A transdermal patch or skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. NicoDerm, also known as NicoDerm CQ (short for Committed Quit or Committed Quitter is a branded over the counter palliative Nicotine replacement therapy Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Glue or adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Often, this promotes healing to an injured area of the body. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types such as oral, topical, etc is that it provides a controlled release of the medicament into the patient. A disadvantage to development however, stems from the fact that the skin is a very effective barrier. A wide variety of pharmaceuticals can be delivered by transdermal patches. The first commercially available prescription patch was approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration in December 1979, which administered scopolamine for motion sickness. The fictional truth drug Hyoscine-pentothal does not describe real hyoscine accurately Motion sickness or kinetosis is a condition in which a disagreement exists between visually perceived movement and the Vestibular system 's sense of movement ^[1][2]

Before these patches go into the market, they have to be carefully studied. One way to study these patches are through the use of Franz Diffusion Cell systems. This system is used to study the effects of temperature on the permeated amount of a specific drug on a certain type of membrane, which in this case would be the membrane that is used in the patches. A Franz Diffusion Cell system is composed of a receptor and a donor cell. In many of these research studies the following procedure is used. The donor cell is set at a specific temperature (the temperature of the body), while the receptor cell is set at different one (temperature of the environment). In Biochemistry, a receptor is a Protein molecule embedded in either the Plasma membrane or Cytoplasm of a cell to which a mobile signaling

Different runs are performed using different temperatures to study the impact of temperature on the release of a certain medicament through a certain type of membrane. Although different concentrations of the medicament are used in this study, they do not affect the amount permeated through the membrane (the process is constant). From Chemical kinetics it’s concluded that these studies are zero order, since the concentration plays no role in the permeated amount through the membrane.

The highest selling transdermal patch in the United States was the nicotine patch which releases nicotine to help with cessation of tobacco smoking, however, fentanyl (analgesic for severe pain) is now the number one selling patch. A nicotine patch is a Transdermal patch that releases Nicotine into the body through the skin Nicotine is an Alkaloid found in the Nightshade family of plants ( Solanaceae) which constitutes approximately 0 Tobacco Smoking is the inhalation of smoke from burned dried or cured leaves of the Tobacco plant most often in the form of a Cigarette. Fentanyl is one of the most powerful Opioid Analgesics with a potency approximately 81 times that of Morphine. Other skin patches administer estrogen for menopause. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Menopause is the permanent shutting down of the female Reproductive system, a considerable length of time before the end of the lifespan This also seems to prevent osteoporosis after menopause. Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. Nitroglycerin patches for angina and lidocaine patches to relieve the peripheral pain of shingles (herpes zoster) are also available. Nitroglycerin ( NG) ( US spelling also known as nitroglycerine, ( UK Spelling trinitroglycerin, trinitroglycerine Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is severe Chest pain due to Ischemia (a lack of blood and hence Oxygen supply of the heart Lidocaine ( INN) (ˈlaɪdoʊkeɪn or lignocaine (former BAN) (/ˈlɪgnoʊkeɪn/ is a common Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug Herpes zoster (or simply zoster) commonly known as shingles, is a Viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with Blisters in a limited Recent developments expanded their use to the delivery of hormonal contraceptives, antidepressants and even pain killers and stimulants for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder/ADHD. A contraceptive patch is a Transdermal patch applied to the skin that releases synthetic Estrogen and Progestin hormones to prevent Pregnancy Emsam (selegiline transdermal system is a Transdermal patch using the Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI Selegiline. Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder affecting about 3-5% of the world's population Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder affecting about 3-5% of the world's population

Some pharmaceuticals must be combined with substances, such as alcohol, within the patch to increase their ability to penetrate the skin in order to be used in a transdermal patch. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Others can overwhelm the body if applied in only one place, and are often cut into sections and applied to different parts of the body to avoid this, such as nitroglycerin. Many molecules, however, such as insulin, are too large to pass through the skin. Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance

In 2005, the Food and Drug Administration announced that they are investigating reports of death and other serious adverse events related to narcotic overdose in patients using Duragesic, the fentanyl transdermal patch for pain control. The term narcotic (ναρκωτικός is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that benumb or deaden causing loss The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the Ingestion or application of a Drug or other substance in quantities Duragesic and Durogesic (ˌdɚə'dʒiʒɪk are the trade names of Fentanyl transdermal therapeutic systems, and are used for moderate to severe pain relief Fentanyl is one of the most powerful Opioid Analgesics with a potency approximately 81 times that of Morphine. The Duragesic product label was subsequently updated to add safety information in June 2005. ^[3]

Contents 1 Components 2 Types 2.1 Single-layer Drug-in-Adhesive 2.2 Multi-layer Drug-in-Adhesive 2.3 Reservoir 2.4 Matrix 3 Regulatory aspects 4 Notes 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 External links

Components

The main components to a transdermal patch are:

• Liner - Protects the patch during storage. The liner is removed prior to use.
• Drug - Drug solution in direct contact with release liner
• Adhesive - Serves to adhere the components of the patch together along with adhering the patch to the skin
• Membrane - Controls the release of the drug from the reservoir and multi-layer patches
• Backing - Protects the patch from the outer environment

Types

There are four main types of transdermal patches listed below.

Single-layer Drug-in-Adhesive

The adhesive layer of this system also contains the drug. In this type of patch the adhesive layer not only serves to adhere the various layers together, along with the entire system to the skin, but is also responsible for the releasing of the drug. The adhesive layer is surrounded by a temporary liner and a backing.

Multi-layer Drug-in-Adhesive

The multi-layer drug-in adhesive patch is similar to the single-layer system in that both adhesive layers are also responsible for the releasing of the drug. The multi-layer system is different however that it adds another layer of drug-in-adhesive, usually separated by a membrane (but not in all cases). This patch also has a temporary liner-layer and a permanent backing.

Reservoir

Unlike the Single-layer and Multi-layer Drug-in-adhesive systems the reservoir transdermal system has a separate drug layer. The drug layer is a liquid compartment containing a drug solution or suspension separated by the adhesive layer. This patch is also backed by the backing layer. In this type of system the rate of release is zero order

Matrix

The Matrix system has a drug layer of a semisolid matrix containing a drug solution or suspension. The adhesive layer in this patch surrounds the drug layer partially overlaying it.

Regulatory aspects

A transdermal patch is classified by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration as a combination product, consisting of a medical device combined with a drug or biological product that the device is designed to deliver. A medical device is an object which is useful for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Prior to sale in the United States, any transdermal patch product must apply for and receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration, demonstrating safety and efficacy for its intended use.

Notes

Further reading

• Transderm Scōp. Food and Drug Administration (1998). Retrieved on 2007-02-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the (Portable Document File)

See also

• Route of administration
• Metered dose transdermal spray

External links

In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route Working in a similar manner to a Transdermal patch, a metered dose transdermal spray (MDTS delivers a Drug to the surface of the skin which is absorbed into the circulation

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