A trait is a distinct phenotypic character of an organism that may be inherited, environmentally determined or somewhere in between. A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties [1] For example, eye color is a character, while blue, brown and hazel are traits. Eye color is a Polygenic trait and is determined by the amount and type of Pigments in the Eye 's iris.
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Definition
A trait may be any single feature or quantifiable measurement of an organism. However, the most useful traits for genetic analysis are present in different forms in different individuals. Genetic testing allows the genetic Diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited Diseases, and can also be used to determine a person's Ancestry.
A visible trait is the final product of many molecular and biochemical processes. Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as In most cases, information starts with DNA traveling to RNA and finally to protein (ultimately affecting organism structure and function). Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl This is the Central Dogma of molecular biology as stated by Francis Crick. The central dogma of molecular biology was first enunciated by Francis Crick in 1958 and re-stated in a Nature paper published in 1970 Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004 Ph
This information flow may also be followed through the cell as it travels from the DNA in the nucleus, to the Cytoplasm, to the Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, and finally to the Golgi Apparatus, which may package the final products for export outside the cell. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known In Cell biology, the nucleus (pl nuclei; from Latin la ''nucleus'' or la ''nuculeus'' "little nut" or kernel is a membrane-enclosed The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell that is enclosed within the Plasma membrane. Ribosomes ( from ribo nucleic acid and "Greek soma ( meaning body") are complexes of RNA and Protein that The endoplasmic reticulum (Greek endo = "within" (prefix plásma = "formed entity" Latin reticulum = "little net" or ER, is an Organelle The Golgi apparatus (also called the
Cell products are released into the tissue, and organs of an organism, to finally affect the physiology in a way that produces a trait. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism In Biology, an organ ( Latin: organum, "instrument tool" from Greek όργανον - organon "organ instrument Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical
Genetic origin of traits in diploid organisms
The heritable unit that may influence a trait is called a gene. History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance A gene is a strand of DNA that is part of a very long and compacted string of DNA called a chromosome. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known In Biology, histones are the chief Protein components of Chromatin. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and Protein that is found in cells. An important reference point along this string is the centromere; the distance from a gene to the centromere is referred to as the gene's locus or map location. A centromere is a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a Chromosome where two Sister chromatids come in contact In the fields of Genetics and Evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a Chromosome such as the position of a A chromosomal region known to control a trait while the responsible gene within not being identified is referred to as a quantitative trait locus. Inheritance of quantitative traits or polygenic inheritance refers to the inheritance of a phenotypic characteristic that varies in degree and can be attributed to
The nucleus of a diploid cell contains two of each chromosome, with homologous (mostly identical) pairs of chromosomes having the same genes at the same loci. In Evolutionary biology, homology has come to mean any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry. In the fields of Genetics and Evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a Chromosome such as the position of a
Mendelian expression of genes in diploid organisms
A gene is only a DNA code sequence; the slightly different variations of that sequence are called alleles. The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences is translated into Proteins Alleles can be significantly different and produce different product RNAs. An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units
Combinations of different alleles thus go on to generate different traits through the information flow charted above. An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms The central dogma of molecular biology was first enunciated by Francis Crick in 1958 and re-stated in a Nature paper published in 1970 For example, if the alleles on homologous chromosomes exhibit a "simple dominance" relationship, the trait of the "dominant" allele shows in the phenotype. A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and Protein that is found in cells.
Gregor Mendel pioneered modern genetics. Gregor Johann Mendel ( July 20, 1822 &ndash January 6, 1884) was His most famous analyses were based on clear-cut traits with simple dominance. He determined that the heritable units, what he called "genes", occurred in pairs and could exhibit linkage. "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance Genetic linkage occurs when particular genetic loci or Alleles for genes are inherited jointly His tool was statistics: long before the molecular model of DNA was introduced by James D. Watson and Francis Crick. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004 Ph
Some examples of Inherited genes include eye color.
Biochemistry of dominance and extensions to expression of traits
The biochemistry of the intermediate proteins determines how they interact in the cell. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Therefore, biochemistry predicts how combinations of different alleles will produce varying traits. Philosophy of science is the study of assumptions foundations and implications of Science.
Extended expression patterns seen in diploid organisms include facets of incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles. An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms
See also
References
- ^ Lawrence, Eleanor (2005) Henderson's Dictionary of Biology. Character displacement refers to the phenomenon where differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur A skill is the learned capacity or talent to carry out pre-determined results often with the minimum outlay of time energy or both. Pearson, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-127384-1
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