The Toucouleurs (or Haalpulaaren) are a Fula agricultural people who live primarily in the north of Senegal (where they comprise 10% of the population) in the Senegal River valley, Mauritania, Mali and Guinea. The Fula or Fulbe or Fulani (the latter being an Anglicisation of the word in their language Fulɓe) are an ethnic group of Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. The Sénégal River is a 1790 km long River in West Africa, that forms the border between Senegal and Mauritania. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea
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History
The Toucouleurs are the descendants of the Iron Age state of Takrur, and their French name, Toucouleur (popular etymology from the French for 'all colors'), is a corruption of this name. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Takrur, Tekrur, or Tekrour (c 800 - c 1285) was an ancient state of West Africa, which flourished roughly parallel to the Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word a False etymology.
Umar Tall founded a jihad state, the Toucouleur Empire, in present Mali in the nineteenth century. El Hadj Umar Tall, also Umar Tal, Umar Taal "Umar Futi" al-Hajj Umar ibn Sa'id Tal, or el-Hadj Omar ibn Sa'id Tal, (ca Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. The Toucouleur Empire (also known as the Tijaniyya Jihad state) was founded in the Nineteenth century by El Hadj Umar Tall of the Toucouleur The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar
Demographics and society
The Toucouleurs speak the Fouta-Toro dialect of Pulaar (Fula). FoutaToro1818jpg|thumb|Futa Tooro]] Futa Tooro (formerly known as Mussukeba Sane) refers to the region on the Senegal River in what is now northern Senegal The Fula language is a language of West Africa, spoken by the Ful{{IPA|ɓ}}e (Fula or Fulani people from Senegambia and Guinea to They call themselves Haapulaaren, which means "those who speak Pulaar". They are largely Muslim, although a small amount are animist. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals Culturally, the Toucouleur only differ from other Fulas by the sedentary nature of their society.
Toucouleur society is patriarchal and divided into strict hierarchies, with 12 castes subdivided into 3 classes. Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. The highest caste, the Toorobbê, is made up of religious leaders and marabouts. A marabout (مَربوط or مُرابِط, one who is attached/garrisoned) is an Islamic religious leader and teacher in West Africa, and (historically
Marriage
When girls turn thirteen years old, they are considered eligible for marriage, or dewgal, which is arranged by her parents. While the bride-to-be celebrates with her friends, the groom goes to the mosque to validate the marriage. Later, the bride and her family go to the husband's house, where they will sit with elders and discuss the marriage. The next day, the bride's aunt will determine if the girl is a virgin, and then bathe and massage her. The bride greets the village and then her husband, and food is prepared, and eventually the celebration ends.
Childbirth and naming
One week after childbirth, or pémbougale, the baby is named and a woman known as a googo(sister of the father) cuts the child's hair. The father tells the marabout the name he has chosen, after which the marabout whispers the name in the infant's ear and prays. A marabout (مَربوط or مُرابِط, one who is attached/garrisoned) is an Islamic religious leader and teacher in West Africa, and (historically Following this, the marabout informs a griot, or gawlo, of the name that has been chosen, and the griot announces the name to the village. A griot ( pronounced /gɹiɒ/ in English or in French, with a silent t) or jeli ( djeli or djéli in French
References
This article is based on a translation of the corresponding article from the French Wikipedia, accessed July 5, 2005. The Toucouleurs (or Haalpulaaren) are a Fula agricultural people who live primarily in the north of Senegal (where they comprise 10% of the population Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
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