The Toubou (also called Tebu or Tubu or Tebou) are an ethnic group that live mainly in northern Chad, but also in Libya, Niger and Sudan. Chad (Tchad تشاد Tshād) officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a Landlocked country in Central Africa. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa.
The majority of Toubou live in the north of Chad around the Tibesti mountains ('Toubou' means 'man from Tibesti'). The Tibesti Mountains are a group of Dormant volcanoes forming a Mountain range in the central Sahara Desert in the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Numbering roughly 350,000, they are Muslim. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Most Toubou are herders and nomads, though many are now semi-nomadic. Their society is clan-based, with each clan having certain oases, pastures and wells. They are divided in two closely-associated people, the Teda and the Daza. The Teda are a Toubou ethnic group that lives mostly in northern Chad, but is present also in Libya, Niger and Nigeria. The Daza people are a Semi-nomadic ethnicity living primarily in the Sahara regions of south-eastern Niger and north and central Chad
Many of Chad's leaders have been Toubou, including Presidents Goukouni Oueddei and Hissène Habré. Goukouni Oueddei (born 1944 is a Chadian political figure He was Head of State of Chad in 1979 and again from 1979 to 1982 Hissène Habré (born 1942 also spelled Hissen Habré, was the leader of Chad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990
Contents |
Society
Toubou life centers on their livestock (their major source of wealth and sustenance) and on the scattered oases where they or their herders cultivate dates and grain. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food In Geography, an oasis (plural oases) or Cienega ( Southwestern United States) is an isolated area of vegetation in a Desert, typically The Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm in the genus Phoenix, extensively cultivated for its edible Fruit. In a few places, the Toubou (or more often members of the Haddad group who work for them) also mine salt and natron, a salt like substance used for medicinal purposes and for livestock. The Haddad are a Sahelian Muslim ethnic group found through Nigeria, Chad and Sudan, numbering more than 250000 individuals Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Natron is a naturally occurring mixture of Sodium carbonate decahydrate ( Na 2 C[[oxygen O]]3 · 10 H2O
The Toubou family is made up of parents, children, and another relative or two. Although the husband or father is the head of the household, he rarely makes decisions without consulting his wife. When he is absent, his wife often takes complete charge, moving family tents, changing pastures, and buying and selling cattle. Pasture is land with Herbaceous vegetation cover used for grazing of Ungulate Livestock as part of a Farm or Ranch. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Although Toubou men may have several wives, few do. Families gather in larger camps during the months of transhumance. Transhumance is a term with two accepted usages Older sources use transhumance for vertical seasonal Livestock movement typically to higher Camp membership is fluid, sometimes changing during the season and almost never remaining the same from one season to the next.
After the family, the clan is the most stable Toubou institution. A clan is a group of People united by Kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor Individuals identify with their clan, which has a reputed founder, a name, a symbol, and associated taboos. A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture Clans enjoy collective priority use of certain palm groves, cultivable land, springs, and pastures; outsiders may not use these resources without clan permission. A spring is a point where Groundwater flows out of the ground and is thus where the Aquifer surface meets the ground surface Social relations are based on reciprocity, hospitality, and assistance. Theft and murder within the clan are forbidden, and stolen animals must be returned. In Criminal law, theft (also known as stealing or filching) is the illegal taking of another person's Property without that person's freely-given Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries
Within the overall context of clan identity, however, Toubou society is shaped by the individual. Jean Chapelle, a well-known observer of Chadian societies, notes that "it is not society that forms the individual, but the individual who constructs the society most useful" for him or her. Three features of Toubou social structure make this process possible. The first is residence. In general, clan members are scattered throughout a region; therefore, an individual is likely to find hospitable clans people in most settlements or camps of any size. A second factor is the maintenance of ties with the maternal clan. Although the maternal clan does not occupy the central place of the potential clan, it provides another universe of potential ties.
Marriage creates a third set of individual options. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Although relatives and the immediate family influence decisions about a marriage partner, individual preference is recognized as important. In addition, once a marriage is contracted between individuals of two clans, other clan members are forbidden to change it. The Toubou proscribe marriage with any blood relative less than four generations removed - in the words of the Toubou recorded by Chapelle, "when there are only three grandfathers. "
The ownership of land, animals, and resources takes several forms. Within an oasis or settled zone belonging to a particular clan, land, trees (usually date palms), and nearby wells may have different owners. Each family's rights to the use of particular plots of land are recognized by other clan members. Families also may have privileged access to certain wells and the right to a part of the harvest from the fields irrigated by their water. In Agriculture, the harvest is the process of Gathering mature crops from the fields Reaping is the cutting of Grain Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Within the clan and family contexts, individuals also may have personal claims to palm trees and animals. Toubou legal customs are based on restitution, indemnification, and revenge. Conflicts are resolved in several settings. Murder, for example, is settled directly between the families of the victim and the murderer. Toubou honor requires that someone from the victim's family try to kill the murderer or a relative; such efforts eventually end with negotiations to settle the matter. Reconciliation follows the payment of the goroga, or blood price, usually in the form of camels. Camels are Even-toed ungulates within the Genus Camelus. The Dromedary, one-humped or Arabian camel has a single hump and the
Despite shared linguistic heritage, few institutions among the Toubou generate a broader sense of identity than the clan. Regional divisions do exist, however. During the colonial period (and since independence in 1960), Chadian administrations have conferred legality and legitimacy on these regional groupings by dividing the Toubou and Daza regions into corresponding territorial units called cantons and appointing chiefs to administer them. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A canton is an Administrative division of a country eg a region or state
Only among the Teda of the Tibesti region have institutions evolved somewhat differently. The Tibesti Mountains are a group of Dormant volcanoes forming a Mountain range in the central Sahara Desert in the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Since the end of the 16th century, the derde (spiritual head) of the Tomagra clan has exercised authority over part of the massif and the other clans who live there. The derde is the title held by the highest religious and political authority among the Toubou Teda of the Tibesti, in north-western Chad The Tibesti Mountains are a group of Dormant volcanoes forming a Mountain range in the central Sahara Desert in the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti He is selected by a group of electors according to strict rules. The derde exercises judicial rather than executive power, arbitrating conflict and levying sanctions based on a code of compensations.
During the civil conflict in Chad (1966–1993), the derde came to occupy a more important position. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The derde is the title held by the highest religious and political authority among the Toubou Teda of the Tibesti, in north-western Chad In 1965 the Chadian government assumed direct authority over the Tibesti Mountains, sending a military garrison and administrators to Bardaï, the capital of Tibesti Subprefecture. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Bardaï is a small town and Oasis in the extreme north of Chad, the main town of the Tibesti area, one of the four departments of the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Within a year, abuses of authority had roused considerable opposition among the Toubou. The derde, Oueddei Kichidemi, recognized but little respected up to that time, protested the excesses, went into exile in Libya, and, with the support of Toubou students at the Islamic University of Al Bayda, became a symbol of opposition to the Chadian government. Oueddei Kichidemi was the father of the former Chadian President Goukouni Oueddei and was the tribal leader or Derde, of the Toubou Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Zawiyat Al Bayda' (also transliterated as Al-Baidhah, El-Beda or Beida) (البيضاء is a city in northeast Libya. This role enhanced the position of the derde among the Toubou. After 1967 the derde hoped to rally the Toubou to the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT). Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. FROLINAT ( Front de Libération Nationale du Tchad; National Liberation Front of Chad) is an insurgent rebel group that was active in Chad between 1966 and Moral authority became military authority shortly thereafter when his son, Goukouni Oueddei, became one of the leaders of the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT. Goukouni Oueddei (born 1944 is a Chadian political figure He was Head of State of Chad in 1979 and again from 1979 to 1982 Goukouni was to become a national figure; he played an important role in the battles of N'Djamena in 1979 and 1980 and served as head of state for a time. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Another northerner, Hissène Habré of the Daza Anakaza, replaced Goukouni in 1982, and lost eventually power to Idriss Dédy, a Zaghawa. The Anakaza are a Chadian subgroup of the Toubou Daza ethnic group Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) The Zaghawa (also spelled Zakhawa) are an African ethnic group or tribe mainly living in eastern Chad and western Sudan, including
Teda and Daza
The Toubou are subdivided in two separate people, the Teda and Daza. The Teda are a Toubou ethnic group that lives mostly in northern Chad, but is present also in Libya, Niger and Nigeria. The Daza people are a Semi-nomadic ethnicity living primarily in the Sahara regions of south-eastern Niger and north and central Chad They are believed to share a common origin, but speak now two distinct if clearly associated languages, Tedaga (Téda Toubou) and Dazaga (Daza Toubou). Tedaga language is a language which belongs to the Saharan subfamily of the Nilo-Saharan, spoken in northern Chad and eastern Niger by the Dazaga, also known as Goran ( Arabic قرعان is a language spoken in the Djurab desert region of Chad by the Daza people and is part of Of the two the Daza are the numerous, being 312,000 persons, while the Teda are only 42,000.
Among the Teda, there are four regional subgroups, the Teda of Tibesti Subprefecture being the largest. The Teda are a Toubou ethnic group that lives mostly in northern Chad, but is present also in Libya, Niger and Nigeria. The Tibesti Mountains are a group of Dormant volcanoes forming a Mountain range in the central Sahara Desert in the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Subprefecture is an Administrative division of a country that is below Prefecture or Province. There are more than a dozen subgroups of Daza: the Kreda of Bahr el Ghazal are the largest; next in importance are the Daza of Kanem Prefecture. The Daza people are a Semi-nomadic ethnicity living primarily in the Sahara regions of south-eastern Niger and north and central Chad This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad From 2002 the country was divided into 18 regions.
See also
References
The people of Chad speak more than 100 different languages and divide themselves into many ethnic groupsDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic