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Transrapid at the Emsland test facility
Transrapid at the Emsland test facility

Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. The Emsland Transrapid Test Facility (TVE is a testing site for Transrapid trains in Emsland, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A monorail is a transportation system based on a single beam The term is also used variously to describe the beam of the system or the vehicles travelling on such a beam or MAGLEV, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that suspends guides and (usually propels vehicles predominantly trains using magnetic forces Based on a patent from 1934, planning of the Transrapid system started in 1969. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an The test facility for the system in Emsland, Germany was completed in 1987. Landkreis Emsland is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany named after the river Ems. In 1991 the technical readiness for application was approved by the Deutsche Bundesbahn in cooperation with renowned universities.

In 2004, the first commercial implementation was completed. The Shanghai Maglev Train connects the rapid transit network 30. Shanghai Maglev Train (Shanghai Transrapid) ( is the first commercial high-speed maglev line in the world 5 km (19. 0 mi) to the Shanghai Pudong International Airport. Shanghai Pudong International Airport ( ( is a major Aviation hub in Asia, particularly in the East Asian region and is the primary international The Transrapid system has not yet been deployed on a long-distance intercity line.

The system is developed and marketed by Transrapid International, a joint venture of Siemens AG and ThyssenKrupp AG. ThyssenKrupp AG ( is a large German industrial conglomerate, with more than 200000 employees Critical voices, such as Sir Rod Eddington [1] refer to recent developments of railway and other competing technologies and draw parallels between Transrapid and previous high technology hypes without broad market impact outside niche applications. A tram-train is a light-rail Public transport system where Trams also run on main-line train tracks for greater flexibility A white elephant is a valuable possession which its owner cannot dispose of and whose cost (particularly cost of upkeep exceeds its usefulness

Contents

Technology

See also: Technology in the Magnetic levitation train article. MAGLEV, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that suspends guides and (usually propels vehicles predominantly trains using magnetic forces MAGLEV, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that suspends guides and (usually propels vehicles predominantly trains using magnetic forces

The synchronous longstator linear motor of the Transrapid maglev system is used both for propulsion and braking. A linear motor or linear induction motor is essentially a multi-phase Alternating current (AC Electric motor that has had its Stator "unrolled" It functions like a rotating electric motor whose stator is cut open and stretched lengthways along the underside of the guideway. An electric motor uses Electrical energy to produce Mechanical energy. The stator is the stationary part of an Electric generator or Electric motor. Inside the motor windings, alternating current generates a magnetic traveling field which moves the vehicle without contact. The support magnets in the vehicle function as the excitation portion (rotor). The rotor is the non-stationary part of a rotary Electric motor or Alternator, which rotates because the wires and magnetic field of the motor are arranged so The respective magnetic traveling field works in only one direction, and therefore makes moving train collisions less likely; if there were several trains on the track section, they would travel in the same direction.

The superspeed maglev system has no wheels, axles, transmissions, or pantographs. A pantograph is a device that collects electric current from Overhead lines for electric Trains or Trams The term stems from the resemblance to pantograph It does not roll, it hovers. Electronic systems guarantee that the clearance remains constant (nominally 10 mm). The Transrapid requires less power to hover than is used by its air conditioning equipment. The levitation system and all on board electronics are supplied by the power recovered from harmonic oscillations of magnetic field of the track’s linear stator (those oscillations being parasitic cannot be used for propulsion) at speeds above 80 km/h, while at lower speeds power is obtained through physical connections to the track. This article is about the harmonic oscillator in classical mechanics In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges In case of power failure of the track’s propulsion system, the Transrapid car can use on-board backup batteries to power to the levitation system.

Energy requirements

The normal energy consumption of the Transrapid is approximately 50–100 kW per section for levitation and travel, and vehicle control. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. The drag coefficient of the Transrapid is about 0. The drag coefficient ( Cd, Cx or Cw) is a Dimensionless quantity that describes how streamlined an 26. The air resistance of the vehicle, which has a frontal cross section of 16 m², requires a power consumption, at 400 km/h (111 m/s) cruising speed, given by the following formula:

P = c_w \cdot A_{\rm Front} \cdot v^3 \cdot (\mbox{Density of surrounding air})/2 \begin{matrix} P &=& 0{.}26 \cdot 16\,\mathrm{m}^2 \cdot (111\,\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s})^3 \cdot 1{.}24\,\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{m}^3 /2 \\ P &=& 3{.}53\cdot10^6\,\mathrm{kg}\cdot\mathrm{m}^2/\mathrm{s}^3 = 3{.}53\cdot10^6\,\mathrm{N}\cdot\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s} = 3{.}53\,\mathrm{MW} \end{matrix}

Power consumption compares favorably with other high-speed rail systems. In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a With an efficiency of 0. 85, the power required is about 4. 2 MW. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. Energy consumption for levitation and guidance purposes equates to approximately 1. 7 kW/t. As the propulsion system is also capable of functioning in reverse, energy is transferred back into the electricity network during braking. Electricity distribution is the penultimate stage in the delivery (before retail) of Electricity to end users An exception to this is when an emergency stop is performed using the emergency landing skids beneath the vehicle, although this method of bringing the vehicle to a stop is intended only as a last resort should it be impossible or undesirable to keep the vehicle levitating on back-up power to a natural halt.

Market segment, ecological impact and historical parallels

Compared to classical railway lines, Transrapid allows higher speeds and gradients with lower wear and tear and even lower energy consumption and maintenance needs. The Transrapid track is more flexible adapted to specific geographical circumstances than a classical train system. Cargo is restricted to a maximum payload of 15 metric tonnes per car. Transrapids allows maximum speeds of 550 km/h between conventional High Speed Trains (200–320 km/h) and Air Traffic (720-990 km/h). The magnetic field generator, an important part of the engine being a part of the track limits the system capacity.

From a competition standpoint, the Transrapid is a proprietary solution. The track being a part of the engine, only the single-source Transrapid vehicles and infrastructure can be operated. There is no multisourcing foreseen concerning vehicles or the highly complicated crossings and switches. Unlike classical railways or other infrastructure networks (as jointly administrated by the Bundesnetzagentur in Germany) a Transrapid system does not allow any direct competition. The Federal Network Agency for Electricity Gas Telecommunications Postal Service and Railways (German Bundesnetzagentur für Elektrizität Gas Telekommunikation Post und Eisenbahnen

Ecological impact

The Transrapid itself is an electrically driven, clean, high-speed, high-price, high-capacity means of transport able to build up point-to-point passenger connections in geographically challenged surroundings. This has to be set in comparison with the impact on heritage and or landscape protection areas (compare Waldschlößchenbrücke). The Waldschlösschen Bridge ( Waldschlößchenbrücke) is a planned bridge across the river Elbe in Dresden. Any impact of emissions has to take into account the source of electrical energy. The reduced expense, noise and vibration of a people-only Transrapid versus a cargo train track is not directly comparable. The reuse of existing tracks and the interfacing with existing networks is limited. The Transrapid indirectly competes for resources, space and tracks in urban and city surroundings with classical urban transport systems and high speed trains.

Historic parallels

The debate and the development of Suspension railways before 1900 as well as Alweg around 1960 and monorails (e. ALWEG was a transportation company known for pioneering straddle-beam Monorails History Alweg was founded by Swedish industrial magnate Dr A monorail is a transportation system based on a single beam The term is also used variously to describe the beam of the system or the vehicles travelling on such a beam or g. Aerobus) in Germany have a variety of parallels:

Supporters praise Transrapid and its predecessors as

Opponents see the Transrapid and the predecessors as white elephants, wishful thinking based cargo-cult technology without real market chances and usability. Aerobus is a self-propelled electrically-powered bus-like vehicle riding on a suspended overhead cable Also widely written as Kondratieff. In Heterodox economics, Kondratiev waves —also called Grand supercycles surges long waves or K-waves—are A white elephant is a valuable possession which its owner cannot dispose of and whose cost (particularly cost of upkeep exceeds its usefulness A cargo cult may appear in tribal societies in the wake of interaction with technologically advanced non-native Cultures The cult is focused on obtaining the material wealth

For advantages and disadvantages of maglev trains, see also: maglev. MAGLEV, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that suspends guides and (usually propels vehicles predominantly trains using magnetic forces

Implementations

German high-speed competition

The Transrapid originated as one of several competing concepts for new land-based high speed public transportation developed in Germany. It also faced competition from the InterCityExpress (ICE), a high-speed rail system based on "traditional" railway technology. The InterCityExpress or ICE (German pronunciation) is a system of high-speed trains predominantly running in Germany and neighbouring countries The ICE “won” in that it was adopted nationwide in Germany. A variety of studies for possible Transrapid systems was elaborated, including a long-distance line from Hamburg to Berlin. The last left was an airport connection track from Munich city to the Airport, which was finally canceled in early 2008 due to dramatically increasing cost projections.

China

Main article: Shanghai Maglev Train
Transrapid magnetic levitation train in Shanghai, connecting the subway station to Pudong International Airport
Transrapid magnetic levitation train in Shanghai, connecting the subway station to Pudong International Airport

The only success so far was in the year 2000, when the Chinese government ordered a Transrapid track to be built connecting Shanghai to its Pudong International Airport. Shanghai Maglev Train (Shanghai Transrapid) ( is the first commercial high-speed maglev line in the world Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than Magnetic fields The Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Shanghai Pudong International Airport ( ( is a major Aviation hub in Asia, particularly in the East Asian region and is the primary international It was inaugurated in 2002, and regular daily trips started in March 2004. The average number of riders per day (14 hours of operation) is about 7. 500, while the maximum seating capacity per train is 440. Seating capacity refers to the number A second class ticket price of about 50 RMB ( Renminbi) (about 5 Euro) is 4 times the price of the Airport Bus and ten times more expensive than a comparable Underground ticket [2]. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e

An extension to the national Airport Hongqiao seems possible but has not been finally greenlighted. The travel speed is 430 km/h, which the Maglev train maintains for 50 seconds as the short track allows only a short time to keep the cruising speed before deceleration must begin. MAGLEV, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that suspends guides and (usually propels vehicles predominantly trains using magnetic forces

The project was sponsored by the German Hermes loans with €200 million. Hermes cover is a common way of referring to an Export credit guarantee (ECG by the German Federal Government

Germany

A 40-kilometre (25 mi) project between Munich Central and Munich Airport was close to being built, but was canceled on March 27, 2008, when the German government scrapped the Transrapid project because of a massive overrun in costs. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Before, the Bavarian governing party CSU faced internal and local resistance, in particular by the communities between Munich and the airport. CSU planned to position Transrapid as a light house of future technology and innovation for the booming Freistaat. Free state is a term occasionally used in the official titles of some states Now Traffic minister Wolfgang Tiefensee announced the decision after a crisis meeting in Berlin at which industry representatives reportedly revealed that costs had risen from 1. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. 85 billion euros to well over 3 billion ($4. 7 billion). [3]

United Kingdom

The Transrapid is being considered by the UK government as a 500 km/h (310 mph) link between London and Glasgow, via Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Teesside, Newcastle and Edinburgh. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom UK Ultraspeed, the name of the project, provides further information on their website. The UK Ultraspeed line is a proposed magnetic-levitation train line between London and Glasgow, linking Birmingham, Manchester and Further information is available in the High-speed rail in the United Kingdom article. The United Kingdom has four "classic" main Railway lines operating at, plus of High Speed 1 high-speed line.

Projects elsewhere

Several European projects have been studied, so far classical rail has been the preferred solution.

In the USA[4] there have been several evaluations. So far, classical railway stays the suggested solution. No actual project has been started yet.

There have been first talks for a project in the Persian Gulf region, connecting Bahrain – Qatar – UAE. Iran had taken into account a 900 kilometres (560 mi) line to link Tehran with Mashhad. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Mashhad ( literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia [5][6]

September 2006 accident

Main article: 2006 Lathen maglev train accident

On September 22, 2006 a Transrapid train collided with a maintenance vehicle at 170 km/h on the test track in Lathen. The 2006 Lathen maglev train accident occurred on September 22, 2006 when a Transrapid Magnetic levitation (or " maglev " Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The maintenance vehicle destroyed the first section of the train, and came to rest on its roof. This was the first major accident involving a Transrapid train. The news media reported 23 fatalities and several severely injured after end of salvage work, these being the first fatalities on any maglev. [7][8] The accident is reported to have been caused by a combination of human error and a technical flaw in the system supervision.

Alleged theft of Transrapid technology

Recently new announcements by Chinese officials planning on cutting maglev rail costs by a third have stirred some strong comments by various German officials and more diplomatic statements of concern from Transrapid officials. The Deutsche Welle reports that the China Daily quoted the State Council encouraging engineers to "learn and absorb foreign advanced technologies while making further innovations. "[9]

The China Aviation Industry Corporation said in their defense that the new Zhui Feng maglev train is not based or dependent on foreign technology. China Aviation Industry Corporation (AVIC (中国航空工业公司 was a Chinese consortium of aircraft manufacturers They claim it is not only a much lighter train, but also has a much more advanced design.

See also

For an overview of competitors to this system, see High-speed rail.

References

  1. ^ url=http://http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/transportstrategy/eddingtonstudy/
  2. ^ Maas, Harald. The Aérotrain was a Hovercraft Train developed in France from 1965 to 1977 JR-Maglev is a Magnetic levitation train system developed by the Central Japan Railway Company and Railway Technical Research Institute (association of Determination of the fastest railed vehicle in the world varies depending on the definition of " rail " MAGLEV, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that suspends guides and (usually propels vehicles predominantly trains using magnetic forces Shanghai Maglev Train (Shanghai Transrapid) ( is the first commercial high-speed maglev line in the world Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train is a proposed maglev train line from Shanghai to Hangzhou, to be built by Germany 's Transrapid consortium A linear motor or linear induction motor is essentially a multi-phase Alternating current (AC Electric motor that has had its Stator "unrolled" History The line is named after Nagahori-dori a major avenue which it follows through central Osaka and the Tsurumi-ryokuchi a park in northeastern Osaka which hosted the MAGLEV, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that suspends guides and (usually propels vehicles predominantly trains using magnetic forces "Schanghai stutzt den Transrapid", Tagesspiegel, 2008-01-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates (German) 
  3. ^ "Germany Scraps Transrapid Rail Plans", Deutsche Welle, 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates  
  4. ^ Dawn of a new transportation era. Transrapid International-USA. Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
  5. ^ 900-km Transrapid for Iran!. The Monorail Society (2007-04-15). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
  6. ^ "Germans to build Iran maglev trains", PressTV, 2007-04-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates  
  7. ^ "Tiefensee bestätigt erhebliche Sicherheitslücken", NDR, 2006-09-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates  
  8. ^ "Deadly crash on German monorail", BBC News, 2006-09-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates  
  9. ^ "China Masters German Train Technology, Will Cut Costs", Deutsche Welle, 2006-04-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates  

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