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Transgender (IPA: /trænzˈdʒɛndɚ/, from (Latin) derivatives [trans <L, combination form meaning across, beyond, through] and [gender <ME <MF gendre, genre <L gener- meaning kind or sort]) is a general term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies that diverge from the normative gender role (woman or man) commonly, but not always, assigned at birth, as well as the role traditionally held by society. Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two Bigender (bi+gender is a tendency to move between masculine and feminine Gender -typed behaviour depending on context expressing a distinctly " Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society. Drag kings are mostly female Performance artists who dress in masculine drag and personify male Gender stereotypes as part of their performance A drag queen is a person usually a man who dresses (or "drags" in female clothes and make-up for special occasions and usually because they are performing and entertaining Genderqueer and intergender are catchall terms for gender identities other than man and woman Intersexuality is the state of a living thing of a gonochoristic species whose Sex chromosomes, Genitalia, and/or Secondary sex characteristics Questioning is a term that can refer to a person who is questioning their Gender, Sexual identity or Sexual orientation. The terms third gender and third sex describe individuals who are considered to be neither women nor men as well as the social category present in those societies who recognize Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born This article deals with the history of the word 'transvestite' LGBT history refers to the History of Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and Transgender peoples and cultures around the world dating back Gynephilia (or gynophilia) (From Greek gunē, "women" + -philia, "love" is the romantic and/or sexual attraction to adult Transsexual people are those who establish a permanent identity with the Gender opposite to that which they were assigned at birth Transgender is a complex topic where consensual and precise definitions have not yet been reached IMPORTANT!!!! Please note If you add a movie to this list please add it to the List of lesbian gay bisexual or transgender-related films by year article as well The people on this list have been selected because their fame or notoriety is in some way due Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system A man is a Male Human. The term man (irregular plural

Transgender is the state of one's "gender identity" (self-identification as male, female, both or neither) not matching one's "assigned gender" (identification by others as male or female based on physical/genetic sex). Gender identity (or core gender identity) is a person's own sense of Identification as Male or Female. SRY ( Sex-determining Region Y) is a Sex -determining Gene on the Y chromosome in the Therians (placental mammals and marsupials "Transgender" does not imply any specific form of sexual orientation; transgender people may identify as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, pansexual, polysexual or asexual. Sexual orientation is believed to refer to "an enduring pattern of emotional romantic and/or sexual attractions to men women or both sexes Heterosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the opposite sex or to a heterosexual orientation Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Bisexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of both sexes or to a bisexual orientation Pansexuality or anthrosexuality ( anthro- literally meaning human human sexual (sometimes referred to as omnisexuality) is a Sexual orientation Polysexuality refers to people who are attracted to more than one Gender or Sex but do not wish to identify as Bisexual because it implies that there Asexuality is a Sexual orientation that describes individuals who do not experience Sexual attraction. The precise definition for transgender remains in flux, but includes:

• "Of, relating to, or designating a person whose identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender, but combines or moves between these. "^[1]

• "People who were assigned a gender, usually at birth and based on their genitals, but who feel that this is a false or incomplete description of themselves. "^[2]

• "Non-identification with, or non-presentation as, the gender one was assigned at birth. "^[3]

A transgender individual may have characteristics that are normally associated with a particular gender, identify elsewhere on the traditional gender continuum, or exist outside of it as "other," "agender," "intergender," or "third gender". Genderqueer and intergender are catchall terms for gender identities other than man and woman The terms third gender and third sex describe individuals who are considered to be neither women nor men as well as the social category present in those societies who recognize Transgender people may also identify as bigender, or along several places on either the traditional transgender continuum, or the more encompassing continuums which have been developed in response to the significantly more detailed studies done in recent years. Bigender (bi+gender is a tendency to move between masculine and feminine Gender -typed behaviour depending on context expressing a distinctly " ^[4]

Contents 1 Evolution of the term transgender 2 Transgender identities 2.1 Transsexual 2.2 Cross-dresser 2.3 Transvestite 2.4 Drag kings and queens 2.5 Genderqueer 2.6 People who live cross-gender 2.7 Androgyne 3 Transgender in contrast with sexual orientation and transsexuality 3.1 Transgender vs. Sexual Orientation 3.2 Transgender vs. Transsexual 4 Transgender and healthcare 4.1 Mental healthcare 4.2 Physical healthcare 5 Transgender and the law 6 Transgender people in non-Western cultures 6.1 Asia 6.2 North America 6.3 Other 7 Criticism 7.1 As a mental disorder 7.2 Gender tied to sex 7.3 Religious criticism 7.4 Characterization as a sexual obsession 8 Citations 9 See also 10 External links

Evolution of the term transgender

The term transgender (TG) was popularised in the 1970s^[5] (but implied in the 1960s^[6][7]) describing people who wanted to live cross-gender without sex reassignment surgery. Sex reassignment surgery (SRS gender reassignment surgery, or sex-change operation is a term for the Surgical procedures by which a person's physical ^[8] In the 1980s the term was expanded to an umbrella term^[9] and became popular as a means of uniting all those whose gender identity did not mesh with their gender assigned at birth. ^[10] In the 1990s the term took on a political dimension^[11][12] as an alliance covering all who have at some point not conformed to gender norms, and the term became used to question the validity of those norms^[13] or pursue equal rights and anti-discrimination legislation,^[14][15] leading to its widespread usage in the media, academic world and law. ^[16] The term continues to evolve.

Transgender identities

While people identify as transgender, transgender identity includes many overlapping categories. These include cross-dresser (CD); transvestite (TV); androgynes; genderqueer; people who live cross-gender; drag kings; and drag queens; and, frequently, transsexual (TS). Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society. This article deals with the history of the word 'transvestite' Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two Genderqueer and intergender are catchall terms for gender identities other than man and woman Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social Drag kings are mostly female Performance artists who dress in masculine drag and personify male Gender stereotypes as part of their performance A drag queen is a person usually a man who dresses (or "drags" in female clothes and make-up for special occasions and usually because they are performing and entertaining Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born ^[17] Usually not included because it is considered to be a paraphilia (rather than gender identification) are transvestic fetishists. Transvestic fetishism is having a sexual or erotic interest in Cross-dressing. In an interview, artist RuPaul talked about society's ambivalence to the differences in the people who embody these terms. RuPaul (born RuPaul Andre Charles on November 17 1960) is an American drag performer Dance music singer Actor "A friend of mine recently did the Oprah show about transgendered youth," said RuPaul. The Oprah Winfrey Show is a United States syndicated Talk show, hosted and produced by its namesake Oprah Winfrey, and is the highest-rated "It was obvious that we, as a culture, have a hard time trying to understand the difference between a drag queen, transsexual, and a transgender, yet we find it very easy to know the difference between the American baseball league and the National baseball league, when they are both so similar. The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League ( AL) is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball in The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the National League ( NL) is the older of two leagues constituting Major League Baseball "^[18] These terms are explained below.

The extent to which intersex people (those with ambiguous genitalia or other physical sexual characteristics) are transgender is debated, since not all intersex people disagree with their gender assigned at birth. Intersexuality is the state of a living thing of a gonochoristic species whose Sex chromosomes, Genitalia, and/or Secondary sex characteristics An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social The current definitions of transgender include all transsexual people, although this has been criticized. (See below. )

The term transman refers to female-to-male (FtM or F2M) transgender people, and transwoman refers to male-to-female (MtF or M2F) transgender people, although some transgender people identify only slightly with the gender not assigned at birth. A transman or transguy (often referred to as FTM) is short for Transsexual or Transgender man - a person who was naturally born or physically A transwoman (also spelled trans woman or trans-woman) is a male-to-female transsexual and the term transwoman is preferred by many such Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social In the past, it was assumed that there were far more transwomen than transmen, but a Swedish study estimated a ratio of 1. 4:1 in favour of transwomen for those requesting sex reassignment surgery and a ratio of 1:1 for those who proceeded. ^[19] There is a school of thought that says terms such as "FtM" and "MtF" are subjugating language that reinforces the binary gender stereotype. ^[20]

The term "cisgender" has been coined as an antonym referring to non-transgendered people; i. Cisgender (ˈsɪsdʒɛndə˞ is an adjective used in the context of Gender issues and Counselling to refer to a type of Gender identity formed by a match e. those who identify with their gender assigned at birth. Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social ^[21]

Transsexual

Main article: Transsexual

(NOTE: the inclusion of Transsexual as a category of Transgender is hotly contested. Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born See below for a discussion. However, as many people will and do use transgender to include transsexual people, we include the following information in this section and attempt to address transsexuality and the experiences of transsexual people in this article. ) Transsexual people identify as, or desire to live and be accepted as, a member of the gender opposite to that assigned at birth. Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born ^[22][23] Many transsexual people also want to change their bodies. These physical changes are collectively known as sex reassignment therapy and often include hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery. Sex reassignment therapy (SRT is an Umbrella term for all medical procedures regarding sex reassignment of both Transgender and Intersexual people Hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) for Transgender and Transsexual people replaces the Hormones naturally occurring in their bodies with those Sex reassignment surgery (SRS gender reassignment surgery, or sex-change operation is a term for the Surgical procedures by which a person's physical References to "pre-operative", "post-operative" and "non-operative" transsexual people indicate whether they have had, or are planning to have sex reassignment surgery. People who have transitioned, who do not necessarily identify as transgender or transsexual any longer; they identify as simply a man or a woman. A man is a Male Human. The term man (irregular plural Those that continue identifying as transsexual don't want to ignore their pre-transition life and may continue strong ties with other trans people and raising social consciousness. ^[24]

Cross-dresser

See also: cross-dressing

The term 'cross-dresser' is not exactly defined in the relevant literature. Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society. Michael A. Gilbert,^[25] professor at the Department of Philosophy, York University, Toronto, offers this definition: "[A cross-dresser] is a person who has an apparent gender identification with one sex, and who has and certainly has been birth-designated as belonging to one sex, but who wears the clothing of the opposite sex because it is the clothing of the opposite sex. York University (Université York is a public Research university located in Toronto, Ontario. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario " This excludes people "who wear opposite sex clothing for other reasons". Also, the group doesn't include "those female impersonators who look upon dressing as solely connected to their livelihood, actors undertaking roles, individual males and females enjoying a masquerade, and so on. These individuals are cross dressing but are not cross dressers. "^[26] Cross-dressers may not identify with, or want to be the opposite gender, nor adopt the behaviors or practices of the opposite gender, and generally do not want to change their bodies medically. The majority of cross-dressers identify as heterosexual. ^[27]

Transvestite

Main article: Transvestism

A transvestite is somebody who cross-dresses. This article deals with the history of the word 'transvestite' This article deals with the history of the word 'transvestite' ^[28][29] The term "transvestite" is used as a synonym for the term "cross-dresser",^[30][31] although it has been stated that "cross-dresser" is the preferred term. ^[31][32] The term "transvestite" and the associated term "transvestism" are conceptually different from the term "fetishistic transvestism" (a. k. a. "transvestic fetishism"), as "transvestic fetishist" describes those who intermittently use clothing of the opposite gender for fetishistic purposes,^[33][34] and "transvestite" does not. Transvestic fetishism is having a sexual or erotic interest in Cross-dressing. In medical terms, transvestic fetishism is differentiated from cross-dressing by use of the separate codes 302. 3^[34] in the DSM and F65. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' ( DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association 1^[33] in the ICD. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases

Drag kings and queens

See also: Drag king, Drag queen, and Faux queen

Drag is a term applied to clothing and make-up worn on special occasions for performing or entertaining as a hostess, stage artist or at an event (e. Drag in its broadest sense means any clothing one wears however the traditional use of the term is for any Costume or outfit that carries symbolic significance The performing arts are those forms of Art which differ from the Plastic arts insofar as the former uses the artist's own Body, Face and presence g. Lypsinka). John Epperson (born April 24 1955) is a drag artist, Actor, Pianist, Vocalist and Writer who is mainly known This is in contrast to those who cross-dress for other reasons or are otherwise transgender. Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society. Drag can be theatrical, comedic, or grotesque, and female-identified drag has been considered a caricature of women by second-wave feminism. Second-wave feminism refers to a period of Feminist activity which began during the 1960s and lasted through the late 1970s Within the genre of drag are gender illusionists who do try to pass as another gender. Passing, in regard to Gender identity, refers to a person's ability to be accepted or regarded as a member of the sex or gender with which they identify or with which they Drag artists explore gender issues and have a long tradition in LGBT culture. Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social LGBT culture, or queer culture, is the common culture shared by Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, Transgender, and Queer people Drag has been regarded as an area where transgender people can find more acceptance and financial support than mainstream work environments. Generally the terms drag queen covers men doing female drag, drag king covers women doing male drag, and faux queen covers women doing female drag. A drag queen is a person usually a man who dresses (or "drags" in female clothes and make-up for special occasions and usually because they are performing and entertaining Drag kings are mostly female Performance artists who dress in masculine drag and personify male Gender stereotypes as part of their performance A faux queen or bio queen is a " Drag queen trapped in a woman's body" sometimes called a "biologically-challenged" drag queen or a "female

Genderqueer

Main article: Genderqueer

Genderqueer is a recent attempt to signify gendered experiences that do not fit into binary concepts, and refers to a combination of gender identities and sexual orientations. Genderqueer and intergender are catchall terms for gender identities other than man and woman Genderqueer and intergender are catchall terms for gender identities other than man and woman One example could be a person whose gendered presentation is sometimes perceived as male, sometimes female, but whose gender identity is female, gendered expression is butch, and sexual orientation is lesbian. It suggests nonconformity or mixing of gendered stereotypes, conjoining both gender and gayness,^[35] and challenges existing constructions and identities. ^[36] Genderqueerness is unintelligible and abjected in the binary sex/gender system. ^[37]

People who live cross-gender

People who live cross-gender live always or mostly as the gender other than that assigned at birth. If they want to be or identify as their gender assigned at birth, then the term "crossdresser"^[38] may be used. If they want to be or identify as the gender they always or mostly live in, then the term "transsexual" may be used. ^[22] The term "transgender"^[39][40][41] or "transgenderist"^[42] has been applied to people who live cross-gender without sex reassignment surgery. Sex reassignment surgery (SRS gender reassignment surgery, or sex-change operation is a term for the Surgical procedures by which a person's physical

Androgyne

Main article: Androgyny

An androgyne is a person who does not fit cleanly into the typical gender roles of their society. Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system Androgynes may identify as beyond gender, between genders, moving across genders, entirely genderless, or any or all of these. Androgyne identities include pangender, bigender, ambigender, non-gendered, agender, gender fluid or intergender. Pangender is a term for people who feel that they cannot be labeled as male or female in gender Bigender (bi+gender is a tendency to move between masculine and feminine Gender -typed behaviour depending on context expressing a distinctly " Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two Genderqueer and intergender are catchall terms for gender identities other than man and woman Androgyny can be either physical or psychological; it does not depend on birth sex and is not limited to intersex people. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Intersexuality is the state of a living thing of a gonochoristic species whose Sex chromosomes, Genitalia, and/or Secondary sex characteristics Occasionally, people who do not define themselves as androgynes adapt their physical appearance to look androgynous. Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two This outward androgyny has been used in fashion, and the milder forms of it (women wearing men's pants or men wearing two earrings, for example) are not seen as transgender behavior.

The term androgyne is also sometimes used as a medical synonym for an intersexed individual. Intersexuality is the state of a living thing of a gonochoristic species whose Sex chromosomes, Genitalia, and/or Secondary sex characteristics ^[43]

Transgender in contrast with sexual orientation and transsexuality

Main article: Homosexuality and transgender

See also: LGBT, section “Controversy”

Transgender vs. LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual Sexual Orientation

Gender identity and transgender identity are fundamentally different concepts to that of sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is believed to refer to "an enduring pattern of emotional romantic and/or sexual attractions to men women or both sexes Transgender people have more or less the same variety of sexual orientations as cisgender people. ^[44] In the past, the terms homosexual and heterosexual were used for transgender folks based on their birth sex. ^[45] Professional literature now uses terms such as attracted to men (androsexual), attracted to women (gynosexual), attracted to both or attracted to neither to describe a person's sexual orientation without reference to their gender identity. Gynephilia (or gynophilia) (From Greek gunē, "women" + -philia, "love" is the romantic and/or sexual attraction to adult Gynephilia (or gynophilia) (From Greek gunē, "women" + -philia, "love" is the romantic and/or sexual attraction to adult ^[46] Therapists are coming to understand the necessity of choosing terms with respect to their clients' gender identities and preferences. ^[47][48]

Despite this distinction, throughout history the gay, lesbian, and bisexual subculture was often the only place where gender-variant people were socially accepted in the gender role they felt they belonged to; especially during the time when legal or medical transitioning was almost impossible. LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system This acceptance has had a complex history - like the wider world, the gay community in Western societies did not generally distinguish between sex and gender identity until the 1970s, and generally perceived gender variant people more as homosexuals who behaved in a gender-variant way than as gender-variant people in their own right. An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual Gender identity (or core gender identity) is a person's own sense of Identification as Male or Female.

In the years following the sexual revolution of the 1960s, transgender sexuality has often been accepted into the fold of the burgeoning LGBT movement. The sexual revolution refers to the well-documented changes in social thought and codes of behaviour related to sexuality throughout the Western world that continues to evolve LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual The nature and degree of this acceptance has not been without controversy, however, and has drawn criticism from LGB and transgender people alike.

Transgender vs. Transsexual

As long as the term transgender has existed, there have been reasons to use it distinctly and separately from the term transsexual. In fact, Virginia Prince, who coined various forms of "transgender" and is generally given credit for coining the base form itself (see: http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/prince_vc.html), did so because she wished to distinguish herself from transsexual people she saw as both sick and different from herself. As an example, her statement from the essay, "Men Who Choose to Be Women" in an issue of Sexology magazine (as cited in "Gay Vs. Trans in America," The Advocate, Dec. 18, 2007 now online at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_999/ai_n24215671/pg_8) reads: "I, at least, know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former,". While distinctions between sex and gender are often recognized, (see Gender, an Ethnomethodological Approach by Kessler and McKenna for a thorough discussion of the relationships and meanings of the two terms) this condescending attitude is rejected by a number of transsexual people who also note that if the term was created to distinguish folk who challenge gender from folk who challenge sex, subsuming transsexual people under the rubric of transgender would then be both incorrect on its sex vs. gender face as well as disrespectful (see: http://www.survivorproject.org/basic.html). Max Wolf Valerio in "Now That You're a White Man," from This Bridge We Call Home by Anzaldua and Keating elucidates this struggle well, with reasons that he notes including the fact that breaking with norms of sex creates distinct experiences and needs from breaking with norms of gender. Also, he finds a link between queer theory, academia, social class, and anti-transsexual perspectives that presume transsexual people to be gender oppressive. In fact, in many transgender perspectives and writings, Max notes, transsexual people are given more responsibility for gender oppression (including the gender binary and what is commonly referred to as sexism) than non-transsexual, non-transgender men who accrue the most benefit from the current hierarchy of power. Finally, he explains the tendency towards invisibilization of transsexual people is increased when non-transsexual people are seen as having authority to speak for transsexual people. This is perhaps a natural consequence as conflating transgender and transsexual is only possible by conflating gender and sex. If then, hierarchically transgender is placed above transsexual (transgender not being a sub-category of transsexual), one area of study and focus of attention is clearly privileged.

None of this is to say that there is no relationship between transgender and transsexual communities, people, needs, and movements. Indeed, while Valerio criticizes in "Now That You're a White Man" the author Leslie Feinberg for perpetuating the idea that transsexual men are pursuing men's privilege and suffer a failure of enlightenment, Feinberg in fact used her early notoriety to call for the replacement of transgender as an umbrella term with the term Trans (see: Feinberg's Transgender Warriors, pg. xi). This newer term attempts to privilege no group in transgender/transsexual communities and has been advocated by a number of people and/or groups, notably the anti-abuse organization Survivor Project (see: http://www.survivorproject.org/basic.html). These efforts can lead to successful collaborations including Survivor Project itself and others, such as Remembering Our Dead (http://www.gender.org/remember/#) which refrains from labelling those memorialized as transgender - or indeed as any sex or gender category - unless it was documented as used by the person memorialized. As it is unlikely that those who commit hate crimes against trans folks care to grapple with specifics of their victims' identities, Remembering Our Dead's current policies are both sensible, sensitive, and a perfect example of common trans interests being represented through smart coalition building.

Transgender and healthcare

Main article: Transgender transition

See also: Gender transitioning

Mental healthcare

Beginning therapy is recommended for all people are frustrated by their gender, especially if they desire to transition. People who experience discord between their gender and the expectations of others or whose gender identity conflicts with their body benefit by talking through their feelings in depth with someone who will listen indefinitely. However, gender identity is new to psychology and research is still in its infancy. ^[49]

Transgendered people may be eligible for diagnosis of gender identity disorder (GID) "only if [being transgender] causes distress or disability. "^[50] This distress is referred to as gender dysphoria and may manifest as depression or inability to work and form healthy relationships with others. Gender identity disorder (GID is the formal diagnosis used by Psychologists and Physicians to describe persons who experience significant gender dysphoria (discontent In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe This diagnosis is often over-simplified to mean that simply being transgender means a person suffers from GID which is not true. This has caused much confusion to transgendered people and those who strongly seek to either criticize or affirm them. Transgendered people who are comfortable with their gender, whose gender does not directly cause inner frustration or impair their functioning, do not have GID and are not applicable for a related mental disorder. Further, GID is not permanent and is usually resolved through therapy and transitioning, especially its social aspects. GID does not refer to people who feel oppressed by the negative attitudes and behaviors or others including legal entities in the same way that racist institutions do not create a "race disorder. " Neither does GID imply an opinion of immorality - the psychological establishment holds the position that people with any kind of mental or emotional problem should not receive stigma. The solution for GID is whatever will alleviate suffering and restore functionality; this often, but not always, consists of undergoing a gender transition. ^[49]

The terms "transsexualism", "dual-role transvestism", "gender identity disorder in adolescents or adults" and "gender identity disorder not otherwise specified" are listed as such in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) or the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) under codes F64. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' ( DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association 0, F64. 1, 302. 85 and 302. 6 respectively. ^[51]

Transgender issues are both new in the scientific field and affect relatively few people, so understandably many mental healthcare providers know little about transgender issues. People seeking help from these professionals often end up educating the professional rather than receiving help. ^[49] Among those therapists who profess to know about transgender issues, many believe that transitioning from one sex to another — the standard transsexual model — is the best or only solution. This usually works well for those who are transsexual, but is not the solution for other transgender people, particularly genderqueer people who do not identify as exclusively male or female. Genderqueer and intergender are catchall terms for gender identities other than man and woman Male (♂ refers to the sex of an organism or part of an organism which produces small mobile Gametes called spermatozoa. Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells

Physical healthcare

Medical and surgical procedures exist for transsexual and some transgender people. (Most categories of transgender people as described above are not known for seeking the following treatments. ) Hormone replacement therapy for transmen induces beard growth and masculinises skin, hair, voice and fat distribution. Hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) for Transgender and Transsexual people replaces the Hormones naturally occurring in their bodies with those Hormone replacement therapy for transwomen feminises fat distribution and breasts. Hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) for Transgender and Transsexual people replaces the Hormones naturally occurring in their bodies with those Laser hair removal or electrolysis removes excess hair for transwomen. Epilation by Laser was performed experimentally for about 20 years before it became commercially available in the mid 1990s Electrology is the practice of electrical depilation to permanently remove human Hair. Surgical procedures for transwomen feminise the voice, skin, face, adam's apple, breasts, waist, buttocks and genitals. Voice therapy or voice training refers to any non-surgical technique used to improve or modify the human Voice. Dermabrasion is a cosmetic medical procedure in which the surface of the epidermis of the Skin (the Stratum corneum) is removed by abrasion Facial feminization surgery (FFS refers to surgical procedures that alter the human Face to bring its features closer in shape and size to those of an average female Chondrolaryngoplasty (commonly called tracheal shave) is a surgical procedure in which the thyroid cartilage is reduced in size by shaving down the A breast implant is a Prosthesis used to enlarge the size of a woman's Breasts (known as breast augmentation, breast enlargement, mammoplasty Liposuction, also known as lipoplasty ("fat modeling" liposculpture or suction lipectomy ("suction-assisted fat removal" is Brazilian butt lift The most common type of shape-modifying injections to the bottom is the "Brazilian butt lift" although the procedure is also called fat injections Sex reassignment surgery from male to female involves reshaping the Male genitals into a form with the appearance of and as far as possible the function of Surgical procedures for transmen masculinise the chest and genitals and remove the womb and ovaries and fallopian tubes. In men with female breast growth caused either by Gynecomastia or by status as a Transman, a male chest reconstruction is often done to give the chest Sex reassignment surgery from female to male includes surgical procedures that will reshape a female body into a body with a male appearance A hysterectomy (from Greek hystera "womb" is the surgical removal of the Uterus, usually performed by a gynecologist. Oophorectomy (or ovariectomy) is the surgical removal of an Ovary or ovaries The acronyms "GRS" and "SRS" refer to genital surgery. Sex reassignment surgery (SRS gender reassignment surgery, or sex-change operation is a term for the Surgical procedures by which a person's physical Sex reassignment surgery (SRS gender reassignment surgery, or sex-change operation is a term for the Surgical procedures by which a person's physical The term "sex reassignment therapy" (SRT) is used as an umbrella term for physical procedures required for transition. Sex reassignment therapy (SRT is an Umbrella term for all medical procedures regarding sex reassignment of both Transgender and Intersexual people Use of the term "sex change" has been debated. Sex change in animals Some species are known to change sex, including reproductive functions in special circumstances such as the clownfish ^[52] Availability of these procedures depends on degree of gender dysphoria, presence or absence of gender identity disorder,^[53] and standards of care in the relevant jurisdiction. Gender identity disorder (GID is the formal diagnosis used by Psychologists and Physicians to describe persons who experience significant gender dysphoria (discontent Gender identity disorder (GID is the formal diagnosis used by Psychologists and Physicians to describe persons who experience significant gender dysphoria (discontent The Standards of care for gender identity disorders are non-binding protocols outlining the usual treatment for individuals who wish to undergo hormonal or surgical transition to the

Transgender and the law

Main article: Legal aspects of transsexualism

Legal procedures exist in some jurisdictions allowing an individual to change their legal gender, or their name, to reflect their gender identity. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Transsexual people are those who establish a permanent identity with the Gender opposite to that which they were assigned at birth In Law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak" is the practical Authority Gender identity (or core gender identity) is a person's own sense of Identification as Male or Female. Requirements for these procedures vary from an explicit formal diagnosis of transsexualism, to a diagnosis of gender identity disorder, to a letter from a physician attesting to the individual's gender transition, or the fact that one has established a different gender role. Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born Gender identity disorder (GID is the formal diagnosis used by Psychologists and Physicians to describe persons who experience significant gender dysphoria (discontent A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system ^[54]

Transgender people in non-Western cultures

See also: Category:Transgender in non-Western cultures

Asia

In Thailand and Laos,^[55] the term kathoey is used to refer to male-to-female transgender people^[56] and effeminate gay men. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Effeminacy is a trait in males that generally contradicts traditional male ( masculine) Gender roles It is a derogatory term frequently applied to Femininity In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. ^[57] The cultures of the Indian subcontinent include a third gender, referred to as hijra^[58] in Hindi. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The terms third gender and third sex describe individuals who are considered to be neither women nor men as well as the social category present in those societies who recognize In the culture of the Indian subcontinent, a hijra ( Hindi: हिजड़ा Urdu: حجڑا is usually considered a member of "the Third Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Transgender people also have been documented in Iran,^[59] Japan,^[60] Nepal,^[61] Indonesia,^[62] Vietnam,^[63] South Korea,^[64] Singapore,^[65] and the greater Chinese region, including Hong Kong,^[66][67] Taiwan,^[68] and the People's Republic of China. Before the Islamic Revolution in 1979, the issue of transsexuality in Iran had never been officially addressed by the government For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The history and Subculture surrounding Transgender people in Singapore is substantial China and greater China (the Chinese region including People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (Republic of China have a long history Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES ^[69][70][71]

North America

In what is now the United States and Canada, many Native American and Canadian First Nations peoples recognised^[72] the existence of more than two genders, such as the Zuñi male-bodied Ła'mana,^[73] the Lakota male-bodied winkte^[74] and the Mohave male-bodied alyhaa and female-bodied hwamee. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people The Zuni (also spelled Zuñi by the Spanish and in early 20th Century ethnological texts or Ashiwi (as the Zuni refer to themselves in their own The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe Two-Spirit (also two spirit or twospirit) people are Native Americans who fulfill one of many mixed Gender roles found traditionally among many Mohave and Mojave are both tribally accepted and interchangeably used phonetic spellings for a Native American people known among themselves as the ^[75] Such people were previously^[76] referred to as berdache but are now referred to as Two-Spirit,^[77] and their spouses would not necessarily have been regarded as gender-different. Two-Spirit (also two spirit or twospirit) people are Native Americans who fulfill one of many mixed Gender roles found traditionally among many ^[75] In Mexico, the Zapotec culture includes a third gender in the form of the Muxe. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Zapotecs are an indigenous people of Mexico. The population is concentrated in the southern state of Oaxaca, but Zapotec communities exist The terms third gender and third sex describe individuals who are considered to be neither women nor men as well as the social category present in those societies who recognize In Zapotec cultures of Oaxaca (southern Mexico) a muxe (or muxhe) is a physically male individual who dresses and behaves in a ^[78]

Other

In early Medina, gender-variant^[79] male-to-female Islamic people were acknowledged^[80] in the form of the Mukhannathun. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Mukhannathun (Arabic مخنثون "effeminate ones" "men who resemble women" singular mukhannath) is classical Arabic for people we would now call In Ancient Rome, the Gallae were castrated^[81] followers of the Phrygian goddess Cybele and can be regarded as transgender in today's terms. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Galli (singular Gallus) was the Roman name for castrated followers of the Phrygian goddess Cybele, which were regarded as a Third gender Castration (also referred to as Gelding, Neutering, Fixing, orchiectomy, and orchidectomy is any action surgical, chemical In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. Originally a Hittite and Phrygian Goddess, Cybele (Κυβέλη was a deification of the Earth Mother and was worshipped in ^[82][83]

Among the ancient Middle Eastern Akkadian people, a salzikrum was a person who appeared biologically female but had distinct male traits. Salzikrum is a compound word meaning male daughter. According to the Code of Hammurabi, salzikrūm had inheritance rights like that of priestesses; they inherited from their fathers, unlike regular daughters. The Code of Hammurabi ( Codex Hammurabi) is the best-preserved ancient Law code, created ca A salzikrum's father could also stipulate that she inherit a certain amount. ^[84]

Criticism

Transgender issues are controversial in both the public and scientific spheres. Critics believe that trans people are unhealthy varying from an innocent confusion to a mental disorder to an immoral perversion. They believe that trans people who embrace their feelings by transitioning either socially, surgically, or both are especially harmful to themselves emotionally and physically. Trans-affirming people may call these criticisms "transphobia" or "trans-bashing", considering them personal attacks based on hatred and/or fear.

As a mental disorder

The wording of the condition's name, gender identity disorder (GID), (and even being just listed in DSM-IV and ICD-10) can imply to some that it is simply a psychological disorder, entirely in one's imagination. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' ( DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings Persons who hold this view tend to believe that the solution is to conform their gender identity with their birth sex - possibly through psychiatric treatment, as opposed to gender reassignment. This method has been proven very ineffective, whereas transitioning socially and medically (to various parts of the spectrum) has proven extremely effective.

Scientific research into the cause of gender identity is currently inconclusive. GID may pertain to only some trans people; see Mental Healthcare. According to the Book of Mormon, Gid was a Nephite military officer Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives

Gender tied to sex

The conservative view is that sex determines gender, and that there is no practical difference between the two. Therefore a female cannot be anything other than a woman and the same for males. Trying to violate this divide is both impossible, unnatural, and unhealthy. It is often pointed out that chromosomes are immutable and that a male will always look like a male, not a female, even after sex reassignment surgery and hormones. Sex reassignment surgery (SRS gender reassignment surgery, or sex-change operation is a term for the Surgical procedures by which a person's physical Surgery and hormone therapy have medical risks which typically include infertility. While trans people may claim to feel like a certain gender, only a biological female can genuinely feel what it is to occupy a woman's body, including having experiences such as childbirth. ^[85]

“

Rather than cutting tissue by invasive surgery and starting a new life, which for the most part doesn't work, people need to find help psychiatrically. [86]

”

This argument is an example of biological determinism. Biological determinism, also called genetic determinism is the Hypothesis that biological factors such as an organism's individual genes (as opposed to social or environmental It does not address people who are infertile, or both intersex and trans identifying.

Religious criticism

While religions have a variety of attitudes about trans people, the traditions of Christianity,and Judaism both look upon crossdressing as wrong (see Deuteronomy chapter 22 verse 5). Islam however only addresses transsexuals. They see the Adam and Eve narrative as showcasing that God created the pattern of humanity as only female and only male. Adam (אָדָם ʼĀḏām, "dust man mankind" آدم; Ge'ez: አዳ and Eve (חַוָּה Ḥawwā, "living

Characterization as a sexual obsession

The controversial^[87] Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory characterizes transwomen as having a sexual motivation for transition. The Blanchard Bailey and Lawrence theory (an informal name is a taxonomy of Gender dysphoria in biological males including male-to-female transsexuals. ^[88][89][90] This characterization has been criticized by many in the medical and transgender communities alike as being potentially unfalsifiable,^[91] unscientific,^[92] and transphobic. ^[93]

Citations

See also

• Cisgender
• Gender identity disorder
• List of transgender people
• List of transgender-related topics
• List of transgender-rights organizations
• National Center for Transgender Equality
• Transgender publications
• Queer
• Transgenderism
• Transgender Law Center

External links

• Transgendered at the Open Directory Project
• European transgender network - EU-based advocacy site. Cisgender (ˈsɪsdʒɛndə˞ is an adjective used in the context of Gender issues and Counselling to refer to a type of Gender identity formed by a match Gender identity disorder (GID is the formal diagnosis used by Psychologists and Physicians to describe persons who experience significant gender dysphoria (discontent The people on this list have been selected because their fame or notoriety is in some way due Transgender is a complex topic where consensual and precise definitions have not yet been reached Groups that campaign for the rights of Transgender, Transvestite, Transsexual, The National Center for Transgender Equality ( NCTE) is a nonprofit 501(c(3 Social justice organization founded in 2003 by Transgender Books There are now many books available covering Transgender, including Cross-dressing and Transsexualism. Queer has traditionally meant odd or unusual but is now also used to refer to anyone who is not heteronormative. Transgenderism is a Social movement seeking Transgender rights and affirming transgender Pride. The Transgender Law Center (TLC is a San Francisco -based Civil rights organization advocating for Transgender communities The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory
• FTM Australia - Australia-based information site.
• Hudson's FTM Resource Guide - USA-based information site.
• TransGender Victoria - Australia-based advocacy site.
• Second Type Woman - Ireland-based information site.

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