Transformer oil is usually a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. Refining (also called affining) is the process of Purification of a substance. Mineral oil or liquid Petroleum is a By-product in the Distillation of Petroleum to produce Gasoline and other petroleum It is used in oil-filled transformers, some types of high voltage capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high voltage switches and circuit breakers. A transformer is a device that transfers Electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled Electrical conductors The term high voltage characterizes electrical circuits in which the voltage used is the cause of particular safety concerns and insulation requirements A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store Energy in the Electric field between a pair of conductors An electrical ballast (sometimes called control gear) is a device intended to limit the amount of current in an electric A switch is a mechanical device used to connect and disconnect an electric Circuit at will A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical Switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing, and to serve as a coolant. An insulator, also called a Dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of Electric current. In Electricity, a corona discharge is an Electrical discharge brought on by the Ionization of a Fluid surrounding a conductor, which An electric arc is an Electrical breakdown of a gas which produces an ongoing plasma discharge, resulting from a current flowing through normally nonconductive A coolant is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it
Explanation
The oil helps cool the transformer. Because it also provides part of the electrical insulation between internal live parts, transformer oil must remain stable at high temperatures over an extended period. An insulator, also called a Dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of Electric current. To improve cooling of large power transformers, the oil-filled tank may have external radiators through which the oil circulates by natural convection. Radiators and convectors are types of Heat exchangers designed to transfer Thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling Convection in the most general terms refers to the movement of molecules within Fluids (i Very large or high-power transformers (with capacities of millions of watts) may also have cooling fans, oil pumps, and even oil-to-water heat exchangers. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. A mechanical fan is an electrically powered device used to produce an airflow for the purpose of creature comfort (particularly in the heat ventilation, exhaust A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient Heat transfer from one medium to another whether the media are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix or the media
Large, high-voltage transformers undergo prolonged drying processes, using electrical self-heating, the application of a vacuum, or both to ensure that the transformer is completely free of water vapor before the cooling oil is introduced. This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner. General properties of water vapor Evaporation/sublimation Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface it is said to have evaporated This helps prevent corona formation and subsequent electrical breakdown under load. In Electricity, a corona discharge is an Electrical discharge brought on by the Ionization of a Fluid surrounding a conductor, which The term electrical breakdown has several similar but distinctly different meanings
Oil filled transformers with conservators (an oil tank above the transformer) tend to be equipped with Buchholz relays. In the field of electric power distribution and transmission a Buchholz relay, also called a gas relay or a sudden pressure relay, is a safety device mounted on These are safety devices that can sense gas buildup inside the transformer (a side effect of corona or an electric arc inside the windings) and then switch off the transformer. An electric arc is an Electrical breakdown of a gas which produces an ongoing plasma discharge, resulting from a current flowing through normally nonconductive Transformers without conservators are usually equipped with sudden pressure relays, which perform a similar function as the Buchholz relay.
The flash point(min) and pour point(max) are 140 degree Celsius and -6 degree Celsius respectively. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air The pour point of a Liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it will pour or flow under prescribed conditions The dielectric strength of new untreated oil is 30kV(rms) and after treatment it should be 60kV(rms). In Physics, the term dielectric strength has the following meanings Of an insulating material the maximum electric Field strength that it can withstand
Oil alternatives
Large transformers to be used indoors must use a less-flammable liquid or be Dry Type, i. e. , having no fluid.
Prior to about 1970, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) was often used as a dielectric fluid since it was not flammable. Polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB s are a class of Organic compounds with 1 to 10 Chlorine atoms attached to Biphenyl which is a molecule composed A dielectric is a nonconducting substance ie an insulator. The term was coined by William Whewell in response to a request from Michael Faraday. However, they are toxic, and, under incomplete combustion, PCBs can form highly toxic products, furans, etc. Furan, also known as furane and furfuran, is a heterocyclic Organic compound. Due to the stability of PCB and its environmental accumulation, it has not been permitted in new equipment since late 1960's in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Today, nontoxic, stable silicone-based or fluorinated hydrocarbons are used, where the added expense of a fire-resistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault. Silicones are largely inert compounds with a wide variety of forms and uses Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds that contain Carbon - Fluorine bonds The relatively low reactivity and high polarity of the carbon-fluorine bond imparts Natural or synthetic esters are becoming increasingly common as alternative, to naphthenic mineral oil too. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Naphthenic oil is a type of Mineral oil. In contrast with paraffinic oils naphthenic oils contain only low to no proportion of n - Alkanes being Esters are non toxic, readily biodegradable, and have higher flash points than mineral oil. Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are broken down by the enzymes produced by living organisms The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air Mineral oil or liquid Petroleum is a By-product in the Distillation of Petroleum to produce Gasoline and other petroleum
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