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Toshiba Corporation
株式会社東芝
Type Corporation TYO: 6502, (LSE: TOS)
Founded 1939 (merger)
Headquarters Tokyo, Japan
Key people Hisashige Tanaka, Founder
Products Digital products, Digital telephony, Electronic devices & components, Home appliances and others
Revenue 7,668. The, or TSE, located in Tokyo, Japan, is the second largest Stock exchange market in the world by market value second only to the New York Stock The London Stock Exchange or LSE is a Stock exchange located in London, England. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. lived during the Edo period of Japan's history. He was born in Kurume, Japan, as a child of a tortoise-shell craftsman In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need In Telecommunication, telephony (təˈlɛfəni or teh-LEH-fuh-nee encompasses the general use of equipment to provide voice communication over distances specifically In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services 1 billion Yen ($76. 68 billion) (Fiscal year ended March 31, 2008)[1]
Net income 127. Net income is equal to the Income that a firm has after subtracting costs and Expenses from the total Revenue. 4 billion Yen ($1. 274 billion) (Fiscal year ended March 31, 2008)
Employees 190,708 (2007)
Website Toshiba Worldwide
Toshiba Corporation's headquarters (center) in Hamamatsucho, Tokyo.
Toshiba Corporation's headquarters (center) in Hamamatsucho, Tokyo. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages
Toshiba Corporation sales by division for year ending March 31, 2005.
Toshiba Corporation sales by division for year ending March 31, 2005. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Toshiba Corporation (株式会社東芝 Kabushiki-gaisha Tōshiba ?) (TYO: 6502) is a multinational conglomerate manufacturing company, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. The, or TSE, located in Tokyo, Japan, is the second largest Stock exchange market in the world by market value second only to the New York Stock Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers A conglomerate is a large company that consists of diverse divisions officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The company's businesses are in high technology, electrical engineering, and electronics fields. High tech is Technology that is at the cutting edge —the most advanced technology currently available Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical

Toshiba-made Semiconductors are among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that This article lists the top 20 largest semiconductor companies by sales leaders over the past 20 years

Contents

History

Toshiba was founded by the merging of two companies in 1939.

One, Tanaka Seizosho (Tanaka Engineering Works), was Japan's first manufacturer of telegraph equipment and was established by Hisashige Tanaka in 1875. lived during the Edo period of Japan's history. He was born in Kurume, Japan, as a child of a tortoise-shell craftsman In 1904, its name was changed to Shibaura Seisakusho (Shibaura Engineering Works). Through the first part of the 20th century Shibaura Engineering Works became a major manufacturer of heavy electrical machinery as Japan modernized during the Meiji Era and became a world industrial power. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July

The second company, Hakunetsusha, was established in 1890 and was Japan's first producer of incandescent electric lamps. It diversified into the manufacture of other consumer products and in 1899 was renamed Tokyo Denki (Tokyo Electric).

The merger in 1939 of Shibaura Seisakusho and Tokyo Denki created a new company called Tokyo Shibaura Denki(東京芝浦電気). It was soon nicknamed Toshiba, but it wasn't until 1978 that the company was officially renamed Toshiba Corporation.

The group expanded strongly, both by internal growth and by acquisitions, buying heavy engineering and primary industry firms in the 1940s and 1950s and then spinning off subsidiaries in the 1970s and beyond. Groups created include Toshiba EMI (1960), Toshiba International Corporation (1970's) Toshiba Electrical Equipment (1974), Toshiba Chemical (1974), Toshiba Lighting and Technology (1989), Toshiba America Information Systems (1989) and Toshiba Carrier Corporation (1999). ( is a multinational conglomerate manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.

Toshiba was responsible for a number of Japanese firsts, including radar (1942), the TAC digital computer (1954), transistor television and microwave oven (1959), color video phone (1971), Japanese word processor (1978), MRI system (1982), laptop personal computer (1986), NAND EEPROM (1991), DVD (1995), the Libretto sub-notebook personal computer (1996) and HD DVD (2005). A videophone, also known by the trademarked name Picturephone, is a Telephone which is capable of both audio and Video Duplex transmission The Libretto is a line of Subnotebook Computers designed and produced by Toshiba. not insert the publicly disclosed HD DVD key into this article for the time being

In 1987, Toshiba Machine, the subsidiary of Toshiba, was accused of illegally selling CNC milling machines used to produce very quiet submarine propellers to the Soviet Union in violation of the CoCom agreement, an international embargo on Western exports to East Bloc countries. The abbreviation CNC stands for computer numerical control, and refers specifically to a computer "controller" that reads G-code A milling machine is a Machine tool used for the shaping of Metal and other Solid Materials. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Cocom is a Cable modems company based in the United States. It was acquired by Cisco Systems on September 15 1999 In international Commerce and politics, an embargo is the prohibition of commerce During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were The Toshiba-Kongsberg scandal involved a subsidiary of Toshiba and the Norwegian company Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk. Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA, one of two operating companies of Kongsberg Gruppen (KOG of Norway, is a supplier of defence and space related The incident strained relations between the United States and Japan, and resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two senior executives, as well as the imposition of sanctions on the company by both countries. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Economic sanctions are domestic penalties applied by one country (or group of countries on another for a variety of reasons [2] The US had always relied on the fact that the Soviets had noisy boats, so technology that would make the USSR's submarines harder to detect created a significant threat to America's security. Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania said "What Toshiba and Kongsberg did was ransom the security of the United States for $517 million. Henry John Heinz III (October 23 1938 – April 4 1991 was an American politician from Pennsylvania, a Republican member of the United States "

In 2001, Toshiba signed a contract with Orion Electric, one of the world's largest OEM consumer video electronic makers and suppliers, to manufacture and supply finished consumer TV and video products for Toshiba to meet the increasing demand for the North American market. was established in 1958 in Osaka, Japan, and it is currently based in the city of Echizen, Fukui Prefecture. An original equipment manufacturer, or OEM is typically a company that uses a component made by a second company in its own product or sells the product of the second company

In December 2004, Toshiba quietly announced it would discontinue manufacturing traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions. The cathode ray tube (CRT is a Vacuum tube containing an Electron gun (a source of electrons and a Fluorescent screen with internal or In 2006, Toshiba terminated production of plasma TVs. Toshiba quickly switched to Orion as the supplier and maker of Toshiba-branded CRT-based TVs and plasma TVs. However, to ensure its future competitiveness in the flat-panel digital television and display market, Toshiba has made a considerable investment in a new kind of display technology called SED. A surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED is a Flat panel display technology that uses surface conduction Electron emitters for every individual display

Before World War II, Toshiba was a member of the Mitsui Group zaibatsu. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including is one of the largest corporate conglomerates ( Keiretsu) in Japan and one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world is a Japanese term referring to industrial and financial business conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size allowed for control over significant Today Toshiba is a member of the Mitsui keiretsu (a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings), and still has preferential arrangements with Mitsui Bank and the other members of the keiretsu. A is a set of companies with interlocking Business relationships and shareholdings. Membership in a keiretsu traditionally meant loyalty, both corporate and private, to other members of the keiretsu or allied keiretsu. This loyalty could extend as far as the beer that workers would consume, which in Toshiba's case was Asahi. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Asahi Breweries Ltd (アサヒビール株式会社 Asahi Bīru Kabushiki Gaisha) is the 2nd largest beer Brewery in Japan and Soft drink company based

In July 2005, BNFL confirmed it planned to sell Westinghouse Electric Company, then estimated to be worth $1. British Nuclear Fuels plc or BNFL manufactures and transports nuclear fuel (notably MOX) runs reactors generates and sells Electricity, reprocesses and For other uses see Westinghouse. The Westinghouse Electric Company (WEC is a multi-national nuclear technologies company a part of 8bn (£1bn). [3] However the bid attracted interest from several companies including Toshiba, General Electric and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and when the Financial Times reported on January 23, 2006 that Toshiba had won the bid, it valued the company's offer at $5bn (£2. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 8bn). The bid surprised many industry experts who questioned the wisdom of selling one of the world's largest producers of nuclear reactors shortly before the market for nuclear power is expected to grow substantially; China, the United States and the United Kingdom are all expected to invest heavily in nuclear power. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [4] The acquisition of Westinghouse for $5. For other uses see Westinghouse. The Westinghouse Electric Company (WEC is a multi-national nuclear technologies company a part of 4bn was completed on October 17, 2006, with Toshiba obtaining a 77% share, and partners The Shaw Group a 20% share and Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Shaw Group is a Fortune 500 corporation headquartered in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Ltd. a 3% share

As a chip maker, Toshiba Semiconductors is a major player. During the eighties, it was one the two largest semiconductor companies (with NEC). is a Japanese multinational IT company headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan. During the nineties and up to now, Toshiba Semiconductors was almost always among the Top 5. In 2007, Toshiba Semiconductors is number 3, behind Intel and Samsung. The Samsung Group ( Korean:, Samsung Guerup) is South Korea 's largest company or Chaebol and the world's largest conglomerate

Also, in late 2007, Toshiba's logo replaced the former Discover Card logo on one of the screens atop One Times Square. For other New York Times Buildings see New York Times Building (disambiguation One Times Square (also known as' 1475 Broadway', It displays the iconic New Year's countdown on its screen, as well as messages, greetings, and advertisements for the company.

Current status

In March 2008, Toshiba announced that it had launched a new company in America called, "Toshiba America Nuclear Energy corp". The primary mission of the company is marketing and promoting advanced boiling water nuclear power plants and providing support for related services.

Toshiba is believed to prepare (together with the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry) the small (30MW) nuclear plant Toshiba 4S for installation at Galena, Alaska[5] and ever smaller (200KW) plants for Japan and Europe;[6] but the information about such plants does not appear on Toshiba's homepage Toshiba Worldwide. The Toshiba 4S ( Super Safe Small and Simple) is a “nuclear battery” reactor design The Toshiba 4S ( Super Safe Small and Simple) is a “nuclear battery” reactor design Galena is the largest city in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area in the U

Toshiba occupies good position in the worldwide marker of semiconductors, see Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Market Share Ranking Year by Year. This article lists the top 20 largest semiconductor companies by sales leaders over the past 20 years

In-house companies

  • Mobile Communications Company
  • Digital Media Network Company
  • Personal Computer & Network Company
  • Semiconductor Company
  • Display Devices & Components Control Center
  • Toshiba Power Systems Company
  • Toshiba Industrial Systems Company
  • Social Infrastructure Systems Company[7]

Corporate affairs

UPS involvement

After an image problem developed years ago when customers felt that the repair process for broken machines was too long, Toshiba partnered with the United Parcel Service (UPS) to design a better repair process. United Parcel Service Inc ( commonly referred to as UPS, is one of the world's largest Package delivery companies Customers are told to drop off their machines at a UPS Store, from which they will be shipped to Toshiba for repairs and then sent back to the customer. In reality, after dropping off their machines at a UPS Store, they are shipped off to a UPS-run repair facility, where UPS repairs the laptops themselves and ships them back to the customer from there. During this process, the laptops never enter Toshiba's hands although no such claim as such is ever purported. [8]

HD DVD

On Tuesday, February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced that it was to drop its format in the HD DVD 'war' with Sony and Pioneer-backed Blu-ray Disc devices. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [9] Following a review of its business, Toshiba said it would stop production of HD DVD players and recorders.

The HD DVD format had suffered as major US film studios backed the Blu-ray format, which is being developed by electronics firm Sony and partners. Toshiba's President, Atsutoshi Nishida, announced "We concluded that a swift decision would be best [and] if we had continued, that would have created problems for consumers, and we simply had no chance to win".

Toshiba will continue to supply retailers with machines until the end of March 2008. After that, Toshiba will continue to provide technical support to the estimated one million people worldwide who own HD DVD players and recorders.

Toshiba's president has stated that the company has no intention to begin manufacturing Blu-ray disc players and he also said that Toshiba will "think about its role in online video-downloading more seriously". The press release stated the following; "Toshiba also intends to maintain collaborative relations with the companies who joined with Toshiba in working to build up the HD DVD market, including Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, and DreamWorks Animation and major Japanese and European content providers on the entertainment side, as well as leaders in the IT industry, including Microsoft, Intel, and HP. Toshiba will study possible collaboration with these companies for future business opportunities, utilizing the many assets generated through the development of HD DVD. "

The HD DVD versus Blu-ray battle has been likened to the VHS versus Betamax war of the 1980s. See also "Decline of HD DVD ". not insert the publicly disclosed HD DVD key into this article for the time being

Products

Harddisks

Environmental Record

E-waste is something that negatively affects the environment due to improper discard of items such as computers, DVD players, and cell phones. Electronic waste, " e-waste " or " Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment " (" WEEE " is a Waste type consisting [10] Most e-waste is hazardous to the environment because of its tendency to release toxic materials, such as lead and mercury, into soil and water, which later affects human, animal, and vegetation health. Electronic waste, " e-waste " or " Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment " (" WEEE " is a Waste type consisting [11] Toshiba, however, has been making efforts to lessen their impact on the environment. They tied for first place in Greenpeace’s seventh edition of its Guide to Greener Electronics. [12] Greenpeace is an environmental protection organization that seeks to rank electronic companies based on their chemical use and recycling programs. [13] Toshiba received 7. 7 points out of ten points possible, showing its improvement in recycling and chemical use since the last edition when it was only ranked number six. [14][15] Toshiba focused on improving their score in Individual Producer Responsibility (IPR), which measures how efficiently a company deals with e-waste that is created from their own products that are thrown away. [16] Toshiba also partnered with China’s Tsinghua University in 2008 in order to form a research facility to focus on energy conservation and the environment. [17] The new Toshiba Energy and Environment Research Center is located in Beijing where forty students from the university will work to research electric power equipment and new technologies that will help stop the global warming process. [18] Through this partnership, Toshiba hopes to develop products that will better protect the environment and save energy in China. [19] This contract between Tsinghua University and Toshiba originally began in October 2007 when they signed an agreement on joint energy and environment research. [20] The projects that they conduct work to reduce car pollution and to create power systems that don’t negatively affect the environment. [21]

Main competitors

Electronics

Nuclear Power Plants

See also

References

  1. ^ Toshiba Corporation Earnings Release FY2007. The Samsung Group ( Korean:, Samsung Guerup) is South Korea 's largest company or Chaebol and the world's largest conglomerate STMicroelectronics (,)is an franco-italian Electronics and Semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in in Geneva, Switzerland. is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with ( usually referred to as JVC, is an International consumer and professional electronics Corporation based in Yokohama, Japan which was founded Thomson SA (,) formerly known as Thomson Multimedia is an international provider of solutions for the creation management delivery and access of video for the () is a Japanese Electronics manufacturer founded in 1912 It takes its name from one of its founder's first inventions the Ever-Sharp Mechanical pencil, which Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. () is a Multinational corporation specializing in high-technology and services headquartered in Marunouchi Itchome Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. ( is a Multinational Corporation that specializes in digital entertainment products based in Tokyo, Japan. () is a major Japanese electronics company and member of the Fortune 500 whose headquarters is located in Moriguchi, Osaka prefecture, Japan ( is a Japanese company based in the Tokyo Building in Tokyo, manufactures electric and architectural equipment as well as a major worldwide producer of ( is a Japan -based multinational present in Japan, China, Australia, India, Southeast Asia, Europe, and The multinational technology company Dell Inc develops manufactures sells and supports Personal computers and other computer-related products Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics AREVA ( is a French public Multinational industrial conglomerate that is mainly known for Nuclear power; it also has interests in other () is a Multinational corporation specializing in high-technology and services headquartered in Marunouchi Itchome Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. not insert the publicly disclosed HD DVD key into this article for the time being Toshiwo Doko (土光 敏夫 Dokō Toshio, September 15 1896 - August 4 1988) was a Japanese Engineer born in Mitsu The Toshiba Satellite is Toshiba's flagship line of consumer-grade Notebook computers. The Toshiba Tecra is a notebook computer intended for business use The Qosmio Series is Toshiba 's consumer-marketed line of high end desktop replacement laptops The Libretto is a line of Subnotebook Computers designed and produced by Toshiba. The Toshiba Satellite is Toshiba's flagship line of consumer-grade Notebook computers. Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corporation (abbreviated TSST is an international joint venture company of Toshiba (Japan and Samsung Group (Korea The Samsung Group ( Korean:, Samsung Guerup) is South Korea 's largest company or Chaebol and the world's largest conglomerate Flash memory is non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed SmartMedia is a flash Memory card standard owned by Toshiba, with capacities ranging from 0 The xD-Picture Card is a type of flash Memory card, used mainly in Digital cameras xD originally stood for e' x' treme D igital A digital audio player, more commonly referred to as an MP3 player, is a Consumer electronics device that stores organizes and plays audio files Some The Gigabeat is a line of Digital audio players by Toshiba. Gigabeat The Gigabeat was first called the MobilPhile and later renamed to Gigabeat List of Digital camera Brands past and present updated to 2005, but may miss some The following is a list of notable computer system manufacturers.
  2. ^ Seeman, Roderick. "Toshiba Case—CoCom - Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Revision", The Japan Lawletter, April, 1987. Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated  
  3. ^ "BNFL plans to sell Westinghouse", BBC News, 2004-07-01. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Retrieved on 2007-06-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.  
  4. ^ "BNFL to sell US power plant arm", BBC News, 2004-01-23. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Retrieved on 2007-06-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.  
  5. ^ The Galena Project Technical Publications, Burns and Roe.
  6. ^ Toshiba Builds 100x Smaller Micro Nuclear Reactor. Next energy news.
  7. ^ Toshiba : Management Structure
  8. ^ "The Next Delivery? Computer Repairs by UPS", CNNMoney. com, July 1, 2004. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "  
  9. ^ Toshiba (2008-02-19). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum "Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
  10. ^ http://www.thejournalok.com/atf.php?sid=12418 The Journal May 1, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2008
  11. ^ http://www.thejournalok.com/atf.php?sid=12418 The Journal May 1, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2008
  12. ^ http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/105302 Heise Zeitschriften Verlag News March 19, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2008
  13. ^ http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/105302 Heise Zeitschriften Verlag News March 19, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2008
  14. ^ http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/105302 Heise Zeitschriften Verlag News March 19, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2008
  15. ^ http://www.australianit.news.com.au/story/0,24897,23537853-5013037,00.html Australian IT April 15, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
  16. ^ http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,144482-c,recycling/article.html PC World April 12, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2008
  17. ^ http://www.japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=17699 Japan’s Corporate Network April 14, 2008. Retrieved: April 27, 2008.
  18. ^ http://www.japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=17699 Japan’s Corporate Network April 14, 2008. Retrieved: April 27, 2008.
  19. ^ http://www.japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=17699 Japan’s Corporate Network April 14, 2008. Retrieved: April 27, 2008.
  20. ^ http://www.japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=17699 Japan’s Corporate Network April 14, 2008. Retrieved: April 27, 2008.
  21. ^ http://www.japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=17699 Japan’s Corporate Network April 14, 2008. Retrieved: April 27, 2008.

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