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For other uses, see Torture chamber (disambiguation).
The Tower of London and Traitors Gate. In the Middle ages, torture was carried out in its chambers
The Tower of London and Traitors Gate. In the Middle ages, torture was carried out in its chambers

A Torture chamber is a place where torture is carried out. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally [1]

Contents

Torture chambers through history

Throughout history torture chambers have been used in a multiplicity of ways starting from Roman times. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Torture chamber use during the Middle Ages was frequent. Religious, social and political persecution led to the widespread use of torture during that time. Torture chambers were also used during the Spanish Inquisition and at the Tower of London. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London [2][3][4]

Torture chambers in modern times

Nazi Germany and South America

The traditional torture users of modern times have been dictatorship governments, such as, for example, the Nazis and the Chilean dictatorship led by Augusto Pinochet as well as other South American regimes. A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November [5][6] These regimes have also used torture chambers. [7][8] The isolation felt inside the Nazi torture chambers was so strong that author, and victim, K. Zetnik, during his testimony at the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem in 1961, has described them as another galaxy. Yehiel De-Nur or Dinur, ('De-Nur' means 'of the fire' in Aramaic) was born Yehiel Feiner on May 16, 1909, in Sosnowiec Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Psychological effects associated with Torture, or the threat of torture can be severe

Europe

Use of torture chambers was also reported in Europe during the Greek military junta years. Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. [9][10][11] Alexandros Panagoulis and Tagmatarkhis Spyros Moustaklis are examples of persons tortured at the EAT/ESA (Greek Military Police) interrogation cell units. Biography Alexandros Panagoulis was born in the Glyfada neighbourhood of Athens. Tagmatarkhis (Ταγματάρχης abbreviated as Τχης is used in the Greek language to mean " Major " Major Spyros Moustaklis ( Σπύρος Μουστακλής) (1926 Messolonghi -1986 was an officer of the Greek Army. The Greek Military Police ( Greek: Ελληνική Στρατιωτική Αστυνομία (ΕΣΑ generally known in English by the acronym ESA [9] Another example of a torture chamber, not known by many, is "The Thieves Tower" in the Alsace region of France. Once a tower used for torture, it is now a small museum displaying instruments used upon the prisoners to get them to confess crimes. [12]

Culture

Literature

In George Orwell's famous novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, Room 101 is a torture chamber. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Nineteen Eighty-Four (also titled 1984) by George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair) is a 1949 English Novel Room 101 is a place introduced in the Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell.

In Gaston Leroux's novel The Phantom of the Opera, Erik (the Phantom's) chamber of torture consisted of a hexagonal room lined with mirrors on each wall. Gaston Louis Alfred Leroux ( 6 May, 1868, Paris France &ndash 15 April, 1927) was a French Journalist The Phantom of the Opera (in French, Le Fantôme de l'Opéra) is a French Novel by Gaston Leroux. The Given name Eric is derived from the name Ei(rríkr meaning "eternal ruler" compounded from the words ei(r "eternal" (cognate to English A mirror is an object with a surface that has good Specular reflection; that is it is smooth enough to form an Image. Temperatures vary inside the room, and soon, without food or water, people trapped in there begin having hallucinations. A hallucination, in the broadest sense is a Perception in the absence of a stimulus. There is an iron tree in there with a lasso under it with which one can commit suicide, which is the only way out. Reata redirects here For the comic book character see Reata (comics A lasso, lariat, or riata (from the Spanish reata

Film

In film the torture chamber is also known as the chamber of horrors with the word horror implying torture as well as murder or a combination of both. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries A good example is the torture chamber depicted in the classic horror film The Pit and the Pendulum (1961). The Pit and the Pendulum (also known as Pit and the Pendulum) is a 1961 Horror film directed by Roger Corman, starring Vincent

List of chamber related films

Cultural resonance

Aside from its dictionary definition the term has great cultural resonance, because it transforms an abstract concept (Torture) into a real place (Torture chamber), and is an integral part of pop culture. Hostel is a 2005 Horror film written and directed by Eli Roth, starring Jay Hernandez, Derek Richardson, Jennifer The Greek Military Police ( Greek: Ελληνική Στρατιωτική Αστυνομία (ΕΣΑ generally known in English by the acronym ESA The Saw series is a Horror film franchise created by director James Wan and Screenwriter Leigh Whannell. The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — Related exhibits can also be found in places such as Niagara Falls, Las Vegas etc. The Niagara Falls are massive Waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian province of Ontario Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally , attracting millions of tourists each year. Also Torture Chamber is a song by hip hop artist Edan from his 2005 album Beauty and the Beat. Beauty and the Beat is the second full-length album by American hip hop artist Edan, released on March 29 2005 on

Cited references

  1. ^ Princeton Wordnet definition of Torture chamber
  2. ^ Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition:Chapter 3. The water cure. by Anthony Bruno. From Crime Library.com
  3. ^ The White Tower once held torture chambers within its crypt From Mysterious Britain website. Retrieved 5 March 2007
  4. ^ There was no permanent torture-chamber. The basement of the White Tower was used. But prisoners could also be tortured in their cells From Tudor website. Retrieved 5 March 2007
  5. ^ "Détournement as Civil Disobedience: Mash-ups, Re-Mixes and the Recontextualization of Sound and Images as Political Statements" A Parapolitical-Cultural Essay by James L. Cypher Presented to the MIT Media in Transition Conference “Disruptive Practices” Session April 28, 2007 quote: The Sexy Blindfold” based on the 1970s Chilean secret police torture chamber underneath a discotheque, where the loud dance music drowned out he screams of the sexual chamber of horrors below.
  6. ^ Fort Breendonk (Nazi Camp): Pictorial essay. Mentions local torture chamber
  7. ^ Torture chamber: behind Pinochet's reign of terror. Christian Century, Jan 11, 2005 by Kenneth P. Serbin
  8. ^ Nuremberg Trials Opening Address for the United States Robert Jackson statement: (Nazi) Germany became one vast torture chamber
  9. ^ a b Athens news on ESA torture chambers 2 May 2003 quote: After weeks of gruesome interrogation in the infamous military police (ESA) torture chambers, Panagoulis was sentenced to death by a court martial on November 17, 1968.
  10. ^ Political prisoners network quote: 12. 00 a. m. - 1. 00 p. m. : Commemoration and press conference at the EAT-ESA (EAT-ESA is a museum today, and it was used as a torture center of the gendarmery during the military junta)
  11. ^ Reportage without frontiers from ET (Greek National TV) Interview with Vice Admiral Konstantinos Dimitriadis Quote: The fai was filled with salt. Απειλές. Threats. Ορισμένοι μάλιστα υπέστησαν κι απειλές ηθικής τάξεως. Some even suffered threats and Ethic. Ότι οι γυναίκες τους και τα λοιπά και κάτι μονταρισμένες φωτογραφίες με σκάνδαλα να το πούμε έτσι. That women and the other something mounted photos with scandals to say. Με απειλές, με τέτοια πράγματα και υβρεολόγιο. With threats, with such things and profanity. Νυχθημερόν να παίζει κάποιο ραδιόφωνο. Nychthimeron to play a radio. Ένα ραδιόφωνο με διάφορα τραγούδια εκείνης της εποχής και τα λοιπά. A radio with various songs of the time and so on. Και μαγνητόφωνα με κραυγές για να σπάσει το ηθικό, ας πούμε. And tape with cries to break the morale, say. Αυτά και βέβαια ορισμένοι, δεν υπέστησαν όλοι με τον ίδιο τρόπο την μείωση αυτή. Those are certainly some, not all were in the same way to reduce this. Είχανε κάτι ζωστήρες. Eichane zostires something. Το κορύφωμα βέβαια ήταν του Μουστακλή ο οποίος χτυπήθηκε άσχημα και βγήκε εκτός ο άνθρωπος. The culmination of the course was Moustakli who severely beaten and got out of the man. (Translation by Google) [sic]
  12. ^ Overseas Military Portal website.quote:The Thieves Tower wasn’t a hideout for medieval criminals, but a place where they would pay for their crimes. Sic is a Latin word meaning "thus" "so" "as such" or "just as that" This museum is home to an authentic torture chamber on the tower’s first floor, which highlights the different methods of punishing criminals, and the tools of the trade, which made this torture so agonizing such as the infamous Rack. (article by Michael J. Meese 1/26/2005), retrieved 6-07-2007

See also

External links

The Psychological effects associated with Torture, or the threat of torture can be severe The US Department of Defense defines psychological warfare ( PSYWAR) as" The planned use of Propaganda and other Psychological actions
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