Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. Travel is the change in location of people on a trip through the means of Transport from one location to another This article is about passengers in commercial transportation for other uses see Passenger (disambiguation A passenger is a term broadly used Cargo (or freight) refers to goods or produce transported generally for Commercial gain by ship, aircraft, train, The term is derived from the Latin trans ("across") and portare ("to carry"). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Industries which have the business of providing transport equipment, transport services or transport are important in most national economies, and are referred to as transport industries. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area

Contents 1 Aspects of transport 2 Modes and categories 2.1 Animal-powered transport 2.2 Air transport 2.3 Rail 2.4 Road transport 2.4.1 Automobile 2.4.2 See also 2.5 Water transport 2.5.1 Watercraft 2.5.2 Ship transport 2.5.2.1 See also 2.6 Intermodal transport 3 Transport and communications 4 Transport and land use 5 Transport in cities 5.1 See also 6 Transport, energy, and the environment 6.1 Efficiency and alternatives 7 Research 7.1 Some major research centres in Europe: 7.2 USA: 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

Aspects of transport

The field of transport has several aspects: loosely they can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport. Business operations are those ongoing recurring activities involved in the running of a business for the purpose of producing value for the stakeholders They are contrasted Infrastructure includes the transport networks (roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines, etc. A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. In Aviation, an airway is a designated route in the air Airways are laid out between navigation aids such as VORs NDBs and Intersections (NDB-based A waterway is any navigable Body of water. These include Rivers Lakes Seas Oceans and Canals In order for a waterway Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. ) that are used, as well as the nodes or terminals (such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports). An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land |}A train station, railway station, railroad station, or station yard is a facility at which Passengers may board and alight from Trains bus station is a structure where city or intercity Buses stop to pick up and drop off passengers ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Vehicles travelling on the networks will include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains and aircraft. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another Overview Fixed-wing aircraft range from small training and recreational aircraft to Wide-body aircraft and military cargo aircraft. The operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated on the network and the procedures set for this purpose including the legal environment (Laws, Codes, Regulations, etc. ) Policies, such as how to finance the system (for example, the use of tolls or gasoline taxes) may be considered part of the operations. The field of finance refers to the concepts of Time, Money and Risk and how they are interrelated A toll road, (also known as a tollway, turnpike, pike, or toll highway, especially if it is constructed to Freeway standards A fuel tax (also known as a petrol tax, gasoline tax, gas tax or fuel duty) is a Sales tax imposed on the sale of Fuel.

Modes and categories

Main article: Mode of transport

Modes are combinations of networks, vehicles, and operations, and include walking, the road transport system, rail transport, ship transport and modern aviation. Mode of transport (or means of transport or transport mode or transport modality or form of transport) is a general term for the different A transport network, or transportation network in American English is typically a network of roads streets pipes aqueducts power lines or nearly any structure which permits Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport. Walking (also called ambulation) is the main form of Animal Locomotion on land, distinguished from Running and crawling Road transport ( British English) or road transportation ( American English) is Transport on Roads of passengers or goods "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them

Animal-powered transport

Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals (also known as "beasts of burden") for the movement of people and goods. Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them Cable transport refers to the broad class of Transport modes that rely on vehicles pulled by cables rather than having an internal power source Human-powered transport is the Transport of person(s and/or goods using Human Muscle power A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to propel the vehicle The New Mobility Agenda is an international institution which while virtual and an open collaborative was originally set up by an international working group meeting at the Abbey de "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. Road transport ( British English) or road transportation ( American English) is Transport on Roads of passengers or goods Human-powered transport is the Transport of person(s and/or goods using Human Muscle power Walking (also called ambulation) is the main form of Animal Locomotion on land, distinguished from Running and crawling Cycling is the use of Bicycles or - less commonly - Unicycles Tricycles Quadricycles and other similar wheeled Human powered vehicles Space transport is the use of Spacecraft to Transport people or cargo through Outer space. Sustainable transport is a concept developed in reaction to things that have gone visibly wrong with transportation policy practice and performance through much the world over the last Topics relevant to Transport on Planets Natural satellites or other kinds of Celestial objects other than the planet Earth: Lunar Most Transport media in use today are generally fossil fuel powered (Non-human animal-powered Transport is a broad category of the Human use of non-human Working animals (also known as "beasts of burden" for the A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, singly or in teams, to pull (or haul) sleds or wheeled vehicles. A team comprises a group of people or Animals linked in a common purpose A sled, sledge or sleigh is a Vehicle with runners for sliding instead of wheels for rolling Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport.

Air transport

Main article: Air transport

A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane or aeroplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the wings in relation to the aircraft is not used to generate lift. Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them Overview Fixed-wing aircraft range from small training and recreational aircraft to Wide-body aircraft and military cargo aircraft. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the aircraft generates lift. Classes of rotorcraft Helicopter See also Helicopter A helicopter is a rotorcraft whose rotors are driven by the engine(s throughout the flight A heliplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. History Once the initial challenges of rotary-wing flight had been solved with the development of Cierva 's Autogiro, research began to focus on improving

Fixed-wing aircraft include from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout General aviation (abbr GA) is one of two categories of Civil aviation. An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers

The term also embraces aircraft with wings that fold when on the ground. This is to ease storage or facilitate transport on, for example, a vehicle trailer or the powered lift connecting the hangar deck of an aircraft carrier to its flight deck. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with It also embraces aircraft, such as the General Dynamics F-111, Grumman F-14 Tomcat and the Panavia Tornado, which can vary the sweep angle of their wings during flight. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, later Grumman Aerospace Corporation, was a leading 20th century U Panavia Aircraft GmbH is a multinational company established by the three partner nations of the Tornado Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA project Germany WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A Variable-sweep wing is an Aeroplane Wing that may be swept back and then returned to its original position during flight These aircraft are termed "variable geometry" aircraft. When the wings of these aircraft are fully swept, usually for high speed cruise, the trailing edges of their wings about the leading edges of their tailplanes, giving an impression of a single delta wing if viewed in plan. The delta wing is a Wing Planform in the form of a triangle named after the Greek uppercase delta which is a triangle (Δ There are also rare examples of aircraft which can vary the angle of incidence of their wings in flight, such the F-8 Crusader, which are also considered to be "fixed-wing". Angle of incidence is a measure of deviation of something from "straight on" for example in the approach of a ray to a surface or the angle WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers Landing is the last part of a Flight, where a flying Animal, Aircraft, or Spacecraft returns to the ground The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.

The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the Commercial jet aircraft can reach up to 875 km/h. Single-engine aircraft are capable of reaching 175 km/h or more at cruise speed. Supersonic aircraft (military, research and a few private aircraft) can reach speeds faster than sound. The record is held by the SR-71 with a speed of 3,529. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout 56 km/h (2193. 17 mph, 1905. 81 knots). ^[1]

Rail

Main article: Rail transport

Rail transport is the transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. A typical railway (or railroad) track consists of two parallel steel (or in older networks, iron) rails, generally anchored perpendicular to beams (termed sleepers or ties) of timber, concrete, or steel to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 In Geometry, two lines or planes (or a line and a plane are considered perpendicular (or orthogonal) to each other if they form congruent A railroad tie, cross tie, or railway sleeper is a rectangular object used as a base for Railroad tracks. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a railway track. The rails and perpendicular beams are usually then placed on a foundation made of concrete or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast to prevent the track from buckling (bending out of its original configuration) as the ground settles over time beneath and under the weight of the vehicles passing above. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Gravel is rock that is of a specific Particle size range In Geology, gravel is any loose rock that is larger than two millimeters (2mm In Engineering, buckling is a failure mode characterized by a sudden failure of a structural member subjected to high Compressive stresses where The vehicles traveling on the rails are arranged in a train; a series of individual powered or unpowered vehicles linked together, displaying markers. A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another These vehicles (referred to, in general, as cars, carriages or wagons) move with much less friction than on rubber tires on a paved road, and the locomotive that pulls the train tends to use energy far more efficiently as a result. A locomotive is a railway Vehicle that provides the motive power for a Train.

In rail transport, a train consists of rail vehicles that move along guides to transport freight or passengers from one place to another. Acela Express (often called simply Acela) is the name used by Amtrak for the high-speed Tilting train service operating between A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another The guideway (permanent way) usually consists of conventional rail tracks, but might also be monorail or maglev. The permanent way means the physical elements of the railway line itself generally the pairs of rails typically laid on sleepers embedded in ballast intended to carry the ordinary A monorail is a transportation system based on a single beam The term is also used variously to describe the beam of the system or the vehicles travelling on such a beam or MAGLEV, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that suspends guides and (usually propels vehicles predominantly trains using magnetic forces Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive, or from individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. A locomotive is a railway Vehicle that provides the motive power for a Train. The term multiple unit or MU is used to describe a self-propelling train unit capable of coupling with other units of the same or similar type and still Most trains are powered by diesel engines or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr Railway electrification supplies electrical energy to railway Locomotives and Multiple units so they can operate without having a Reciprocating Historically the steam engine was the dominant form of locomotive power through the mid-20th century, but other sources of power (such as horses, rope (or wire), gravity, pneumatics, or gas turbines) are possible. A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. A rope is a length of Fibers twisted or Braided together to improve strength for pulling and Connecting. A wire is a single usually cylindrical, elongated string of drawn Metal. Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another Pneumatics, Pressurized gas to affect mechanical motion Pneumatic power is used in Industry, where it is common to have factory units plumbed for Compressed A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a rotary Engine that extracts energy from a flow of Combustion gas

Road transport

Main article: Road transport

Automobile

An automobile is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load ( Mass) or performing labour in machines This article is about passengers in commercial transportation for other uses see Passenger (disambiguation A passenger is a term broadly used Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a Different types of automobiles include cars, buses, trucks, and vans. This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. A van is a kind of vehicle used for Transporting goods or groups of people Some include motorcycles in the category, but cars are the most typical automobiles. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. As of 2002 there were 590 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car for every ten people), of which 170 million in the U.S. (roughly one car for every two people) [1]. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

The automobile was thought of as an environmental improvement over horses when it was first introduced in the 1890s. Before its introduction, in New York City alone, more than 1,800 tons of manure had to be removed from the streets daily, although the manure was used as natural fertilizer for crops and to build top soil. The City of New York Manure is Organic matter used as Organic fertilizer in Agriculture. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant In 2006, the automobile is recognized as one of the primary sources of world-wide air pollution and a cause of substantial noise pollution and adverse health effects. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life Health effects, health impacts or health risks are changes in Health resulting from exposure to a source

See also

• Bicycle
• Bus
• Carpooling
• Cycling
• Human-powered transport
• Limousine
• Road train
• Share taxi
• Semi-trailer truck
• Taxicab
• Truck

Water transport

Main article: Ship transport

Watercraft

A watercraft is a vehicle designed to float on and move across (or under) water. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind Carpooling (also known as car-sharing, ride-sharing, lift-sharing) is the shared use of a car by the driver and one or more passengers usually Cycling is the use of Bicycles or - less commonly - Unicycles Tricycles Quadricycles and other similar wheeled Human powered vehicles Human-powered transport is the Transport of person(s and/or goods using Human Muscle power A limousine (or limo) is a longer than normal Luxury car. The chassis may have been extended by the manufacturer or by an independent coach builder traditionally A road train or roadtrain is a Trucking concept used in remote areas of Australia, the United States, and Western Canada to move Types of vehicle Share taxis come in various Vehicle types including Minibuses Midibuses covered Pickup trucks Station wagons truckcartransporterarp750pixjpg|thumb|right|A tractor with an auto-transport Semi-trailer. A taxicab, also taxi or cab, is a type of Public transport for a single passenger or small group of passengers typically for a non-shared ride This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. A watercraft is a Vehicle, vessel or craft designed to move across (or through Water, including saltwater and freshwater for pleasure recreation physical Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance, and appearance. A hull is the body of a Ship or Boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the Buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking

Most watercraft would be described as either ships or boats; although nearly all ships are larger than nearly all boats, the distinction between those two categories is not one of size per se. A watercraft is a Vehicle, vessel or craft designed to move across (or through Water, including saltwater and freshwater for pleasure recreation physical A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it

• A rule of thumb says "a boat can fit on a ship, but a ship can't fit on a boat", and a ship usually has sufficient size to carry its own boats, such as lifeboats, dinghies, or runabouts. A rule of thumb is a principle with broad application that is not intended to be strictly accurate or reliable for every situation A lifeboat is a small craft carried on a ship to provide a means of emergency evacuation in the event of a disaster aboard the ship A dinghy is a type of small Boat, often carried or towed by a larger vessel A runabout is any small Motorboat holding between four and eight people well suited to moving about on the water
• Often local law and regulation will define the exact size (or the number of masts) that distinguishes a ship from boats. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The mast of a sailing ship is a tall vertical or near vertical Spar, or arrangement of Spars which supports the Sails Large ships have several masts
• Traditionally submarines, being small, were called "boats"; in contrast, nuclear-powered submarines' are large, much roomier, and classed as ships. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability

Another definition says a ship is any floating craft that transports cargo for the purpose of earning revenue; in that context, passenger ships transport "supercargo", another name for passengers or persons not working on board. Supercargo is a term in maritime law (adapted from the Spanish sobrecargo, one over or in charge of a cargo that refers to a person employed on board a However, neither fishing boats nor ferries are considered ships, though both carry cargo (their catch of the day or passengers) and lifeboats. See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and

English seldom uses the term watercraft to describe any specific individual object (and probably then only as an affectation): rather the term serves to unify the category that ranges from small boats to the largest ships, and also includes the diverse watercraft for which some term even more specific than ship or boat (e. A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size g. , canoe, kayak, raft, barge, jet ski) comes to mind first. A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors A kayak is a small human-powered Boat. It typically has a covered deck and a cockpit covered by a Spraydeck. A raft is any flat floating structure for travel over water It is the most basic of Boat design characterized by the absence of a hull. BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August Jet Ski is the Brand name of Personal watercraft (PWC manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd (Some of these would even be considered at best questionable as examples of boats. )

Ship transport

Ship transport is the process of moving people, goods, etc. by barge, boat, ship or sailboat over a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size In some cases less is more The purpose of this article is to give an overview This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there This is frequently undertaken for purposes of commerce, recreation or military objectives. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of one's Body or Mind. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking

A hybrid of ship transport and road transport is the historic horse-drawn boat. Road transport ( British English) or road transportation ( American English) is Transport on Roads of passengers or goods Not to be confused with the modern Towboat. A horse-drawn boat or tow-boat is a historic Boat operating on a Canal Hybrids of ship transport and air transport are kite surfing and parasailing. Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them Kitesurfing, kiteboarding, uses wind power to pull a rider through the water on a small Surfboard or a kiteboard (which is like a Wakeboard) Parasailing also known as parascending is a recreational activity where a person is towed behind a vehicle (usually a boat while attached to a specially designed

The first craft were probably types of canoes cut out from tree trunks. A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or The colonization of Australia by Indigenous Australians provides indirect but conclusive evidence for the latest date for the invention of ocean-going craft; land bridges linked southeast Asia through most of the Malay Archipelago but a strait had to be crossed to arrive at New Guinea, which was then linked to Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. A strait is a narrow navigable Channel of water that connects two larger navigable bodies of water New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known Ocean-going craft were required for the colonization to happen. Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area

Early sea transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, and often, in earlier times with smaller vessels, a combination of the two. Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's)

Also there have been horse-powered boats, with horses on the deck providing power [2].

Ship transport was frequently used as a mechanism for conducting warfare. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Military use of the seas and waterways is covered in greater detail under navy.

In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving a Propeller A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. A paddle wheel (also called side wheel or stern wheel) is a large wheel fitted with Paddles which is used to propel a Boat. A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by converting Rotational motion into Thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such as an The steam was produced using wood or coal. Uses A Steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a Piston or Turbine to perform Mechanical work. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from Petroleum Distillation, either as a distillate or a residue Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions

Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of one's Body or Mind. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by converting Rotational motion into Thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such as an In shallow draft areas, such as the Everglades, some craft, such as the hovercraft, are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Everglades is also the name of a city in Collier County Florida A hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicle (ACV is an Amphibious vehicle or craft, designed to travel over any sufficiently smooth surface supported by

Although relatively slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than transport by air for trans-continental shipping. Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them Shipping is physical process of Transporting goods and Cargo.

In the context of sea transport, a road is an anchorage. An anchor is an object often made out of metal that is used to attach a ship to the bottom of a body of water at a specific point

See also

• Water taxi
• Short sea shipping

Intermodal transport

Main article: Intermodal transport

Intermodal freight transport refers to the combination of multiple types of transportation for a single shipment, for instance a shipment in a container may start on a truck in China, travel in a cargo ship over the Pacific Ocean to a port city in the U. A water taxi or water bus is a Boat used to provide Public transport, usually but not always in an urban environment Short sea shipping refers to the movement of Freight along coasts and inland waterways Intermodal freight transport involves the transportation of freight in a container or Vehicle, using multiple modes of Transportation ( Containerization (or containerisation) is a system of Intermodal freight transport Cargo Transport using standard ISO containers S. , then travel by train to the East Coast, finally being delivered by a truck.

Transport and communications

Transport and communication are both substitutes and complements. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Though it might be possible that sufficiently advanced communication could substitute for transport, one could telegraph, telephone, fax, or email a customer rather than visiting them in person, it has been found that those modes of communication in fact generate more total interactions, including interpersonal interactions. The growth in transport would be impossible without communication, which is vital for advanced transportation systems, from railroads which want to run trains in two directions on a single track, to air traffic control which requires knowing the location of aircraft in the sky. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Thus, it has been found that the increase of one generally leads to more of the other.

Transport and land use

The first Europeans who came to the New World brought with them a culture of transportation centred on the wheel. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load ( Mass) or performing labour in machines North America's Aboriginal peoples had developed differently, and moved through their country by means of canoes, kayaks, umiaks, coracles, and other water-borne vehicles, constructed from various types of bark, hide, bone, wood, and other materials; as well, the snowshoe, toboggan and sled were essential during the winter conditions that prevailed throughout the northern half of the continent for much of the year. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors A kayak is a small human-powered Boat. It typically has a covered deck and a cockpit covered by a Spraydeck. The umiak, umiaq, umiac, oomiac or oomiak is a type of Boat used by Eskimo people both Yupik and A coracle (cwrwgl is a small lightweight Boat used mainly in Wales but also in parts of Western and South Western England, Ireland, and Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists Hides are Skins obtained from animals for human use Examples of animal hide sources are Deer and Cattle typically used for producing Leather, Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Development of snowshoes Origins Before humanity built snowshoes nature provided examples A toboggan is a simple Sled used on snow to carry one or more people (often children down a hill or other slope for recreation A sled, sledge or sleigh is a Vehicle with runners for sliding instead of wheels for rolling Europeans quickly adopted all of these technologies themselves, and therefore were able to travel to the northern interior of Canada via the many waterways that branched out from the St. Lawrence River and from Hudson Bay. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway ^[2]

There is a well-known relationship between the density of development, and types of transportation. Land use' is also often used to refer to the distinct land use types in Zoning. Intensity of development is often measured by area of floor area ratio (FAR), the ratio of usable floorspace to area of land. The Floor Area Ratio (FAR or Floor Space Index (FSI is the Ratio of the total floor area of buildings on a certain location to the size of the land of that location As a rule of thumb, FARs of 1. 5 or less are well suited to automobiles, those of six and above are well suited to trains. The range of densities from about two up to about four is not well served by conventional public or private transport. Private Transport is the first album by The Guild League released in 2002 on Candle Records (catalogue number TGL02 Many cities have grown into these densities, and are suffering traffic problems.

Land uses support activities. Those activities are spatially separated. People need transport to go from one to the other (from home to work to shop back to home for instance). Transport is a "derived demand," in that transport is unnecessary but for the activities pursued at the ends of trips. Good land use keeps common activities close (e. g. housing and food shopping), and places higher-density development closer to transportation lines and hubs. Poor land use concentrates activities (such as jobs) far from other destinations (such as housing and shopping).

There are economies of agglomeration. The term economies of agglomeration is used in Urban economics to describe the benefits that firms obtain when locating near each other Beyond transportation some land uses are more efficient when clustered. Transportation facilities consume land, and in cities, pavement (devoted to streets and parking) can easily exceed 20 percent of the total land use. An efficient transport system can reduce land waste.

Transport in cities

Because of the much higher densities of people and activities, environmental, economic, public health, social and quality of life considerations and constraints are important in cities. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Definition In the absence of agreement about its meaning the term "social" is used in many different senses referring among other things to attitudes Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people

Urban transport has been led by professional transport planners and traffic experts, who have made use of the same forecasting and response tools that they have used to good effect in other transport sectors. This has led in most cities to a substantial overbuilding of the road and supporting infrastructure, which has maximized throughput in terms of the numbers of vehicles and the speeds with which they pass through and move around in the built-up areas.

Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for maximum vehicle throughput means that in many cities there is too much traffic and many - if not all - of the negative impacts that come with it. It is only in recent years that traditional practices have started to be questioned in many places, and as a result of new types of analysis which bring in a much broader range of skills than those traditionally relied on – spanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, public health, sociologists as well as economists who increasingly are questioning the viability of the old mobility solutions. European cities are leading this transition.

See also

• Public transport
• Transport engineering
• Sustainable Transportation
• New Mobility Agenda

Transport, energy, and the environment

Main articles: Global warming and Oil peak

Transport is a major use of energy, and transport burns most of the world's petroleum. Transport engineering (alternatively transportation engineering) is the science of safe and efficient movement of people and goods ( Transport) Sustainable transport is a concept developed in reaction to things that have gone visibly wrong with transportation policy practice and performance through much the world over the last The New Mobility Agenda is an international institution which while virtual and an open collaborative was originally set up by an international working group meeting at the Abbey de Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Transportation accounts for 2/3 of all U. S. petroleum consumption. ^[3]

The transportation sector generates 82 percent of carbon monoxide and 56 percent of NOx emissions and over one-quarter of total greenhouse gas emissions in the U. Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared S. A. ^[3] Hydrocarbon fuels also produces 15% of the carbon dioxide,^[4] a greenhouse gas widely thought to be the chief cause of global climate change, and petroleum-powered engines, especially inefficient ones, create air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates (soot). In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Soot (ˈsʊt is a general term that refers to the black impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon Although vehicles in developed countries have been getting cleaner because of environmental regulations, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles and more use of each vehicle. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors Environmental law is a complex and interlocking body of Statutes, Common law, Treaties, conventions Regulations and policies which very

Indeed, transportation has the fastest growing carbon emissions of any economic sector. ^[5]

Speaking at the International Transport Forum ^[6] in Leipzig, Germany UNFCCC Executive Secretary Yvo de Boer on Thursday called on key stakeholders in the transport sector to help shape the UN climate change deal that will be clinched in Copenhagen at the end of 2009. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong Annex I and Annex II Countries and Developing Countries Signatories to the UNFCCC are split into three groups Annex I countries (industrialized countries Yvo de Boer (born 1954 Vienna) is the current Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. ^[7]

By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming. Road transport ( British English) or road transportation ( American English) is Transport on Roads of passengers or goods ^[4]

Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands.

Toxic runoff from roads and parking lots that can also pollute water supplies and aquatic ecosystems.

Alternative propulsion can reduce pollution. Alternative propulsion is a term used frequently for Powertrain concepts differing from the Internal combustion engine concept used in only Petroleum fueled Low pollution fuels may have a reduced carbon content, and thereby contribute less in the way of carbon dioxide emissions, and generally have reduced sulfur, since sulfur exhaust is a cause of acid rain. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure The most popular low-pollution fuels at this time are biofuels: gasoline-ethanol blends, biobutanol and biodiesel. Ethanol fuel is Ethanol (ethyl alcohol the same type of Alcohol found in Alcoholic beverages. Butanol may be used as a Fuel in an Internal combustion engine. Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by Hydrogen is an even lower-pollution fuel that produces no carbon dioxide, but producing and storing it economically is currently not feasible. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Plug-in hybrids are energy-efficient vehicles that are going to be in the mass-production. A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle ( PHEV) is a Hybrid vehicle with batteries that can be recharged by connecting a plug to an Electric power

Efficiency and alternatives

See also: Fuel efficiency in transportation

Another strategy is to make vehicles more efficient, which reduces pollution and waste by reducing the energy use. This page describes Fuel efficiency in means of Transportation. Electric vehicles use efficient electric motors, but their range is limited by either the extent of the electric transmission system or by the storage capacity of batteries. The Electric Vehicle was an American Automobile manufactured only in 1899 In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy Electrified public transport generally uses overhead wires or third rails to transmit electricity to vehicles, and is used for both rail and bus transport. Battery electric vehicles store their electric fuel onboard in a battery pack. The battery electric vehicle, or BEV, is a type of Electric vehicle (EV that uses chemical Energy stored in Rechargeable battery A battery pack is a set of any number of (preferably identical batteries or individual battery cells Another method is to generate energy using fuel cells, which may eventually be two to five times as efficient as the internal combustion engines currently used in most vehicles. A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device It produces electricity from Fuel (on the Anode side and an oxidant (on the The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a Another effective method is to streamline ground vehicles, which spend up to 75% of their energy on air-resistance, and to reduce their weight. Regenerative braking is possible in all electric vehicles and recaptures the energy normally lost to braking, and is becoming common in rail vehicles. A regenerative brake is a mechanism that reduces Vehicle speed by converting some of its Kinetic energy into another useful form of energy In internal combustion automobiles and buses, regenerative braking is not possible, unless electric vehicle components are also a part of the powertrain, these are called hybrid electric vehicles. A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV is a Hybrid vehicle which combines a conventional propulsion system with a Rechargeable energy storage system (RESS

Shifting travel from automobiles to well-utilized public transport can reduce energy consumption and traffic congestion.

Walking and bicycling instead of traveling by motorized means also reduces the consumption of fossil fuels. Walking (also called ambulation) is the main form of Animal Locomotion on land, distinguished from Running and crawling Cycling is the use of Bicycles or - less commonly - Unicycles Tricycles Quadricycles and other similar wheeled Human powered vehicles While the use of these two modes generally declines as a given area becomes wealthier, there are some countries (including Denmark, Netherlands, Japan and parts of Germany, Finland and Belgium) where bicycling comprises a significant share of trips. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Some cities with particularly high modal shares of cycling are Oulu (25%), Copenhagen (33%) and Groningen (50%). Oulu ( (literally "Flood" ( (literally "Ule River Castle" is a city and municipality of about 130000 inhabitants in the province of Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Groningen is the capital city of the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. A number of other cities, including London, Paris, New York, Sydney, Bogotá, Chicago and San Francisco are creating networks of bicycle lanes and bicycle paths. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Segregated cycle facilities are Roads tracks paths or marked lanes designated for use by Cyclists from which motorised traffic is generally excluded Segregated cycle facilities are Roads tracks paths or marked lanes designated for use by Cyclists from which motorised traffic is generally excluded

There is also a growing movement of drivers who practice ways to increase their MPG and save fuel through driving techniques. They are often referred to as hypermilers. Fuel economy-maximizing behaviors describe techniques that drivers can use to optimize their automobile fuel economy. Hypermilers have broken records of fuel efficiency, averaging 109 miles per gallon driving a Prius. The Toyota Prius is a hybrid electric Mid-size car developed and manufactured by the Toyota Motor Corporation In non-hybrid vehicles these techniques are also beneficial. Hypermiler Wanye Gerdes can get 59 MPG in a Honda Accord and 30 MPG in an Acura MDX. The Honda Accord is series of midrange Automobile manufactured by Honda since 1976 and sold in most automotive markets throughout the world The Acura MDX ( Honda MDX in Japan and Australia) is a Mid-size Crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automaker ^[8]

Research

Transport research facilities are mainly attached to universities or are steered by the state. In most countries (not in France and Spain) one can see now how laboratories are brought into PPP-operation, where industry takes over part of the share.

Some major research centres in Europe:

• CEDEX ES
• CERTU FR
• CRF IT
• Centre for Transport Studies Imperial College UK
• Delft University of Technology NL
• DLR DE
• Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule CH
• LCPC FR
• INRETS FR
• TNO MOBILITY
• Transport & Mobility Leuven BE
• Transport Research Laboratory TRL UK
• VTT FI
• Joint OECD-ECMT Transport Research Centre
• European Conference of Ministers of Transport

The European Commission supports the co-operation and collaboration amongst the transport laboratories by funding projects like Transport Research Knowledge Centre (TRKC)and Intransnet. Transport Research Laboratory (TRL is a British centre for transport research providing consultancy advice and solutions for a wide range of transport related issues Especially the transition from planned economy to achieving a stable position on the market will be a challenge for laboratories in the new member states. A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. Another EU-project etra.ccis coping with those problems.

The European Local Transport Information Service, Eltis, keeps track of up-to-date urban transport news and events, transport measures, policies and practices implemented in cities and regions across Europe (and some world-wide initiatives). ELTIS ( wwweltisorgis short for the 'European Local Transport Information Service' It includes a database that collects good practice case studies in order to share experiences and knowledge on sustainable urban transport.

USA:

• Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley
• National Transportation Research Center
• Transportation Research Board

See also

Main lists: List of basic transport topics and List of transport topics

This article is part of the Transport series

Modes. For the sigma N-transcription factor activator protein in prokaryotes see NtrC The National Transportation Research Center (NRTC is an institution located in This is a list of Transport related topics. For more topics there is a collection of transportation related lists and a transportation category Mode of transport (or means of transport or transport mode or transport modality or form of transport) is a general term for the different . .

Animal-powered Aviation Cable Human-powered Pipeline Ship Space Rail Road

See also. (Non-human animal-powered Transport is a broad category of the Human use of non-human Working animals (also known as "beasts of burden" for the Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them Cable transport refers to the broad class of Transport modes that rely on vehicles pulled by cables rather than having an internal power source Human-powered transport is the Transport of person(s and/or goods using Human Muscle power Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Space transport is the use of Spacecraft to Transport people or cargo through Outer space. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. Road transport ( British English) or road transportation ( American English) is Transport on Roads of passengers or goods . .

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References

External links

• EU Transport in figures, Eurostat
• "Transportation and Maps" in Virtual Vault, an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada
• Transport and its infrastructure, IPCC 4 assessment-report treport.

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