Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. Forensic toxicology is the use of Toxicology and other disciplines such as Analytical chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical chemistry to aid medicolegal Toxinology is the specialized area of Toxicology that deals specifically with animal plant and microbial toxins but is also considered a science in its own right The history of Poison stretches from before 4500 BC to the Present day. S00-T14 - Injury (S00-S09 Head ( Superficial Injury of head ( Superficial injury of 17 Injury and poisoning (800-999 fracture of skull (800-804 ( Fracture of Vault of skull ( Fracture of Base of skull In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. A toxicant is a chemical compound that has an effect on organisms An antidote or counterdose is a substance which can counteract a form of Poisoning. Acceptable daily intake or ADI is a measure of the amount of a specific substance (usually a Food additive, or a residue of a veterinary drug or pesticide in Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance which result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short space of time (usually less than 24 hours Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at ftudruinsubstance is lost Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification, or biological magnification is the increase in concentration of a substance such as the Pesticide Fixed Dose Procedure (FDP proposed in 1984 is a method to assess a substance's acute oral Toxicity. In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a A lethal dose (LD is an indication of the Lethality of a given substance or type of Radiation. Toxic capacity can mean the Toxicity of a substance possibly in relation to a specific Organism and toxic capacity can mean the capacity of an organism Toxicity Class refers to a classification system for Pesticides created by a national or international government-related or -sponsored organization A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. A neurotoxin is a Toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells ( Neurons, usually by interacting with Membrane proteins such as Ion channels Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. Hemotoxins, haemotoxins or hematotoxins are Toxins that destroy Red blood cells (that is cause Hemolysis) disrupt Blood Mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης (mykes mukos "fungus" is a Toxin produced by an organism of the Fungus kingdom which includes Mushrooms Aflatoxins are naturally occurring Mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a Fungus, most notably Aspergillus Phototoxins are Toxins that can cause allergic reactions in particularly susceptible individuals and which can cause dangerous Photosensitivity in a much broader range This is a list of toxins poisons and chemical weapons from works of fiction (usually in Fantasy and Science fiction) The Bradford sweets poisoning was the accidental Arsenic poisoning of more than 200 people in Bradford, England in 1858 an estimated 20 people died when sometimes referred to as, is a neurological syndrome caused by severe Mercury poisoning. is a Neurological syndrome caused by severe Mercury poisoning. Alexander Litvinenko was a former officer of Russian Federal Security Service, who escaped prosecution in Russia and received a Political asylum in The Bhopal disaster was an Industrial disaster that occurred in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, resulting in the immediate deaths The 2007 pet food recalls comprise the contamination and wide recall of many brands of cat and dog foods beginning in March 2007 and the ensuing developments This is a list of Poisonings in chronological order of victim Toxic metals are Metals that form Poisonous soluble compounds and have no biological role i Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in Mercury poisoning (also known as mercurialism, hydrargyria, Hunter-Russell syndrome, or acrodynia when affecting children is a Disease Cadmium has no constructive purpose in the Human body It and its compounds are extremely Toxic even in low concentrations and will Bioaccumulate in Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4 Iron poisoning is caused by a large excess of Iron intake It has been primarily been associated with young children who consumed large quantities of iron supplement pills Thallium (ˈθæliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tl and Atomic number 81 In high concentrations soluble Fluoride Salts are somewhat Toxic. Oxygen toxicity or oxygen toxicity syndrome (also known as the " Paul Bert effect" or the "Lorrain Smith effect" describes harmful effects caused There are four syndromes called shellfish poisoning, which share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs (such as Mussels Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP is one of the four recognized syndromes of Shellfish poisoning (the others being Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP is one of the four recognised symptom types of Shellfish poisoning, the others being Paralytic shellfish poisoning, Neurotoxic Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP is a human illness caused by consumption of the marine biotoxin called Domoic acid. Ciguatera is a Foodborne illness poisoning in humans caused by eating Marine species whose flesh is contaminated with a toxin known as Ciguatoxin, Scombroid food poisoning is a foodborne Illness that results from eating spoiled (decayed Fish. Tetrodotoxin (anhydrotetrodotoxin 4-epitetrodotoxin tetrodonic acid TTX is a potent Neurotoxin with no known antidote which blocks Action potentials in Nerves Pesticide Poisonings occur when chemicals intended to control a pest affect non-target organisms such as Humans Wildlife, or Bees Since Many Organophosphates are potent Neurotoxins functioning by inhibiting the action of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE in nerve cells. Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food Historically most cases of nicotine poisoning have been the result of its use as an Insecticide; however such use is less frequent now than previously Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs after the inhalation of Carbon monoxide gas Vitamin poisoning, or hypervitaminosis, refers to a condition of high storage levels of Vitamins which can lead to Toxic Symptoms The medical The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the Ingestion or application of a Drug or other substance in quantities See also List of deadly fungi Mushroom poisoning, also known as mycetism, refers to deleterious effects from ingestion of Toxic substances present This is a list of Plants containing Poisonous parts that pose a serious risk of illness, injury or Death to Humans or Animals. Hazard symbols are easily recognizable symbols designed to warn about hazardous materials or locations The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) This is a list of Extremely Hazardous Substances as defined by Section 302 of the U Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. [1] It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people. In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by
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History
Mathieu Orfila is considered to be the modern father of toxicology, having given the subject its first formal treatment in 1813 in his Traité des poisons, also called Toxicologie générale. Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila ( Catalan Mateu Josep Bonaventura Orfila i Rotger) ( April 24, 1787 &ndash March 12, 1853 [2]
Theophrastus Phillipus Auroleus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493 - 1541) (also referred to as Paracelsus, from his belief that his studies were above or beyond the work of Celsus - the Roman physician from the first century) is also considered "the father" of toxicology. Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, Celsus ( Greek:) was a 2nd century Greek philosopher and opponent of Christianity. [3] He is credited with the classic toxicology maxim, "Alle Dinge sind Gift und nichts ist ohne Gift; allein die Dosis macht, dass ein Ding kein Gift ist. " which translates as, "All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison. " This is often condensed to: "The dose makes the poison".
Relationship between dose and toxicity
Toxicology is the study of the relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism. The chief criterion regarding the toxicity of a chemical is the dose, i. e. the amount of exposure to the substance. Almost all substances are toxic under the right conditions as Paracelsus, the father of modern toxicology said, Sola dosis facit venenum (only dose makes the poison). Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, Paracelsus, who lived in the 16th century, was the first person to explain the dose-response relationship of toxic substances. The Dose-response relationship describes the change in effect on an Organism caused by differing levels of Exposure (or Doses to a Stressor (usually The term LD50 refers to the dose of a toxic substance that kills 50 percent of a test population (typically rats or other surrogates when the test concerns human toxicity). In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a Rats are various medium sized long-tailed Rodents of the superfamily Muroidea LD50 estimations in animals are no longer required for regulatory submissions as a part of pre-clinical development package. In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a Pre-clinical development is a stage of research that begins before Clinical trials (testing in humans can begin and during which important feasibility iterative testing and
Toxicity of metabolites
Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly. An example is "wood alcohol," or methanol, which is chemically converted to formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals It is the formaldehyde and formic acid that cause the toxic effects of methanol exposure. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, a good example being acetaminophen (paracetamol), especially in the presence of alcohol. Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Paracetamol ( INN) (ˌpærəˈsiːtəmɒl -ˈsɛtə- or acetaminophen ( USAN) is a widely-used Analgesic and Antipyretic Medication In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon The genetic variability of certain liver enzymes makes the toxicity of many compounds differ between one individual and the next. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Because demands placed on one liver enzyme can induce activity in another, many molecules become toxic only in combination with others. A family of activities that engages many toxicologists includes identifying which liver enzymes convert a molecule into a poison, what are the toxic products of the conversion and under what conditions and in which individuals this conversion takes place.
Chemical toxicology
Chemical toxicology is a scientific discipline involving the study of structure and mechanism related to the toxic effects of chemical agents, and encompasses technology advances in research related to chemical aspects of toxicology. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Research in this area is strongly multidisciplinary, spanning computational chemistry and synthetic chemistry, proteomics and metabolomics, drug discovery, drug metabolism and mechanisms of action, bioinformatics, bioanalytical chemistry, chemical biology, and molecular epidemiology. Computational chemistry is a branch of Chemistry that uses computers to assist in solving chemical problems In Chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of Chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products Proteomics is the large-scale study of Proteins particularly their structures and functions. Metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind" - specifically the study of their small-molecule metabolite In Medicine, Biotechnology and Pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which drugs are discovered and/or designed Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems Bioinformatics is the application of information technology to the field of molecular biology Analytical chemistry is the study of the Chemical composition of natural and artificial Materials. Chemical biology is a scientific discipline spanning the fields of Chemistry and Biology that involves the application of chemical techniques and tools often compounds Molecular epidemiology is a branch of Public health that deals with the contribution of potential genetic and environmental risk factors identified at the molecular level to
See also
- Aquatic toxicology
- Certain safety factor
- Ecotoxicology
- Entomotoxicology
- Environmental toxicology
- Enzyme inhibition
- In vitro toxicology
- Indicative limit value
- Important publications in toxicology
- Pollution
- Toxicity
Footnotes
- ^ "What is Toxicology" -Schrager, TF, October 4, 2006
- ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine, Biography of Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)
- ^ Paracelsus Dose Response in the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology WILLIAM C KRIEGER / Academic Press Oct01
References
- Amdur MO, Doull J, Klaassen, CD. Aquatic toxicology is the study of the effects of manufactured Chemicals and other Anthropogenic and natural materials and activities on aquatic organisms The Certain Safety Factor is the ratio of the Lethal dose to 1% of population to the Effective dose to 99% of the population (LD1/ED99 The term ecotoxicology was coined by René Truhaut in 1969 who defined it as "the branch of Toxicology concerned with the study of toxic effects caused by natural In Forensic entomology, entomotoxicology is the analysis of toxins in Arthropods (mainly Flies and Beetles) that feed on Carrion. Environmental toxicology, and its sister-subject Ecotoxicology, refers to the scientific study of the potential effects upon Organisms of Anthropogenic Enzyme inhibitors are Molecules that bind to Enzymes and decrease their activity. In vitro toxicity testing is the Scientific analysis of the effects of Toxic Chemical substances on cultured bacteria or In the Law of the European Union, indicative limit values, more exactly indicative occupational exposure limit values (IOELVs are Human Exposure Anatomy Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism 1993. Cassarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
- Gilbert SG. A Small Dose of Toxicology – The Health Effects of Common Chemicals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, February 2004, p 266. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- Hodgeson E, Levi PE. 1987. A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. , Inc.
- Critical Reviews in Toxicology, A peer-reviewed academic research journal covering all aspects of toxicology, edited by Dr. Roger O. McClellan.
External links
- A Small Dose of Toxicology - information on health effects of common chemicals
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
- Society of Toxicology
- American College of Toxicology
- American College of Medical Toxioclogy
- European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals
- Toxicity and hazard data on industrial chemicals
- International Conference on Harmonisation
- International Toxicity Estimates for Risk Database
- The International Association of Forensic Toxicologists
- Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program (NTP)
- NLM ToxSeek - a meta search engine for Environmental Health & Toxicology
- NLM TOXNET - Databases on toxicology, hazardous chemicals, environmental health, and toxic releases.
- NLM Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit
- American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC)
- ToxicologySource
- Food, Agriculture and Natural Science Careers : Toxicologist
- Environmental Toxicology Education
- Society of Toxicological Pathology
- [1] - American Chemical Society Division of Chemical Toxicology
- [2] - Chemical Research in Toxicology, A Journal of the American Chemical Society.
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