific Railroad, is a soft brown fuel with characteristics that put it somewhere Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16
There are large iron and steel, chemical, and textile industries. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Stock raising, agriculture, wine production and fruit growing are important occupations. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Timber is another valuable resource. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or
Transylvania accounts for around 35% of Romania's GDP, and has a GDP per capita (PPP) of around $11,500, around 10% higher than the Romanian average.
Tourist attractions
- The medieval cities of Alba Iulia, Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu (European Capital Of Culture-2007) , Târgu Mureş and Sighişoara
- The city of Braşov and the nearby Poiana Braşov ski resort
- The city of Hunedoara with the 14th century Hunyadi Castle
- The citadel and the Art Nouveau city centre of Oradea
- The Wooden Churches of the Maramureş region
- The Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains, including Sarmizegetusa
- The Saxon fortified churches
- Hungarian traditions and folk culture
- The cafe culture [3], street theatre and cosmopolitan society of Sibiu
Timisoara cathedral. Alba Iulia ( Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg / Weißenburg, Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, former Erdel Belgradı (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in Târgu Mureş (ˈtɨrgu ˈmureʃ in Romanian; Târgu Mureş Marosvásárhely (Székely-Vásárhely Neumarkt am Mieresch Novum Forum Siculorum is a city in Mureş Sighişoara (sigiˈʃo̯ara Schäßburg Segesvár Latin: Castrum Sex) is a City and Municipality on the Târnava Mare River in Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County Poiana Braşov Brassópojána is the most popular Romanian Ski resort and an important touristic center preferred by many tourists not only from Romania but also Hunedoara ( German: Eisenmarkt; Hungarian: Vajdahunyad) is a city in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania For the castle in Budapest Hungary see " Vajdahunyad Castle. Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international Oradea (pronunciation in Romanian:, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, colloquially also Várad, German: Großwardein, former The Maramureş wooden churches in Northern Transylvania are a selection of eight examples of different Architectural solutions from different Maramureş (in Romanian; Hungarian: Máramaros; Latin: Marmatia; Мармарощина / Marmaroshchyna, Мараморщина Built in Murus dacicus style the six Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains, in Romania, were created in the 1st centuries BC and AD Sarmizegetusa (also Sarmisegetusa Sarmisegethusa Sarmisegethuza Ζαρμιζεγεθούσα (Zarmizegethousa Ζερμιζεγεθούση (Zermizegethouse) was the most Transylvanian villages were often organised around a fortified church The culture of Hungary is rich and varied from the twin cities of Buda and Pest on the Danube, to the Great Plain bordering Ukraine. A coffeehouse ( French / Portuguese: café; Spanish: cafetería; Italian: caffè Street theatre is a form of theatrical Performance and presentation in outdoor Public spaces without a specific paying Audience. The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in jpg Orthodox Cathedral in Timişoara |  Arad cultural center | ||
 Arad Evangelical church |  Black Church in Braşov |  Braşov Council Square (Piaţa Sfatului) | |
 The Theatre in Oradea |  The town hall in Oradea |  Dacia Hotel in Satu Mare | |
 View of Sibiu |  Sighişoara clock tower |  View of Sighişoara |  The Catholic Cathedral in Timişoara |
Transylvania in fiction
Transylvania's long history of Muslim Turkish influence, as well as its late industrialization (which meant that in the late 19th century, Transylvania was still mostly covered with wilderness), created an orientalist fascination with the region by a number of notable Victorian writers. Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar Arad (pronunciation in Romanian: /a'rad/ Hungarian: Arad; Serbian: Арад Arad) is the capital city of Arad County The Maramureş wooden churches in Northern Transylvania are a selection of eight examples of different Architectural solutions from different The Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral (Catedrala Adormirea Maicii Domnului is the most famous Eastern Orthodox church of Cluj-Napoca, Romania (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Bran Castle (Törzburg Törcsvár situated near Bran and in the immediate vicinity of Braşov, is a national monument and landmark in Romania. Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County The Church of Saint Michael is a Gothic-style Roman Catholic church in Cluj-Napoca. (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Oradea (pronunciation in Romanian:, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, colloquially also Várad, German: Großwardein, former Oradea (pronunciation in Romanian:, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, colloquially also Várad, German: Großwardein, former Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in Sighişoara (sigiˈʃo̯ara Schäßburg Segesvár Latin: Castrum Sex) is a City and Municipality on the Târnava Mare River in Sighişoara (sigiˈʃo̯ara Schäßburg Segesvár Latin: Castrum Sex) is a City and Municipality on the Târnava Mare River in Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar Largely as a result of the success of Bram Stoker 's Dracula, Transylvania has become a popular setting for Gothic horror fiction and most particularly is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Orientalism refers to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers designers and artists and can also refer to a sympathetic stance Victorian literature is the literature produced during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901 and corresponds to the Victorian era. Following the publication of Emily Gerard's The Land Beyond the Forest (1888), Bram Stoker wrote his gothic horror novel Dracula in 1897, using Transylvania as a setting. (Jane Emily Gerard ( 7 May 1849, Scotland – 11 January 1905) was a nineteenth century author best known for the influence her collections Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912 was an Irish writer of novels and short stories who is best known today for his 1897 horror Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. Due to the success of the latter work, Transylvania became associated in the English-speaking world with vampires. Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living Since then it has been represented in fiction and literature as a land of mystery and magic. For example, in Paulo Coelho's novel The Witch of Portobello, the main character, Sherine Khalil, is described as a Transylvanian orphan with a Romani mother, in an effort to add to the character's exotic mystique. Paulo Coelho (ˈpau̯lu ˈko̯eʎu (born August 24, 1947) is a Brazilian Lyricist and Novelist. The Witch of Portobello is a fiction work by Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho published in 2007 about a woman born in Transylvania to a Romani The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The so-called Transylvanian trilogy of historical novels by Miklos Banffy, The Writing on the Wall, is an extended treatment of the 19th and early 20th century social and political history of the country. Count Miklós Bánffy de Losoncz (1873— June 6, 1950) was a Hungarian nobleman, politician and novelist
References
- ^ Transylvania Society of Dracula Information
- ^ [http:/THIS /query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html?res=9F0CE6DE143BF931A1575BC0A965958260 TRAVEL ADVISORY; Lure of Dracula In Transylvania - New York Times]
- ^ Romania Transylvania
- ^ Pascu, Ştefan (1972), Voievodatul Transilvaniei, vol. I, pp. 22
- ^ Béla Köpeczi (editor). History of Transylvania. Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ 6. SOUTHERN TRANSYLVANIA UNDER BULGAR RULE
- ^ Romania Confronts Transylvanian Separatism
- ^ ELENI COUNDOURIOTIS, Dracula and the Idea of Europe
- ^ December 1 - Romania National Day. Honorary Consul of Romania in Boston. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
- ^ Bachman, Robert D. (1989). Romania: A Country Study. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
- ^ Trianon, Treaty of. Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
- ^ 2002 Census official results: [1]
- ^ Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Centre database:[2]
- ^ Varga, E. Árpád, Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995, Translation by Tamás Sályi, Budapest, March 1999 , p. 27.
Further reading
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Patrick Leigh Fermor, Between the Woods and the Water (New York Review of Books Classics, 2005; ISBN 1-59017-166-7). Sir Patrick 'Paddy' Michael Leigh Fermor DSO OBE (born 11 February 1915, London) is a British author scholar and soldier A Time of Gifts is regarded by many observers as one of the classics of Travel literature. Fermor travelled across Transylvania in the summer of 1934, and wrote about it in this account first published more than 50 years later, in 1986.
- Zoltán Farkas and Judit Sós, Transylvania Guidebook
External links
- RTI Radio - Radio Transsylvania International
- Hungarian Human Rights Foundation — Human Rights group dedicated to preserving the rights of Transylvania's Hungarians
- Tolerant Transylvania - Why Transylvania will not become another Kosovo, Katherine Lovatt, in Central Europe Review, Vol 1, No 14 27 September 1999.
- The History Of Transylvania And The Transylvanian Saxons by Dr. Konrad Gündisch, Oldenburg, Germany
- (Hungarian) Transylvanian Webcatalogue
- (German) Historical Literature about Transilvania and Neighbouring Territories by Klaus Popa, Germany
- Transylvania, its Products and its People, by Charles Boner, 1865
- (Hungarian) Transylvanian Family History Database
- (Hungarian) Impulzus - news and informations
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