Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe political systems where a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. A system of government is a term that refers to the set of political Institutions by which a Government of a State is organized in order to exert its powers Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions See also Form of government This article lists forms of government and Political systems according to a series of different ways of categorising them Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler A band society is the simplest form of human Society. A band generally consists of a small kin group no larger than an Extended family or Clan. A chiefdom is a type of complex society of varying degrees of centralization that is led by an individual known as a chief. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system Corporatocracy is a Neologism that describes a Government dominated by corporate influence banks and governments Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives Despotism is a Form of government by a single authority either an individual or tightly knit group, which rules with absolute political power A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed A kleptocracy (sometimes cleptocracy, occasionally kleptarchy) ( root klepto+kratein = rule by thieves) is a term applied to a Kritarchy is a form of government ruled by judges It may have existed in Israel during the period of time described in the Book of Judges and exist in Somalia under the Meritocracy is a system of a government or another organization wherein Appointments are made and responsibilities are given based on demonstrated talent and Ability A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that Ochlocracy ( Greek: οχλοκρατία or okhlokratía; Latin: ochlocratia) is government by mob or a mass of people Oligarchy' ( Greek, Oligarkhía) is a Form of government where Political power effectively rests with a small elite segment Plutocracy is rule by the wealthy or power provided by wealth A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Mixed government, also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by Democracy, Oligarchy, and Monarchy A constitutional Republic is a State where the Head of state and other officials are elected as representatives of the people and A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government The term socialist state (or socialist republic, or workers' state) can carry one of several different (but related meanings In strictly speaking any A capitalist republic is a concept of government completely the reverse of Marxist thought A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party Technocracy: A form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control "technocracy is described as that society in which those who govern justify themselves Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler Theodemocracy is a political system theorized by Joseph Smith Jr Constitutional theory defines a timocracy as either a State where only property owners may participate in Government; or a government A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use A political system is a System of Politics and Government. It is usually compared to the Law system, Economic system, Cultural A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. The term is usually applied to Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany or hard-line communist regimes, such as Stalinist Russia, Democratic Kampuchea or North Korea. The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 Democratic Kampuchea (កម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ (Kampuchéa Démocratique Vietnamese: Kampuchea Dân chủ) was a North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Totalitarian regimes or movements maintain themselves in political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that controls the state, personality cults, central state-controlled economy, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of mass surveillance, and widespread use of terror tactics. Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses Mass media to create a heroic public image through unquestioning flattery and praise Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. Mass surveillance is the pervasive Surveillance of an entire population or a substantial fraction thereof Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Difference between authoritarian and totalitarian states 3 Origins 4 Examples of the term's use 5 Cold War-era research 6 Criticism and recent work with the concept 7 Political usage 8 Communism and Fascism 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links

Etymology

The notion of Totalitarianism as "total" political power by state was formulated in 1923 by Giovanni Amendola who criticized Italian fascism as a system fundamentally different from conventional dictatorships. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Giovanni Amendola ( April 15 1882 – April 7 1926) was an Italian journalist and politician noted as an opponent of Fascism Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology ^[1] The term was later assigned a positive meaning in the writings of Giovanni Gentile and Benito Mussolini. Giovanni Gentile (dʒoˈvɑnni dʒenˈtile May 30, 1875 April 15, 1944) was an Italian neo- Hegelian Idealist They described totalitarianism as a society in which the ideology of the state had influence, if not power, over most of its citizens. ^[2] According to Mussolini, this system politicizes everything spiritual and human:^[1]

"Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state".

Difference between authoritarian and totalitarian states

According to Karl Lowenstein, "the term "authoritarian" denotes a political organization in which the single power holder - an individual person or "dictator", an assembly, a committee, a junta, or a party monopolizes political power. However, the term "authoritarian" refers rather to the structure of government than to the structure of society. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions As a rule, the authoritarian regime confines itself to political control of the state. By contrast, the term "totalitarian" refers to socioeconomic dynamism, the way of life, of a state society. Socioeconomics or socio-economics is the study of the relationship between economic activity and Social life. The governmental techniques of a totalitarian regime are necessarily authoritarian. But the regime does much more. It attempts to mold the private life, the soul, the spirit, and the mores of citizens to a dominant ideology. The officially proclaimed ideology penetrates into every nook and cranny of the state society; its ambition is total". An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics ^[1]

Totalitarian regimes attempt to "atomize" society and destroy all independent nonpolitical institutions. However, neither the Italian fascists nor the Nazis completely "destroyed their respective social structures", for which reason, these countries "could rapidly return to normalcy" after defeat in World War II. In contrast, all attempts to reform the regime in the USSR, "led to nowhere because every nongovernmental institution, whether social or economic, had to be built from scratch. The result was neither reform of Communism nor establishment of democracy, but a progressive breakdown of organized life", according to Richard Pipes. Richard Edgar Pipes (born July 11, 1923) is an American historian who specializes in Russian history, particularly with respect to the history of the ^[1]

Origins

According to most scholars the first totalitarian regimes were formed in the 20th century, which include Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Soviet Union. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Some other regimes are more commonly described as dictatorships rather than totalitarian systems. A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. They include Spain under Franco, Portugal under Salazar, as well as others. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ Some scholars argue that totalitarianism has existed centuries prior, such as in ancient China under the political leadership of Prime Minister Li Si who helped the Qin dynasty unify China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Li Si ( (ca 280 BC - September or October 208 BC was the influential Prime Minister (or Chancellor of the feudal state and later of the dynasty of Qin, between Li Si adopted the political philosophy of Legalism as the ruling philosophical thought of China and restricted political activities and destroyed all literature and killed scholars who did not support Legalism. In Chinese history, Legalism ( was one of the four main philosophic schools during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (the other Totalitarianism was also used by the Spartan state in Ancient Greece. Its “educational system” was part of the totalitarian military society. The oligarchy running the state machine dictated every aspect of life, including the rearing of children. ^[3]

Influential scholars such as Lawrence Aronsen, Franz Borkenau, Walter Laqueur, Karl Popper, Richard Löwenthal, Hannah Arendt, Karl Dietrich Bracher, Carl Joachim Friedrich, and Juan Linz have each described totalitarianism in a slightly different way. Franz Borkenau ( December 15, 1900 - May 22, 1957) was an Austrian writer Walter Zeev Laqueur (born 26 May 1921) is an American historian and political commentator Sir Karl Raimund Popper ( July 28 1902  &ndash September 17 1994) was an Austrian and British Philosopher and a professor Richard Löwenthal ( April 15, 1908, Berlin, Germany - August 9, 1991, Berlin, Germany) was a German Karl Dietrich Bracher (born 13 March 1922) is a German political scientist and historian of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany Juan José Linz (born 24 December 1926 in Bonn, Germany) is Sterling Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Yale Common to all definitions is the attempt to mobilize entire populations in support of the official state ideology, and the intolerance of activities which are not directed towards the goals of the state, entailing repression or state control of business, labour unions, churches or political parties. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral

Examples of the term's use

While originally referring to an 'all-embracing, total state,' the label has been applied to a wide variety of regimes and orders of rule in a critical sense. Isabel Paterson, in The God of the Machine (1943) used the term in connection with the collectivist societies of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Isabel Paterson (b January 22 1886, - d January 10, 1961) was a Canadian-American journalist author political philosopher and Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Karl Popper, in The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) and The Poverty of Historicism (1961) developed an influential critique of totalitarianism: in both works, he contrasted the "open society" of liberal democracy with totalitarianism, and argued that the latter is grounded in the belief that history moves toward an immutable future, in accord with knowable laws. Sir Karl Raimund Popper ( July 28 1902  &ndash September 17 1994) was an Austrian and British Philosopher and a professor The Open Society and Its Enemies, is an influential two-volume work by Karl Popper written during World War II. The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of During the Cold War period, the term gained renewed currency, especially following the publication of Hannah Arendt's The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951). Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Origins of Totalitarianism is a book by Hannah Arendt which classed Nazism and Stalinism as Totalitarian movements Arendt argued that Nazi and Stalinist regimes were completely new forms of government, and not merely updated versions of the old tyrannies. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 In modern usage a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute power over a State or within an Organization. According to Arendt, the source of the mass appeal of totalitarian regimes was their ideology which provided a comforting, single answer to the mysteries of the past, present, and future. For Nazism, all history is the history of racial struggle; and, for Marxism, all history is the history of class struggle. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective Once that premise was accepted by the public, all actions of the regime could be justified by appeal to the Law of History or Nature. ^[4]

Cold War-era research

The political scientists Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski were primarily responsible for expanding the usage of the term in university social science and professional research, reformulating it as a paradigm for the communist Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin as well as fascist regimes. Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński ˈzbigɲev bʐɛˈʑiɲski: (born March 28 1928 Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology For Friedrich and Brzezinski, the defining elements were intended to be taken as a mutually supportive organic entity comprised of the following: an elaborating guiding ideology; a single mass party, typically led by a dictator; a system of terror; a monopoly of the means of communication and physical force; and central direction and control of the economy through state planning. A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. Such regimes had initial origins in the chaos that followed in the wake of World War I, at which point the sophistication of modern weapons and communications enabled totalitarian movements to consolidate power in Italy, Germany, and Russia. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Eric Hoffer in his book The True Believer argues that mass movements like Communism, Fascism and Nazism had a common trait in picturing Western democracies and their values as decadent, with people "too soft, too pleasure-loving and too selfish" to sacrifice for a higher cause, which for them implies an inner moral and biological decay. Eric Hoffer ( July 25 1902 (or 1898 &ndash May 21 1983) was an American social Writer. The True Believer Thoughts On The Nature Of Mass Movements is a Social psychology book by Eric Hoffer published in 1951 which discusses the Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based He further claims that those movements offered the prospect of a glorious, yet imaginary, future to frustrated people, enabling them to find a refuge from the lack of personal accomplishments in their individual existence. Individual is then assimilated into a compact collective body and "fact-proof screens from reality" are established. ^[5]

Criticism and recent work with the concept

In the social sciences, the approach of Friedrich and Brzezinski came under criticism from scholars who argued that the Soviet system, both as a political and as a social entity, was in fact better understood in terms of interest groups, competing elites, or even in class terms (using the concept of the nomenklatura as a vehicle for a new ruling class). The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies An interest group (also advocacy group, lobby group, pressure group or special interest group) is an organized collection of people who seek Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. The nomenklatura were a small elite subset of the general population in the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries who held various key administrative positions These critics pointed to evidence of popular support for the regime and widespread dispersion of power, at least in the implementation of policy, among sectoral and regional authorities. For some followers of this 'pluralist' approach, this was evidence of the ability of the regime to adapt to include new demands. However, proponents of the totalitarian model claimed that the failure of the system to survive showed not only its inability to adapt but the mere formality of supposed popular participation. Its proponents do not agree on when the Soviet Union ceased to be describable as totalitarian.

The notion of "post-totalitarianism" was put forward by political scientist Juan Linz . Juan José Linz (born 24 December 1926 in Bonn, Germany) is Sterling Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Yale For certain commentators, such as Linz and Alfred Stepan, the Soviet Union entered a new phase after the abandonment of mass terror upon Stalin's death. Alfred C Stepan is a comparative Political scientist and Wallace S Discussion of "post-totalitarianism" featured prominently in debates about the reformability and durability of the Soviet system in comparative politics. Comparative politics is a subfield of Political science, characterized by an empirical approach based on the comparative method.

As the Soviet system disintegrated in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it became clear that totalitarian systems are intrinsically unstable. That was not obvious earlier for some researchers. Several decades earlier, for example, in 1957, Bertram Wolfe claimed that the Soviet Union faced no challenge or change possible from society at large. Bertram David Wolfe ( January 19, 1896 – February 21, 1977) was an American scholar and former Communist best known for He called it a "solid and durable political system dominating a society that has been totally fragmented or atomized," one which will remain "barring explosion from within or battering down from without. "

In recent work, Slovenen philosopher and critic Slavoj Žižek has aimed at the concept of totalitarianism itself, claiming that its political usage is purely ideologically-driven. Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki Slavoj Žižek (ˈslavoj ˈʒiʒɛk (born 21 March 1949) is a Post-Marxist Sociologist, Philosopher, and Cultural critic In his collection of five essays "Did somebody say Totalitarianism?", Žižek rethinks the usage of this notion and suggests that it functions as a "tamer of free radicals".

Political usage

While the term fell into disuse during the 1970s among many Soviet specialists, other commentators found the typology not only useful for the purposes of classification but for guiding official policy. In her 1979 essay for Commentary, "Dictatorships and Double Standards", Jeane Kirkpatrick argued that a number of foreign policy implications can be drawn by distinguishing "totalitarian" regimes from autocracies in general. Commentary is an American monthly Magazine covering Politics, International affairs, Judaism, and social cultural "Dictatorships and Double Standards" is an essay by Jeane Kirkpatrick, published in the November 1979 issue of Commentary, which criticized the Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick ( November 19, 1926  &ndash December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler According to Kirkpatrick, typical autocracies are primarily interested in their own survival, and as such have allowed for varying degrees of autonomy regarding elements of civil society, religious institutions, court, and the press. Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning Society as opposed to the force-backed A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people On the other hand, under totalitarianism, no individual or institution is autonomous from the state's all-encompassing ideology. Therefore, U. S. policy should distinguish between the two and even grant support, if temporary, to non-totalitarian autocratic governments in order to combat totalitarian movements and promote U. S. interests. Kirkpatrick's influence, particularly as foreign policy adviser and United Nations ambassador, was essential to the formation of the Reagan administration's foreign policy and her ideas came to be known as the "Kirkpatrick Doctrine. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country The United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Reagan Administration, was a Republican administration headed by The Kirkpatrick Doctrine was a political Doctrine expounded by United States of America Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick "^[6]

Communism and Fascism

According to Richard Pipes, the political ideology of Hitler was "deeply affected by the Russian Revolution, negatively as well as positively. Richard Edgar Pipes (born July 11, 1923) is an American historian who specializes in Russian history, particularly with respect to the history of the The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution Negatively, the triumph of Bolshevism in Russia and its attempts to revolutionize Europe provided Hitler with a justification for his visceral anti-Semitism, and the specter of a "Judeo-Communist" conspiracy with which to frighten the German people. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility A Conspiracy is defined by law as an agreement by two or more persons to commit a crime fraud or other wrongful act Positively, it helped him in his quest for dictatorial power by teaching him the techniques of crowd manipulation and furnishing him with the model of a one-party, totalitarian state". Crowd psychology, or social facilitation theory, is a branch of Social psychology. A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party ^[7] Hitler admitted that he had "learned a great deal from Marxism". Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. He conceded that^[1]

"The whole of National Socialism is based on it. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Look at the workers' sports clubs, the industrial cells, the mass demonstrations, the propaganda leaflets written specifically for the comprehension of the masses; all these methods of political struggle are essentially Marxist in origin. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. All I had to do is take over these methods and adopt them for our purpose. . . National Socialism is what Marxism might have been if it could have broken its absurd and artificial ties with a democratic order".

Mussolini also acknowledged this connection: "In the whole negative part, we are alike. We and Russians are against the liberals, against democrats, against parliament". ^[8] Leading Soviet communist Nikolai Bukharin observed that the political methods of fascism were "a complete applications of Bolshevik tactics, and especially those of Russian Bolshevism, in the sense of the rapid concentration of forces and energetic action of a tightly structured military organization" including the system of local Party committees, mobilization, and pitiless destruction of enemies^[9]

The term "Totalitarian Twins" was used by François Furet^[10] to link Communism^[11] and Fascism. Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (Никола́й Ива́нович Буха́рин ( &ndash March 15, 1938) was a Bolshevik François Furet ( 27 March 1927 – 12 July 1997) was an influential French historian Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology ^[12]

Gary M. Grobman wrote:

• Totalitarian regimes, in contrast to a dictatorship, establish complete political, social, and cultural control over their subjects, and are usually headed by a charismatic leader. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. Fascism is a form of right-wing totalitarianism which emphasizes the subordination of the individual to advance the interests of the state. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities [1]

Michael Parenti both acknowledged and criticized the linkage:

• Both the Italian fascists and the Nazis consciously tried to imitate the left: youth organizations, mass mobilizations, rallies, parades, banners, symbols, slogans, uniforms. Michael Parenti (born 1933) is an American Political scientist, Historian, and media critic. And I think for this reason, too, many mainstream writers treat fascism and communism as totalitarian twins. But most workers and peasants could tell the difference. Industrialists and bankers could tell the difference. And certainly the communists and the fascists could tell the difference. [2]

Daniel Singer wrote:

• Central to Furet's argument is the belief that in a Europe shaken by World War I, Communism and Fascism were propping each other up. Daniel Singer can refer to Daniel Singer (journalist (1926&ndash2000 British journalist and socialist writer Daniel Singer (actor . . . The Nazi-Soviet pact is for him perfect proof of complicity between the two systems.
• While the totalitarian nature of Stalin's Russia is undeniable, I find the thesis of "totalitarian twins" both wrong and unproductive. ("Exploiting a Tragedy, or Le Rouge en Noir")

See also

This entry is related to, but not included in the Political ideologies series or one of its sub-series. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Other related articles can be found at the Politics Portal.

• Apartheid
• Authoritarianism
• Carceral state
• Ba'athism
• Dictatorship
• Legalism (Chinese philosophy)
• Fascism
• Kim Il-sung
• Kim Jong-il
• Mind control
• Nazism
• North Korea
• Police state
• Single-party state
• Stalinism
• Total institution
• Totalism
• Securitarianism

Notes

References

• Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (1958, new ed. The Origins of Totalitarianism is a book by Hannah Arendt which classed Nazism and Stalinism as Totalitarian movements 1966)
• John A. Armstrong, The Politics of Totalitarianism (New York: Random House, 1961)
• Karl Dietrich Bracher “The Disputed Concept of Totalitarianism,” pages 11-33 from Totalitarianism Reconsidered edited by Ernest A. Karl Dietrich Bracher (born 13 March 1922) is a German political scientist and historian of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany Menze (Port Washington, N. Y. / London: Kennikat Press, 1981), ISBN 0804692688.
• Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics (in particular March 7, 1979 course)
• Carl Friedrich and Z. K. Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (2nd edn 1967)
• Guy Hermet with Pierre Hassner and Jacques Rupnik, Totalitarismes (Paris: Éditions Economica, 1984)
• Jeane Kirkpatrick, Dictatorships and Double Standards: Rationalism and reason in politics (1982)
• Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Consolidation (1996). Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. The term " biopolitics " or " biopolitical " can refer to several different yet compatible concepts Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński ˈzbigɲev bʐɛˈʑiɲski: (born March 28 1928 Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick ( November 19, 1926  &ndash December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent
• Ludwig von Mises, Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War (1944)
• Ewan Murray, Shut Up: Tale of Totalitarianism (2005)
• Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism (Routledge, 1996)
• Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, N. Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (ˈluːtvɪç fɔn ˈmiːzəs ( September 29, 1881 – October 10, 1973) was an Austrian Omnipotent Government The Rise of the Total State and Total War is a book by influential Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises first published in 1944 Stanley George Payne (born 1934 in Denton Texas) is a Historian of modern Spain and European Fascism at the University Giovanni Sartori (born May 13, 1924) is an Italian Political scientist specializing in the study of Comparative politics. J: Chatham House, 1987)
• Wolfgang Sauer, "National Socialism: totalitarianism or fascism?" pages 404-424 from The American Historical Review, Volume 73, Issue #2, December 1967.
• Leonard Schapiro, Totalitarianism (London: The Pall Mall Press, 1972)
• J. L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy, (1952)
• Slavoj Zizek, Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism? (London: Verso, 2001)

External links

• Totalitarianism - Excellent article on the origin and meaning of the term; gives many 20th century examples and contrasts with Authoritarianism
• Dictatorship Watch, putting totalitarianism in perspective

Leonard Bertram Schapiro (22 April 1908 Glasgow - 2 November 1983 London) was a British academic and scholar of Russian politics Jacob Leib Talmon (1916-1980 was an Orthodox Jewish Professor of Modern History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Totalitarian democracy is a term made famous by Israeli historian J Slavoj Žižek (ˈslavoj ˈʒiʒɛk (born 21 March 1949) is a Post-Marxist Sociologist, Philosopher, and Cultural critic Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union

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