An astronaut in training for an extra-vehicular activity mission using an underwater simulation environment. Extra-vehicular activity ( EVA) is work done by an Astronaut away from the Earth and outside of a Spacecraft.

The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Vocational education or Vocational Education and Training (VET also called Career and Technical Education (CTE prepares learners for jobs that are based It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at technical colleges and polytechnics. Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable In addition to the basic training required for a trade, occupation or profession, observers of the labor-market recognise today the need to continue training beyond initial qualifications: to maintain, upgrade and update skills throughout working life. A trade as an occupation usually refers to the profession that require some particular kind of skilled work The term profession is applied to those persons who have specialized and technical skill or knowledge which they apply for a fee to certain tasks that ordinary and unqualified people cannot 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Career is a term defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as an individual's "course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of life" People within many professions and occupations may refer to this sort of training as professional development. Professional development refers to skills and knowledge attained for both personal development and career advancement

Some commentators use a similar term for workplace learning to improve performance: training and development. One can generally categorize such training as on-the-job or off-the-job:

• On-the-job training takes place in a normal working situation, using the actual tools, equipment, documents or materials that trainees will use when fully trained. A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other On-the-job training has a general reputation as most effective for vocational work.
• Off-the-job training takes place away from normal work situations — implying that the employee does not count as a directly productive worker while such training takes place. Off-the-job training has the advantage that it allows people to get away from work and concentrate more thoroughly on the training itself. This type of training has proven more effective in inculcating concepts and ideas.

Training differs from exercise in that people may dabble in exercise as an occasional activity for fun. Training has specific goals of improving one's capability, capacity, and performance.

Compare:

• Education
• Learning

Types of training

Physical training

Physical training concentrates on mechanistic goals: training-programs in this area develop specific skills or muscles, often with a view to peaking at a particular time. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency In the fields of Neuropsychology, Personal development and Education, Learning is one of the most important Mental function of humans Fartlek training offers flexible techniques which trainers can adapt to suit almost any athlete. Fartlek, which means "speed play" in Swedish, is a form of conditioning which puts stress mainly on the aerobic A sportsperson ( British and American English) or athlete (principally American English is any person who participates regularly in a Sport.

In military use, training means gaining the physical ability to perform and survive in combat, and learning the many skills needed in a time of war. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking The ComBat was an Aluminium Cricket bat and the subject of an incident that occurred at the WACA cricket ground in Perth in December 1979. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units These include how to use a variety of weapons, outdoor survival skills, and how to survive capture by the enemy, among others. A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons Survival skills are techniques a person may utilize for an indefinite duration in order to survive a dangerous situation (also see Bushcraft) See military education and training. Military education and training is a process which intends to establish and improve the capabilities of military personnel in their respective roles

For psychological or physiological reasons, people who believe it may be beneficial to them can choose to practice relaxation training, or autogenic training, in an attempt to increase their ability to relax or deal with stress. Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932 ^[1] While some studies have indicated relaxation training is useful for some medical conditions, autogenic training has limited results or has been the result of few studies.

Religion and spirituality

In religious and spiritual use, training may mean purifying mind, heart, understanding and actions to obtain a variety of spiritual goals such as closeness to God or freedom from suffering. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Dukkha ( Pāli दुक्ख Sanskrit दुःख duḥkha; according to grammatical tradition derived from dus-kha "uneasy" Note for example the institutionalized spiritual training of Buddhism, the Threefold Training, or discipleship in Christianity. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Buddha identified the threefold training ( sikkhā) as training in higher virtue ( adhisīla-sikkhā) higher In Christianity, the disciples were the students of Jesus during his ministry. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings

Artificial-intelligence feedback

Researchers have developed training-methods for artificial-intelligence devices as well. Evolutionary algorithms, including genetic programming and other methods of machine learning, use a system of feedback based on "fitness functions" to allow computer programs to determine how well an entity performs a task. In Artificial intelligence, an evolutionary algorithm (EA is a Subset of Evolutionary computation, a generic population-based Metaheuristic In Artificial intelligence, genetic programming (GP is an Evolutionary algorithm based methodology inspired by Biological evolution to find Machine learning is a subfield of Artificial intelligence that is concerned with the design and development of Algorithms and techniques that allow computers to "learn" Feedback is a circular causal Process whereby some proportion of a system's output is returned (fed back to the Input. Computer programs (also software programs, or just programs) are instructions for a Computer. The methods construct a series of programs, known as a “population” of programs, and then automatically test them for "fitness", observing how well they perform the intended task. The system automatically generates new programs based on members of the population that perform the best. These new members replace programs that perform the worst. The procedure repeats until the achievement of optimum performance. ^[2] In robotics, such a system can continue to run in real-time after initial training, allowing robots to adapt to new situations and to changes in themselves, for example, due to wear or damage. See also Robot Robotics is the science and technology of Robots and their design manufacture and application A robot is a mechanical or Virtual Artificial agent In practice it is usually an electro-mechanical system which by its appearance or movements An adaptation is a characteristic of an Organism that has been favored by Natural selection and Researchers have also developed robots that can appear to mimic simple human behavior as a starting point for training. ^[3]

—== Training methodologies==

• There are several methods which are possible but only one thing countswhat the trainee learns. (Benjamin Rankin)

See also

• Physical education
• Learning & Development
• Training and development
• Practice (learning method)
• Trainer (business)

References

External links

• Training Journal - An industry-specific magazine
• Born Trainer - Tips for computer instructors