Trabzon
The historic Ortahisar
Trabzon Location of Trabzon within Turkey.
Coordinates: 41°00′N 39°44′E / 41, 39.733
Country	Turkey
Province	Trabzon
Government
- Mayor	Volkan Canalioğlu
Area
- Total	4,685 km² (1,808. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkey is divided into 81 provinces called iller in Turkish (singular is il, see Turkish alphabet for capitalization of i Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 9 sq mi)
Elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Population (2006)
- Total	400,187
- Density	58. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 7/km² (152/sq mi)
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
- Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code	61xxx
Area code(s)	(+90) 462
Licence plate	61

Trabzon(Greek: Τραπεζούντα, Trapezouda) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Eastern European Time ( EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time Daylight saving time ( DST Eastern European Summer Time ( EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 Time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+3 is used in the following locations Moscow Time Eastern European Summer Time West Asian Summer Time A postal code (known in various countries as a post code, postcode, or ZIP code) is a series of letters and/or digits appended to a A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks Turkish car number plates are License plates found on Turkish vehicles Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Trabzon is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast Located in a strategically important region Trabzon is of the oldest Trade Port Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in the east, Russia and the Caucasus to the North ^[1]. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Venetian and Genoese paid visit and sold silk, linen and woolen fabric. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons Woollen ( American English: woolen) is the name of a Yarn and Cloth usually made from Wool. During the Ottoman period Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, became a focal point of trade to Iran, India and the Caucasus. Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history, and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond. The Empire of Trebizond ( was a Byzantine Greek successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 as a result of the capture of Constantinople The population of the city is 400,187 (2006 census). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Ancient and Mediaeval 1.2 Modern era 2 Geography and climate 2.1 Rivers 2.2 Lakes 2.3 Climate 3 People 3.1 Origin of the Pontic Turks and Greeks 4 Tourist attractions 5 Food 6 Culture 7 Sports 8 Notable natives 9 Sister cities 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 External links

History

Ancient and Mediaeval

Originally, it was founded as Trebizond (Τραπεζοῦς) by Greek traders from Miletus (traditionally in 756 BC). The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Events and trends 756 BC — Founding of Cyzicus. 755 BC — Ashur-nirari V succeeds Ashur-Dan III as king of Assyria

The city was one of a number (about ten) of Milesian emporia, or trading colonies along the shores of the Black Sea. Colonies in antiquity were City-states founded from a mother- City Others include Sinope, Abydos and Cyzicus (in the Dardanelles). Abydos (Greek Άβυδος an ancient city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, situated at Nara Burnu or Nagara Point on the best harbor on the Asiatic shore of Cyzicus ( Κύζικος) was an ancient town of Mysia in Anatolia, situated on the shoreward side of the present peninsula of Kapu-Dagh (Arctonnesus which See also [[Hellespont]] The Dardanelles ( Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı Greek: Δαρδανέλλια Dardanellia) formerly Like most Greek colonies, the city was a small enclave of Greek life, and not an empire unto its own, in the later European sense of the word. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca

Trebizond's trade partners included the Mossynoeci. Mossynoeci ( Greek Mossynoikoi "dwellers in wooden towers") When Xenophon and the "ten thousand" Greek mercenaries were fighting their way out of Persia, the first Greek city they reached was Trebizond (Xenophon, Anabasis, 5. Xenophon (Ancient Greek, Modern Greek "Ξενοφών" "Ξενοφώντας" ca 5. 10). The city and the local Mossynoeci had become estranged from the Mossynoecian capital, to the point of civil war. Xenophon's force resolved this in the rebels' favor, and so in Trebizond's interest.

The city was added to the kingdom of Pontus by Mithridates VI Eupator and it became home port for the Pontic fleet. Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges See Mithridates for people and concepts with the same name Mithridates VI (Μιθριδάτης 132&ndash63 BC also known as Mithridates

When the kingdom was annexed to the Roman province of Galatia in 64–65, the fleet passed to new commanders, becoming the Classis Pontica. Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Year 64 was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 65 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Roman Navy ( Latin: Classis, lit "fleet" comprised the naval forces of the Roman state Trebizond gained importance under Roman rule in the 1st century for its access to road leading over the Zigana Pass to the Armenian frontier or the upper Euphrates valley. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת New roads were constructed from Persia and Mesopotamia under the rule of Vespasian, and Hadrian commissioned improvements to give the city a more structured harbor. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian ( November 17 9 &ndash June 23 79) was a Roman Emperor who Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after A mithraeum now serves as a crypt for the church of Panaghia Theoskepastos in nearby Kizlara, east of the citadel and south of the modern harbor. Mithraeum is a place of worship for the followers of the Mystery religion of Mithraism. The city was pillaged by the Goths in 258, and, although it was afterwards re-built, Trebizond did not recover until the trade route regained importance in the 8th to 10th centuries. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Events By Place Roman Empire The Goths ravage Asia Minor and Trabzon. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era.

After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, a Byzantine successor state was founded there with support of Queen Tamar of Georgia, the Empire of Trebizond, which ruled part of the Black Sea coast from Trebizond until 1461, when its ruler, David, surrendered to Mehmed II, ruler of the Ottoman Empire. The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Succession of states is a theory in International relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created State by other states based on Tamar (თამარი also transliterated as T'amar Thamar or Tamara ( c The Empire of Trebizond ( was a Byzantine Greek successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 as a result of the capture of Constantinople For David the brother of Emperor Alexios I of Trebizond, see David Komnenos. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Following this takeover Mehmed sent many Turkish settlers into the area, but the old ethnic Armenian, Greek and Laz communities remained. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Laz ( Lazi (ლაზი or Lazepe (ლაზეფე in Laz, Lazlar in Turkish, Lazi (ლაზი or During the late Ottoman period, the city had a great Christian influence in terms of culture, and a wealthy merchant class who created several Western consulates.

Modern era

In 1901 the harbour was equipped with cranes by Stothert and Pitt of Bath in England. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Clarke Chapman is a British engineering firm which for many years was one of the largest employers on Tyneside. Bath is a city in Somerset in the south west of England It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The city was the site of one of the key battles between the Ottoman and Russian armies during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I which resulted in the capture of Trebizond by the Russian army under command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Yudenich in April 1916. The Caucasus Front (Russian Кавказский фронт was the name given the Russian military activities on Caucasus Campaign and Persian Campaign. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Following the Treaty of Sèvres and subsequent Treaty of Lausanne, Trebizond again became a part of Turkey. The Treaty of Sèvres ( 10 August 1920) was the Peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allies at the end of World War The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning After World War I, European publications increasingly adopted local names for Turkish cities rather than traditional forms of Greek or Italian origin, and Trebizond became known to English-language readers as Trabzon. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

During World War II shipping activity was limited because the Black Sea had again become a war zone. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Hence the most important export products, tobacco and hazelnut, could not be sold and living standards degraded. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. The Common Hazel ( Corylus avellana) is a species of Hazel native to Europe and western Asia, from the British Isles

As a result of the general development of the country, Trabzon has developed its economic and commercial life. The Coastal Highway and a new harbour have increased commercial relations with Central Anatolia, which has led to some growth. The term Coastal Highway can refer to The North West Coastal Highway of Australia. However, progress has been slow in comparison with the western and the southwestern parts of Turkey.

Trabzon is famous throughout Turkey for its anchovies, which are the main meal in many restaurants in the city. The anchovies are a family ( Engraulidae) of small common salt-water fish Major exports from Trabzon are hazelnuts and tea. The Common Hazel ( Corylus avellana) is a species of Hazel native to Europe and western Asia, from the British Isles Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market

The city still has a sizable community of Greek-speaking Muslims, most of whom are originally from the vicinities of Tonya and Of. Greek Muslims, also known as Greek-speaking Muslims, are Muslims of Greek ethnic origin and are found primarily in Turkey, Cyprus For the pre-modern Japanese trade association see Tonya (Japan. Of is a town and district of Trabzon Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. However, the Pontic Greek language (known as Ποντιακά, Pontiaka) is spoken mostly by the older generations. Pontic Greek is a form of the Greek language originally spoken in the Pontus area on the southern shores of the Black Sea, and today mainly in Greece ^[2]

Trabzon is known as a stronghold of ultra-nationalistic political currents in Turkey. ^[3] In April 2006, Catholic priest Andrea Santoro was murdered in his church in Trabzon. Father Andrea Santoro ( September 7 1945 in Priverno - February 5 2006 in Trabzon) was a Catholic [1] Ogün Samast, the suspect in the January 2007 murder of Armenian intellectual Hrant Dink, is from Trabzon. Ogün Samast (b 1990 in Trabzon) is a Turkish ultra-nationalist who killed Turkish-Armenian journalist Hrant Dink on January 19, Hrant Dink (Հրանդ Տինք həɹɑnt diːnk (September 15 1954 – January 19 2007 was a Turkish-Armenian editor, Journalist and Columnist ^[4]

Geography and climate

The province has a total area of 4. 685 km² and it is bordered by the provinces of Rize, Giresun and Gümüşhane. Rize ( Greek: Riza, რიზე Ռիզե is the capital of Rize Province, in northeast Turkey, on the Black Sea Giresun ( Greek: Κερασούντα, Pharnacia, Choerades) is the provincial capital of Giresun Province in the Gümüşhane is a city in northeastern Turkey and the seat of Gümüşhane Province. The total area is 22,4% plateaux and 77,6% hills.

Rivers

The Değirmendere (former Piksidis), Yanbolu, Fol, Karadere, Koha, Sürmene (former Manahos), Solaklı, Baltacı and İyidere (former Kalopotamos)

Lakes

Çakırgöl, Uzungöl, Serra Gölü

Climate

Trabzon has a typical Black Sea climate, with rain the year round and temperatures reaching up to around 27°C in the summer. Uzungöl ( English: Long lake) is Lake situated to the south of the city of Trabzon in Turkey. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Winters are cool and damp, and the lowest temperature is around 5°C in January. The water temperature fluctuates between 10°–20°C throughout the year.

People

Greek has been spoken in the region since early antiquity. The local dialect developed along its own lines and is today partly intelligible to speakers of Standard Greek. It was spoken mainly by a Greek Orthodox population up until the population exchange; nearly all speakers are now Muslim. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Laz people also live in Trabzon. The Laz ( Lazi (ლაზი or Lazepe (ლაზეფე in Laz, Lazlar in Turkish, Lazi (ლაზი or

The Chepnis, an Oghuz tribe that played an important role in the history of the Eastern Black Sea area in the 13th and 14th centuries, live in the Şalpazarı (Ağasar valley) region of the Trabzon Province. The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, Şalpazarı is a town and district of Trabzon Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. ^[5]

There was an Armenian community in Trebizond as early as the 7th century. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. ^[6] During the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries, numerous Armenian families fled here from Ani. The Mongol Empire emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe History Armenian chroniclers such as Yeghishe and Ghazar Parpetsi first mentioned Ani in the 5th century AD ^[6] According to Ronald C. Jennings, in the early 1500s, Armenians made up approximately 13 percent^[7] of the city's population, and they numbered roughly equal to the Muslims in the city in that period. ^[8] In the late 19th century the Armenian community was persecuted during the Hamidian massacres. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Hamidian massacres, also referred to as the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896, refers to the massacring of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire, with estimates of the ^[9][10] Prior to WWI, a sizable Armenian community of 30,000 was present in the city^[6]. During the Armenian Genocide, most were killed or deported. ^[6] Following the Russian capture of Trabzon in April 1916, some 500 Armenian survivors,^[6] as well as monks of the local Armenian monastery returned. The Trebizond Campaign, also known as the Battle of Trebizond was a series of brilliant Russian naval and land operations that resulted in the capture of Trebizond Kaymaklı Monastery ( Ամենափրկիչ Վանք, Amenaprgič Vank, meaning Monastery of the All-Saviour; Kaymaklı Manastırı Amenapırgiç Manastırı ^[11] They remained there till after the war. ^[6]

Trabzon has a sizeable Russian minority, who began emigrating to the region after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Russian language shops and facilities can be found in the town. Russians are generally subject to stereotypes and suspicion. A subset of Russian women work in the local prostitution industry and are thus derisively known as "Natashas" by Trabzonites.

Because of the presence of Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon hosts students from all over Turkey, especially the East and the Black Sea region, as well as students from Central Asian states. Karadeniz Technical University (KTU (Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi is a public research university in Trabzon, Turkey, founded in 1955

Origin of the Pontic Turks and Greeks

Very little has been written on the Turkification of the area. Turkification is a term used to describe a process of cultural change in which something or someone who is not a Turk becomes one voluntarily or by force There are no historical records of any considerable Turkish-speaking groups in the Trabzon area until the late 15th century, with the exception of the Chepnis. The original Greek (and in some regions Armenian) speakers imposed features from their mother language into Turkish. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Heath W. Lowry's^[12] work about Ottoman tax books^[13] (Tahrir Defteri) with Halil İnalcık claims that most Turks of Trabzon city are of Greek origin.

It is possible that the majority of the population of Trabzon and Rize (and other ancient Greek colonies in the Pontus region) — except up to the time of the Chepni Turk immigration waves — consisted of indigenous Caucasian tribes (the Colchians and the Laz) who had been partly Hellenized religiously and linguistically. Rize ( Greek: Riza, რიზე Ռիզե is the capital of Rize Province, in northeast Turkey, on the Black Sea In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís The Laz ( Lazi (ლაზი or Lazepe (ლაზეფე in Laz, Lazlar in Turkish, Lazi (ლაზი or Hellenization (or Hellenisation) is a term used to describe the spread of Greek culture. ^[14] Michael Meeker stresses the cultural resemblances (e. g. in village structure, house types, and pastoral techniques) between the Eastern Black Sea coast and the areas in the Caucasus proper. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East ^[15]

Tourist attractions

Trabzon has a number of tourist attractions, some of them dating back to the times of the ancient empires that once existed in the region. "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that In the city itself, one can find a hub of shops, stalls and restaurants surrounding the "Meydan", a square in the center of the city, which includes a tea garden.

• The Hagia Sophia (Turkish: Ayasofya Müzesi), a stunning Byzantine church, is probably the town's most important tourist attraction. The Hagia Sophia ( Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία meaning "Holy Wisdom" Turkish: Ayasofya) now the Hagia Sophia Museum, is a former Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages.
• Trabzon Castle ruins are visible in the town but cannot be visited as they fall in a military zone. The outside wall of the castle now serves as the back wall of a military building.
• Atatürk Köşkü is a lovely Victorian-era villa, which was given to Atatürk when he visited Trabzon in 1924. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman It houses period rooms and acts as a shrine to the memory of the Turks' beloved great leader.
• Boztepe Park is a small park and tea garden on the hills above Trabzon that has a panoramic view of nearly the entire city. The terrain in Trabzon is such that although the view is far above that of the buildings below, it is still close enough to be able to observe the flow of traffic and the people moving about in the city.
• Trabzon Museum is located in the town center and offers interesting exhibits on the history of the region, including an impressive collection of Byzantine-era artifacts.
• Trabzon's Bazaar District offers interesting shopping opportunities on ancient narrow streets, continuing from Kunduracilar Street from the Meydan (town square).
• Kostaki Mansion is located ob the north of Zeytinlik near Uzun Sokak.

Within Trabzon Province, the main attractions are the Sümela Monastery and Uzungöl. Trabzon is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast Located in a strategically important region Trabzon is of the oldest Trade Port The Sümela Monastery (Παναγία Σουμελά Sümela Manastırı stands at the foot of a steep cliff facing the Altındere valley in the region of Maçka in Uzungöl ( English: Long lake) is Lake situated to the south of the city of Trabzon in Turkey. The monastery is built on the side of a very steep mountain overlooking the green forests below and is about 50km south of the city. Uzungöl is famous for the natural beauty of the area and the amazing scenery.

Other important sites of interest include: Kaymaklı Monastery, Kızlar (Panagia Theoskepastos) Monastery, Kuştul (Gregorios Peristera) Monastery, Kızlar (Panagia Kerameste) Monastery, Vazelon Monastery, Hagios Savvas (Maşatlık) Cave Churches, Hagia Anna (Little Ayvasıl), Sotha (St. Kaymaklı Monastery ( Ամենափրկիչ Վանք, Amenaprgič Vank, meaning Monastery of the All-Saviour; Kaymaklı Manastırı Amenapırgiç Manastırı Kuştul Monastery (Kuştul Manastırı Greek:) is located near Şimşirli village Maçka district, Trabzon Province, Turkey. Vazelon Monastery is located in Maçka district, Trabzon Province, Turkey. John), Hagios Theodoros, Hagios Konstantinos, Hagios Khristophoras, Hagios Kiryaki, Santa Maria, Hagios Mikhail and Panagia Tzita churches, Fatih Mosque (originally the Panagia Khrysokephalos Church), Yeni Cuma Mosque (originally the Hagios Eugenios Church), Nakip Mosque (originally the Hagios Andreas Church), Hüsnü Köktuğ Mosque (originally the Hagios Eleutherios Church), İskender Pasha Mosque, Semerciler Mosque, Çarşı Mosque, and the Gülbahar Hatun Mosque and Türbe.

Food

Trabzon regional cuisine is traditionally reliant on fish, especially Hamsi (fresh European Anchovies similar to British Sprat or American Smelt). Trabzon whch meets 20 % of total fish production in Turkey has an important fpotential in the fishing sector in Turkey. Food in the Trabzon region ^[16] represents the hearty lifestyle of the Turkish people who live on the shores of this Black Sea city. While not a gourmet-food center, there are some delicious regional dishes such as Akcaabat kofte (spicy lamb meatball from the Akcaabat district), Karadeniz pidesi (canoe shaped bread, often with ground beef, cheese, eggs, Sucuk (Turkish sausage and pastirma), kuymak (a Turkish fondue made with cornmeal and plenty of fresh butter and cheese), Vakfikebir ekmek (large country style bread), tava misir ekmek (deep dish corn bread) and kara lahana corbasi (bean and cabbage soup). Pita (also called and less commonly known as pitta or pide (Turkish pitka (Bulgarian and pronounced "pitta" in Greek is an often round Don't miss the Taflan kavurmisι (a cherry laurel dish served with onions and olive oil) and Kalkan (Flounder). Flounder (rarely fluke) are Flatfish that live in ocean waters ie Trabzon is famous for its hazelnuts and the traveler should experience them in any form. The Common Hazel ( Corylus avellana) is a species of Hazel native to Europe and western Asia, from the British Isles The Turks feel they are exceptionally good for your health. The best way to experience real Trabzon cuisine and culture is to get yourself invited to a local's home.

Culture

Being open towards other cultures and religions plays a significant role in life styles of Trabzon populace. Muslims and Christians lived together in past as well as today, making the city proud heir to a rich cultural heritage. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Folklore is still a living tradition in Trabzon and Black Sea region. History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Known as horon in Trabzon and surrounding areas is a famous folk dance peculiar to the region, and it is performed by men, women, young and elderly people in festivities, local weddings and harvest times ^[17] . The horon ( Greek: Horos noun singular form nominative (o Χορός (Horon is a Dance style of Pontus found in the Black Sea Folk dance is a term used to describe a large number of dances mostly of European origin that tend to share the following attributes originally danced in about the In Agriculture, the harvest is the process of Gathering mature crops from the fields Reaping is the cutting of Grain Trabzon culture has a reputation for being religiously conservative and nationalist ^[12]. Many Trabzonites generally show a strong sense of loyalty to family, friends, their religion, and Turkey. The people of Trabzon are particularly proud of their role in the history of Turkey. Atatürk the Father of Turkey, selected Laz guards from Trabzon because of their fierce fighting ability and their loyalty to Atatürk.

The Black Sea region has a myriad of village and local folk culture, especially evident in folk music, folk dances, and local cuisine specialties. One of the more spirited folk dances in Turkey comes from the Trabzon region. While similar to Russian Kazak dances, the Trabzon folk dance is unique to Turkey and the region.

Outside of the relatively urban space of Trabzon proper, and within it as well, rural traditions from Black Sea village life are still thriving. This includes traditional gender roles, social conservatism, hospitality and willingness to help strangers, and all the trappings, both positive and negative, of an agrarian lifestyle, such as hard work, poverty, strong family ties, and a closeness to nature.

The city's fame was increased in the English-speaking world by Dame Rose Macaulay's last novel, The Towers of Trebizond (1956), which is still in print. Dame Emilie Rose Macaulay, DBE ( 1 August, 1881 in Rugby Warwickshire, England &ndash 30 October, 1958) affectionately The Towers of Trebizond is a Novel published in 1956 by the English novelist biographer and traveller Rose Macaulay (1881-1958 ^[18]

Sports

Football is by far the most popular sport in Trabzon, as Trabzonspor is the only Turkish club in Anatolia to win the Turkish Super League (6 times) apart from the "Big Three" of Istanbul (Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş). Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Trabzonspor is a Turkish football club from the Black Sea port city of Trabzon playing in the Turkish Premier Super League. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü (Fenerbahçe Sports Club commonly known as Fenerbahçe (feneːɾbatʃe is a professional Sports club based in the district of Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (commonly Beşiktaş, bɛʃɪktɑːʃ ( English: Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club) is a professional Sports club Due to Trabzonspor's success, the decades-old term "Big Three" which defined the largest clubs of Turkey had to be modified into the "Big Four". Trabzonspor is also one of the most successful Turkish clubs in the European Cups, managing to beat numerous prominent teams like Barcelona, Inter, Liverpool, Aston Villa and Olympique Lyonnais. The Union of European Football Associations (Union des associations européennes de football is the administrative and controlling body for European football. Fútbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan fudˈbɔɫ ˌklup bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish ˈfutβol ˌkluβ baɾθeˈlona known familiarly as Barça (Spanish ˈbaɾsa Catalan Football Club Internazionale Milano, most commonly referred to as simply Internazionale, or Inter, is an Italian professional football club Liverpool Football Club are an English professional Association football club based in Liverpool England. Olympique Lyonnais (popularly known as OL, or simply Lyon) is a French football club based in Lyon.

Trabzon hosted the First Edition of the Black Sea Games in July, 2007.

Notable natives

• Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Emperor
• St. Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 Eugenius of Trebizond, Christian saint and martyr
• Johannes Bessarion, bishop, scholar and writer who influenced the Renaissance
• George of Trebizond, philosopher, scholar and writer who influenced the Renaissance
• Michael Panaretos, Greek historian and statesman
• Gregory Choniades, Greek astronomer
• John VIII, Greek Orthodox Patriarch
• Cevdet Sunay, General and 5th President of Turkey
• Hasan Saka, politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister
• Osman Şirin, President of the High Court of Appeals of Turkey
• Ioannis Passalidis, Greek politician
• Bahriye Üçok, theologist, politician, writer, columnist and women's rights activist
• Arshak Fetvajian, Armenian artist, architecture expert
• Adnan Kahveci 1949 – February 5, 1993 Turkish politician. Basilios Bessarion or Basilius Bessarion (in Greek Βασίλειος Βησσαρίων ( January 2 1403 &ndash November 18 George of Trebizond (1395 &ndash 1486 Greek Philosopher and scholar one of the pioneers of the Renaissance, was born on the island of Crete, and derived Michael Panaretos ( Greek:) (1320 &ndash c 1390 wrote a chronicle of the Trapezuntine empire of Alexios I Komnenos and his successors from 1204 to 1426 Gregory Choniades (Choniates Chioniades (died 1302 was a Byzantine Greek Astronomer. Cevdet Sunay (1899 – May 22, 1982) was a Turkish Army officer, political leader and the 5th President of Turkey Hasan Saka (1885 Akcaabat - July 29, 1960) was a Turkish Politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister Osman Şirin (born on November 5, 1943 in Vakfıkebir, a town in the Trabzon Province) is a high ranked Turkish judge and currently Ioannis Passalidis (1886-1968 ( Ιωάννης Πασαλίδης) was a prominent member of the Greek Left and founder of the United Democratic Left party Bahriye Üçok ( 1919 - October 6, 1990) was a female Turkish academic of Theology, left-wing politician writer Columnist Adnan Kahveci (b 1949 in Sürmene, Trabzon - d February 5, 1993 in Gerede) was a noted Turkish Politician,
• Altan Öymen, journalist, writer and politician
• Ertem Eğilmez, Film Director
• Erol Günaydın, Actor
• Şevket Altuğ, Actor
• Engin Ardıç, writer and TV commentator
• Volkan Konak musician
• Şenol Güneş, football player and manager
• Tugay Kerimoğlu, football player
• Hami Mandıralı, football player
• Fatih Tekke, football player
• Nihat Genç, writer
• Sunay Akın, writer
• Periklis Hristoforidis, Greek actor
• Basilius Bessarion (1403-1427) Greek scholar, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
• Dimitris Psathas (1907-1979) Greek playwright

Sister cities

• Sochi, Russia (1993)
• Rizhao, China (1997)
• Szigetvár, Hungary (1998)
• Batumi Georgia (2000)
• Rasht, Iran (2000)
• Zanjan, Iran (2001)

See also

• Black Sea region
• Black Sea
• Laz people
• Pontic Greeks
• Kemençe
• Trabzonspor
• Sümela Monastery
• Anatolian Tigers
• Karadeniz Technical University

Notes and references

• Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites eds. Dame Emilie Rose Macaulay, DBE ( 1 August, 1881 in Rugby Warwickshire, England &ndash 30 October, 1958) affectionately Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister: "Trapezus"
• Özhan Öztürk (2005). Karadeniz (Black Sea): Ansiklopedik Sözlük. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul. ISBN 975-6121-00-9
• Bryer, Anthony (1985-03). Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos (Dumbarton Oaks Studies,20) Two Volume Set. Dumbarton Oaks Pub Service. ISBN 088402122X.  

12. See note 2. Also http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0126/p06s01-woeu.html, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/08/world/europe/08turkey.html?ex=1328590800&en=b1c4ebf924e99da2&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss

External links

• Governorship of Trabzon
• Karadeniz Technical University
• Trabzon Weather Forecast Information
• A Traveler's Guide to Turkey's Black Sea Region
• Historical postcards of Trabzon
• Trabzon City

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