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Transphobia (or less commonly, transprejudice) refers to discrimination against transsexuality and transsexual or transgender people, based on the expression of their internal gender identity (see Phobia - terms indicating prejudice or class discrimination). Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two Bigender (bi+gender is a tendency to move between masculine and feminine Gender -typed behaviour depending on context expressing a distinctly " Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society. Drag kings are mostly female Performance artists who dress in masculine drag and personify male Gender stereotypes as part of their performance A drag queen is a person usually a man who dresses (or "drags" in female clothes and make-up for special occasions and usually because they are performing and entertaining Genderqueer and intergender are catchall terms for gender identities other than man and woman Intersexuality is the state of a living thing of a gonochoristic species whose Sex chromosomes, Genitalia, and/or Secondary sex characteristics Questioning is a term that can refer to a person who is questioning their Gender, Sexual identity or Sexual orientation. The terms third gender and third sex describe individuals who are considered to be neither women nor men as well as the social category present in those societies who recognize Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born This article deals with the history of the word 'transvestite' LGBT history refers to the History of Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and Transgender peoples and cultures around the world dating back Gynephilia (or gynophilia) (From Greek gunē, "women" + -philia, "love" is the romantic and/or sexual attraction to adult Transsexual people are those who establish a permanent identity with the Gender opposite to that which they were assigned at birth Transgender is a complex topic where consensual and precise definitions have not yet been reached IMPORTANT!!!! Please note If you add a movie to this list please add it to the List of lesbian gay bisexual or transgender-related films by year article as well The people on this list have been selected because their fame or notoriety is in some way due Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives Phobias Phobias (in the clinical meaning of the term are the most common form of Anxiety disorders An American study by the National Institute of Mental Health Whether intentional or not, transphobia can have severe consequences for the object of the negative attitude. Many transpeople also experience homophobia from people who incorrectly associate the medically recognised condition of gender identity disorder as a form of homosexuality (see Homosexuality and Transgender). BenPhelpsJPG|thumb|right|Westboro Baptist Church picket signs with Ben Phelps grandson of Fred Phelps Gender identity disorder (GID is the formal diagnosis used by Psychologists and Physicians to describe persons who experience significant gender dysphoria (discontent Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. [1]

Discriminatory or intolerant behaviour toward transsexuals might include harassment, assault, or murder. Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is Harassment refers to a wide spectrum of offensive behaviour The term commonly refers to behaviour intended to disturb or upset and when the term is used in a legal sense it refers Assault is a Crime of Violence against another person. In some Jurisdictions including Australia and New Zealand, Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Direct forms of intolerance may also manifest themselves in non-violent ways. Indirect discrimination may include refusing to ensure that transgender people are treated in the same manner as non-transgender people. Cisgender (ˈsɪsdʒɛndə˞ is an adjective used in the context of Gender issues and Counselling to refer to a type of Gender identity formed by a match

Trans-bashing is the practice of victimising someone because they are transgender and is a form of transphobia. Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives [2] Unlike gay bashing, it is attacking someone based on their gender identity rather than because of their predisposition regarding sexuality. Gay bashing is an expression used to designate verbal confrontation with denigration of or physical violence against people thought to be Lesbian, Gay Gender identity (or core gender identity) is a person's own sense of Identification as Male or Female. Some believe that accusing transgender people of being victims of "gay-bashing" erases their identities and the truth of what happens to them. Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives

Contents

Examples

There are many recorded examples of transphobia in many of its different forms and manifestations throughout society. Some instances clearly involve violence and extreme malice, while others involve little more than a lack of understanding or experience of the condition sometimes involving unconscious predisposition based upon various religious edicts or social conventions.

Difficulties encountered by transgender people

Sometimes homeless shelters have engaged in practices that have a disparate impact on transwomen, refusing, for example, admission to women's areas and forcing them to sleep and bathe in the presence of men. This situation has been changing in some areas, however. For example, on February 8, 2006, New York City's Department of Homeless Services announced an overhaul of its housing policy with the goal of specifically ending discrimination against transgendered people in its shelters. [3]

Some notable cases with transphobia themes and violent crimes include Brandon Teena, Gwen Araujo, Fred Martinez, Nizah Morris[4] and Lauren Harries. Brandon Teena, (born Teena Renae Brandon December 12, 1972 - December 31, 1993 in Lincoln, Nebraska) was a Gwen Amber Rose Araujo ( February 24, 1985 &ndash October 4, 2002, Née Edward Araujo Jr Fred C Martinez Jr (May 1985 &ndash June 16, 2001) was a Transgender Native American student of Navajo ancestry Nizah Morris ( 1955 - December 24, 2002) was an American Transgender entertainer Lauren Charlotte Harries (formerly James Charles Harries born 1978 in Surrey, England) is a British media personality. [5]

Transphobia in healthcare

One example of this is the case of Tyra Hunter. Tyra Hunter (circa 1970 - August 7, 1995) was a 24 year old Transsexual woman who died after being injured as a passenger in a Car accident. Ms. Hunter was involved in an automobile accident, and when rescue workers discovered she was transgender, they backed away and stopped administering treatment. Emergency medical services (abbreviated to the initialism "EMS" in many countries are a branch of Emergency services dedicated to providing out-of-hospital She later died in hospital. [6]

Transgender people depend largely on the medical profession to receive not only hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery, but also other vital care. Sex reassignment surgery (SRS gender reassignment surgery, or sex-change operation is a term for the Surgical procedures by which a person's physical Often it can be difficult for gender patients to receive proper health care and treatment, because medical gatekeepers who are transphobic (or who misunderstand the nature of gender identity disorder) will refuse to administer necessary treatment; in at least one case that included the refusal to treat Robert Eads, a transman, for ovarian cancer, of which he subsequently died. Robert Eads ( 18 December 1945 - 17 January 1999 in Toccoa Georgia) was a female-to-male Transsexual, whose life and death A transman or transguy (often referred to as FTM) is short for Transsexual or Transgender man - a person who was naturally born or physically [7][8]

Transphobia in employment

Transphobia can also manifest itself in the workplace. Sometimes transsexuals lose their jobs when they begin the transition. A study from Willamette University states that discrimination is so rife it's virtually impossible to find a job at all to begin with. Willamette University is an American private institution of higher learning located in Salem Oregon. [9]

News stories from the San Francisco Chronicle and Associated Press have cited a 1999 study by the San Francisco Department of Public Health finding a 70 percent unemployment rate amongst the city's transgender population. The San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. On February 18, 1999, the San Francisco Department of Public Health issued the results of a 1997 survey of 392 MTF (male-to-female) and 123 FTM (female-to-male) transgender people, showing amongst other things that only 40 percent of those MTF transgender people surveyed had earned money from full or part-time employment over the preceding six months' period. For FTMs, the equivalent statistic was 81 percent. The survey also found that 46 percent of MTFs and 57 percent of FTMs reported employment discrimination. [10]

In the hiring process, discrimination may be either open or covert, with employers finding other ostensible reasons not to hire a candidate or just not informing prospective employees at all as to why they are not being hired. Additionally, when an employer fires or otherwise discriminates against a transgender employee, it may be a "mixed motive" case, with the employer openly citing obvious wrongdoing, job performance issues or the like (such as excessive tardiness, for example) while keeping silent in regards to transphobia. [11]

Employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity and expression, or the like, is illegal in a growing number of U. S. cities, towns and states. Such discrimination might be outlawed by specific legislation (as it is in the states of California, Illinois, Maine, Minnesota, New Mexico and Washington state) or city ordinances; additionally, it is covered by case law in some other states. (For example, Massachusetts is covered by cases such as Lie vs. Sky Publishing Co. and Jette vs. Honey Farms. ) Several other states and cities prohibit such discrimination in public employment. The United Kingdom has also legislated against employment discrimination on the grounds of gender identity. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Gender identity (or core gender identity) is a person's own sense of Identification as Male or Female. Sometimes, however, employers discriminate against transgender employees in spite of such legal protections. [11]

There is at least one high-profile employment-related court case unfavorable to transgender people. In 2000, the Southern U. S. grocery chain Winn-Dixie fired longtime employee Peter Oiler, despite a history of repeatedly earning raises and promotions, after management learned that the married, heterosexual truck driver occasionally cross-dressed off-the-job. Winn-Dixie Stores Inc ( is an American Supermarket chain based in Jacksonville, Florida. Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society. Management argued that this hurt Winn-Dixie's corporate image. The American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit against Winn-Dixie on behalf of Oiler but a judge dismissed it. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses The case, however, led to a picket of the company's Jacksonville, Florida, headquarters and a boycott against the company. One now-defunct website, www. shameonwinndixie. org, claimed it was "the largest-ever public demonstration against gender-based bigotry. " [12]

Sometimes transgendered people facing employment discrimination turn to sex work to survive, arguably placing them at additional risk of such things as contracting sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV; enduring workplace violence; and encountering troubles with the law, including arrest and criminal prosecution. Sex industry is the internationalisation of commercial enterprises which supply Sex workers in various capacities A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [10]

Transprejudice

Transprejudice is a similar term to transphobia, and refers to the negative valuing, stereotyping and discriminatory treatment of individuals whose appearance and/or identity does not conform to the current social expectations or conventional conceptions of gender. [13]

Transprejudice may be manifested in ways similar to other prejudicial beliefs, such as homophobia or sexual prejudice. BenPhelpsJPG|thumb|right|Westboro Baptist Church picket signs with Ben Phelps grandson of Fred Phelps As Blumenfeld (1992) suggests, homophobia functions on four distinct yet-interrelated levels: personal, interpersonal, institutional, and cultural (also referred to as collective or societal). [14] Adapting Blumenfeld’s (1992) framework for use with transprejudice, personal transprejudice would refer to an individual’s belief system (prejudices) about TG/TS individuals. Interpersonal transprejudice would be evident when a personal prejudice transforms into discriminatory behavior. Institutional transprejudice would be seen in the ways in which government, business, religious, educational, and professional organizations (e. g. , the medical and psychiatric community) systematically discriminate against TG/TS individuals. Finally, cultural transprejudice would refer to the social cognition that influences attitudes toward TG/TS persons.


Transphobia in the lesbian, gay and bisexual community

Some in the LGBT communities are uncomfortable with transgender individuals and issues. LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual For example, transwomen (male-to-female transgender and transsexual people) are sometimes denied entry to women's spaces, and the explanations given for such actions betray a degree of transphobia. A transwoman (also spelled trans woman or trans-woman) is a male-to-female transsexual and the term transwoman is preferred by many such (The Michigan Womyn's Music Festival, for instance, has caused much debate for limiting its attendance to "womyn-born womyn". The Michigan Womyn's Music Festival, often referred to as "Michigan" or "MWMF" or "Michfest" is an international Feminist Music festival )[15] Kay Brown of Transhistory. net (“Transsexual, Transgender and Intersex History”) has set forth a long chronology of the ejection of those whom we now know as “transgendered” from gay organizations starting in the 1970s[16].

While many gays and lesbians feel that “transgender” is simply a name for a part of their own community (i. e. the LGBT community), others actively reject the idea that transgender people are part of their community, seeing them as entirely separate and distinct. LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual Some feel that bisexuality and transgenderism are detrimental to the social and political acceptance of gays and lesbians. Bisexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of both sexes or to a bisexual orientation Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives This phenomenon has been called “internalized homophobia” by some, meaning an irrational fear and dislike of other homosexuals. BenPhelpsJPG|thumb|right|Westboro Baptist Church picket signs with Ben Phelps grandson of Fred Phelps See Fone, B. R. S. (2000). Homophobia. New York: Metropolital Books; Sears, J. T. , and Williams, W. L. (1997). Overcoming Heterosexism and Homophobia. New York: Columbia University Press) This presumes that transgender people are, in fact, “homosexuals,” an equation which is often hotly debated, but with little real meaning due to the nature of the differences between gender and sexuality - for example, if a transwoman is attracted only to other women, then she is either lesbian by nature of being a woman, or is otherwise a heterosexual man. A transwoman (also spelled trans woman or trans-woman) is a male-to-female transsexual and the term transwoman is preferred by many such

The nature of the terms "Man" and "Woman" also become unclear in a similar way under this philosophy, and many feel that the only real recourse is to accept that the mind and feeling of a person is the only thing that gives that person identity, and so a person that has a female identity and mind is indeed a woman, as agreed by much legislation in Europe enabling transsexual people to have the sex recorded on their birth certificates amended accordingly[17]. According to this thinking, it becomes clear that in at least a categorical sense, transgendered people should only be accepted in the Gay and Lesbian community if they themselves self-identify as gay or lesbian as any other homosexual person does, and the blanket assumption on the part of some gay and lesbian people on the nature of those transgendered people who are in their LGB community with a view to dis-inclusion constitutes an issue of transphobia[16]. In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual The implacability of this question has been overcome by the rise in the 1990's of Queer Theory and the Queer community, which defines "queer" as embracing all variants of sexual identity, sexual desire, and sexual acts that fall outside normative definitions of heterosexuality; thus a heterosexual man or woman as well as a transgendered person of any sex can be included in the category of queer through their own choice. Queer theory is a field of Gender Studies that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of gay and Lesbian studies and feminist studies Queer has traditionally meant odd or unusual but is now also used to refer to anyone who is not heteronormative.

See also

References

  1. ^ Crime reduction - Hate crimes. Transgender is a complex topic where consensual and precise definitions have not yet been reached Transgender Day of Remembrance is an occasion in the LGBT community set aside to memorialize those who were killed due to anti-transgender hatred or prejudice ( Transphobia Violence against LGBT people queer identifying and the same-sex attracted are actions which may occur either at the hands of Transfeminism as a noun is a category of feminism most often known for the application of Transgender discourses to feminist discourses and of feminist beliefs The Transgender Law Center (TLC is a San Francisco -based Civil rights organization advocating for Transgender communities Trans-bashing is the act of victimizing a person physically sexually or verbally because they are Transgender or Transsexual. City of London Police. Retrieved on 2006-09-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
  2. ^ Guilty plea over transsexual bashing By Mariza O'Keefe in Herald Sun
  3. ^ NYC's Department of Homeless Services Issues a Trans-Affirmative Housing Policy. The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Center (2006-02-05). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Retrieved on 2006-09-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started .
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ BBC NEWS | Wales | Transsexual to move to 'safer' LA
  6. ^ Victory in Tyra Hunter case
  7. ^ FTM Informational Network
  8. ^ Remembering Our Dead
  9. ^ JoAnna McNamara (1996-08-30). Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Employment discrimination and the Transsexual. Willamette University. Willamette University is an American private institution of higher learning located in Salem Oregon. Retrieved on 2006-09-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
  10. ^ a b The Transgender Community Health Project (1999-02-18). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Sociodemographics. Descriptive Results. HIVInSite. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
  11. ^ a b Barbara Findlay, Q. C. (1999-06). Transgendered people and Employment: An equality analysis. Barbara Findlay Law Office. Retrieved on 2006-09-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
  12. ^ ACLU Lesbian & Gay Rights Project and coalition of activists (2002-09-28). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Shameonwindixie.org. web.archive.org. Retrieved on 2006-09-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
  13. ^ King, M. , Webster, B. , & Winter, S. (2007). Transprejudice in Hong Kong: Chinese Attitudes Towards Transgenderism and Transgender Civil Rights (under review)
  14. ^ Blumenfeld, W. J. (1992). Homophobia: How We All Pay the Price: Beacon Press.
  15. ^ Taormino, Tristan (2000-09-13). Tristan Taormino (born May 9, 1971) is an award-winning Author, Columnist, editor Pornographic film director (and occasional actress 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Trouble in Utopia. The Village Voice. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
  16. ^ a b Weiss, Jillian Todd. GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community. Retrieved on 2006-07-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death
  17. ^ UK Gender recognition act, Explanatory notes paragraph 4. UK Office of public Sector Information (2004-07-08). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz .

External links

Dictionary

transphobia

-noun

  1. Fear or hatred of transsexuality.
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