Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Torsen differential from an Audi quattro
Torsen differential from an Audi quattro

Torsen, (full name Torsen traction), is an automotive part, a limited-slip differential. AUDI AG, ( Xetra: NSU commonly known as Audi (aˈʊdi is a German Automobile manufacturer which produces Audi branded cars with headquarters quattro (meaning four in Italian) is the name used by Audi AG to indicate The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design development manufacture marketing and sale of Motor vehicles In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles A limited slip differential ( LSD) is a modified or derived type of differential gear arrangement that allows for some difference in rotational Velocity It was invented by American Vernon Gleasman[1] and manufactured by the Gleason Corporation. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Torsen is a contraction of Torque-Sensing.

TORSEN and TORSEN Traction are registered trademarks of JTEKT Torsen North America Inc (formerly Zexel Corporation, formerly Gleason Power Systems). A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual

Torsen differentials can be utilised in one or more positions on a motor vehicle:

As an example, on a four wheel drive vehicle, it may use either one, two, or three Torsen differentials.

Contents

Types of Torsen

There are currently three types of Torsen differentials.

  1. The original Torsen T-1 (Type A) uses crossed axis helical gears to increase internal friction. This is the page for mechanical Gears For other uses see Gear (disambiguation For the gear-like device used to drive a roller chain see Sprocket Friction is the Force resisting the relative motion of two Surfaces in contact or a surface in contact with a fluid (e The Type I can be designed for higher torque bias ratios than the Type II, but typically has higher backlash and the potential for Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) issues, and requires a precise setup/installation.
  2. The later Torsen T-2 (Type B) uses a parallel gear arrangement to achieve a similar effect. This is the page for mechanical Gears For other uses see Gear (disambiguation For the gear-like device used to drive a roller chain see Sprocket There is also a specialist application of the T-2, known as the T-2R (RaceMaster).
  3. The latest Torsen T-3 (Type C) is a planetary type differential, in that the intended torque split is not 50:50. Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a Gear system that consists of one or more outer gears or planet gears revolving about a central or A torque (τ in Physics, also called a moment (of force is a pseudo- vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about The Type C is available as single or twin version, the Torsen twin C differential has front and center differential in the same unit. [2]

The Torsen T-3 will be employed as the centre differential in all future non-Haldex Audi models with quattro four-wheel drive, current applications: 2008 Audi S4 (B7), Audi RS4 (B7), and Audi Q7. AUDI AG, ( Xetra: NSU commonly known as Audi (aˈʊdi is a German Automobile manufacturer which produces Audi branded cars with headquarters quattro (meaning four in Italian) is the name used by Audi AG to indicate Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to The Audi S4 is a high performance sport version of the Audi A4 range of cars. The Audi RS4 quattro is the top Tier and fastest performing version of the Audi A4 range (above the Audi S4) of cars. The Audi Q7 is a Full-size luxury sport utility vehicle (SUV produced by German automaker Audi Alfa Romeo uses Torsen C twin differential in Alfa Romeo 156 Crosswagon Q4 and then in 159, Brera and Spider Q4 models. Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910 The Alfa Romeo 156 (known internally as the type 932 is a Compact executive car introduced by Italian automaker Alfa Romeo at the 1997 Frankfurt Motor The Alfa Romeo 159 is a Compact executive car produced by the Italian manufacturer Alfa The Alfa Romeo Brera is a Grand tourer produced by the Italian automaker Alfa Romeo since 2005 The Alfa Romeo Brera is a Grand tourer produced by the Italian automaker Alfa Romeo since 2005 Also Toyota uses a Torsen T-3 in the center differential of the Toyota 4Runner & Lexus GX470, with manual locking feature, and GM has a Torsen T-3 centre differential in the (non rear drive) Chevrolet TrailBlazer SS. (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. The Toyota 4Runner is an SUV manufactured by Toyota and sold in countries such as the United States, Canada, Panamá, Australia is the Luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. The Lexus GX 470 is a mid-size luxury -type Sport utility vehicle (SUV sold in North American markets by Toyota 's luxury division Lexus General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. The Chevrolet TrailBlazer is a mid-size SUV produced by the Chevrolet division of American automaker General Motors.

How they work

The Torsen differential works by supporting a torque imbalance, the maximum ratio of torque imbalance being defined by the Torque Bias Ratio (TBR). When a Torsen has a 3:1 TBR, that means that one side of the differential can handle up to 75% while the other side would have to only handle 25% of applied torque. During acceleration under asymmetric traction conditions, so long as the higher traction side can handle the higher percentage of applied torque, no relative wheelspin will occur. A wheelspin, also called a peel-out, occurs when the driver of a motor vehicle accidentally or deliberately spins the wheels of the vehicle on the road before moving off When the traction difference exceeds the TBR, the slower output side of the differential receives the tractive torque of the faster wheel multiplied by the TBR; any extra torque remaining from applied torque contributes to the angular acceleration of the faster output side of the differential. Angular acceleration is the rate of change of Angular velocity over Time.

NOTE: The TBR should not be confused with the uneven torque-split feature in the planetary-type Torsen III. The planetary gearset allows a Torsen III center differential to distribute torque unevenly between front and rear axles during normal (full traction) operation without inducing wind-up in the drivetrain. This feature is independent of the Torque Bias Ratio.

Torsens in front and/or rear axles

When attempting to turn with a torque sensitive differential, the outer wheel will need to rotate more quickly relative to the differential, and the inner wheel will rotate more slowly than the differential. Friction in the differential will oppose motion, and that will work to slow the faster side and 'speed up' the slower/inner side. This leads to asymmetric torque distributions in drive wheels, matching the TBR. Cornering in this manner will reduce the torque applied to the outer tire, leading to possibly greater cornering power, unless the inner wheel is overpowered (which is easier to do than with an open differential). When the inner tire (which has less traction due to weight transfer from lateral acceleration) is overpowered, it angularly accelerates up to the outer wheel speed (small percent wheel spin) and the differential locks, and if the traction difference does not exceed the TBR, the outer wheel will then have a higher torque applied to it. If the traction difference exceeds the TBR, the outer tire gets the tractive torque of the inner wheel multiplied by the TBR, and the remaining applied torque to the differential contributes to wheel spin up.

This can lead to changing cornering characteristics, and a torque sensitive differential requires expert driving skills to catch the change from enhanced outer rear traction to reduced outer rear traction to avoid rear oversteer. Oversteer is a phenomenon that can occur in an Automobile which is attempting to turn This has allegedly led to problems in center differential applications, ie. Audi Quattro 'Spider bite', in that when cornering more power goes to the rear, and with Audi Quattro's front wheel drive-like weight distributions of roughly 57:43, the rear inner wheel loses traction, allowing for a forward torque shift. The Audi Quattro is a notable road and rally car, produced by the German automobile manufacturer Audi, part of the then Volkswagen Group This changes the cornering balance and sets up an understeer, oversteer, understeer oscillation. Understeer is a term for a Car handling condition in which during cornering the circular path of the Vehicle 's motion is of a greater radius than the circle indicated Audi actually eliminated this by adding a second torsen differential to the rear axle in the Audi V8. An axle is a central shaft for a rotating Wheel or Gear. In some cases the axle may be fixed in position with a bearing or Bushing The Audi V8 is a large luxury saloon/sedan built by Audi AG of Germany from 1988 to 1994 as the company's range-topping model and was the first Audi As a cost-cutting move, the torsen was removed and this spider bite will be re-remedied by the Torsen III center differential on the Audi Q7. The Audi Q7 is a Full-size luxury sport utility vehicle (SUV produced by German automaker Audi

When a Torsen differential is employed, the slower-moving wheel always receives more torque than the faster-moving wheel. A torque (τ in Physics, also called a moment (of force is a pseudo- vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about The Torsen T-2R RaceMaster is the only Torsen to have a preload clutch. A clutch is a mechanism for transmitting rotation which can be engaged and disengaged So even if a wheel is airborne torque is applied to the other side. If one wheel were raised in the air, the regular Torsens would act like an open differential and no torque would be transferred to the other wheel. This article deals with the concept of a differential in mechanical engineering. This is where the parking brake 'trick' can help out. If the parking brake is applied, assuming that the parking brake applies even resistance to each side, the drag to the airborne side is 'multiplied' through the differential and TBR times the drag torque is applied to the other side. So the ground side would see (TBR X drag torque) minus drag torque, and hopefully that can help restore progress either forward/backwards. In Hummer/HMMWV applications, there are both front and rear torsen differentials, so use of the main brakes will operate this 'trick' on both axles simultaneously. This article refers to the Military HMMWV not the civilian Hummer sold by General Motors The M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled

Notable Torsen users

One of the most famous uses of Torsen differentials are in many of the various Audi quattro models, notably excluding the A3 & S3 and TT (which have transverse-mounted engines and use Haldex AWD systems). AUDI AG, ( Xetra: NSU commonly known as Audi (aˈʊdi is a German Automobile manufacturer which produces Audi branded cars with headquarters quattro (meaning four in Italian) is the name used by Audi AG to indicate The Audi A3 is an Entry-level luxury car / Small family car The Audi TT is a Sports car manufactured by Audi since 1998 in Győr, Hungary, now in its second generation &mdash and available as a 2+2 A transverse engine is an Engine in which the Crankshaft is oriented side-to-side relative to the length of the vehicle

It is also used, for example, in the Toyota Supra and Toyota Soarer (or Lexus SC430), the B5 platform revision of the Volkswagen Passat 4motion (based upon the Audi A4), and some versions of the Mazda MX-5/Miata. Mark I (1979-1981 1979 In 1978 Toyota began production of the Mark I Supra in Japan, as the Toyota Celica XX. The Toyota Soarer was a personal luxury GT Coupé sold by Toyota in Japan from 1981 to 2004 The Lexus SC series is a personal luxury Coupé sold by Lexus. The Volkswagen Passat is a Family car built by Volkswagen through six design generations since 1973 4motion is a registered trademark of Volkswagen Group (Volkswagen AG, used for naming Four-wheel drive (4WD systems used exclusively on Volkswagen -branded The Audi A4 is a Compact executive car produced by the German automaker Audi since 1994 Generations and overview Now in its third generation the MX5's first generation the NA, sold over 400000 units from 1989 to 1997 &mdash with a Straight-4 The Lancia Delta Integrale also had a Torsen differential. Lancia Delta S4The Lancia Delta is a Small family car produced by Italian automaker Lancia with the first generation being produced between 1979 and 1994 the second

The HMMWV or Humvee uses two Torsens, front and rear, with a normal manually lockable center differential (NVG242HD AMG transfer case) in the center. This article refers to the Military HMMWV not the civilian Hummer sold by General Motors The M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled

Torsen applications

Center

Front and rear axles

Front axle only

Rear axle only

See also

References

  1. ^ Inventor Of Automotive Technologies - Vernon Gleasman's Legacy. The Nissan Sentra is a Compact car made by Automaker Nissan Motors and is generally a rebadged export version of the Japanese Nissan Sunny The Oldsmobile Calais, renamed the Cutlass Calais for 1988 was a Compact car produced by the Oldsmobile division of General Motors from 1985 Overview The Oldsmobile Achieva was introduced in 1992 and was a Front-wheel drive Compact car based on the GM N platform with Pontiac The Rover 200 Coupé was a car produced by the Rover Group, based on the Rover 200 Mark II The Mazdaspeed3 or Mazdaspeed Axela is a Sport compact Hatchback introduced by Mazdaspeed for the 2007 model year as a performance-enhanced The Honda Accord is series of midrange Automobile manufactured by Honda since 1976 and sold in most automotive markets throughout the world Honda Automobile Type R models are special performance editions of their respective model families Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910 The Alfa Romeo 155 is a Compact executive car produced under the Italian Alfa Romeo Marque between 1992 and 1998 The Alfa Romeo 164 was an Executive car with saloon body produced by the Italian Automaker Alfa Romeo from 1988 to 1997 For the 1999-present F-250 and higher models see Ford Super Duty. The Honda S2000 is a Roadster manufactured by the Japanese automaker Honda Motor Company. Lancia Delta S4The Lancia Delta is a Small family car produced by Italian automaker Lancia with the first generation being produced between 1979 and 1994 the second ( is a Japanese automotive manufacturer based in Hiroshima, Japan. Generations and overview Now in its third generation the MX5's first generation the NA, sold over 400000 units from 1989 to 1997 &mdash with a Straight-4 The Mazda RX-7 is a Sports car produced by the Japanese automaker Mazda from 1978 to 2002 The Mazda RX-8 is a Sports car manufactured by Mazda Motor Corporation. The Subaru Impreza WRX STI (formerly STi, officially changed in 2006 is the highest standard-edition trim in the Subaru Impreza Compact car line Mark I (1979-1981 1979 In 1978 Toyota began production of the Mark I Supra in Japan, as the Toyota Celica XX. A limited slip differential ( LSD) is a modified or derived type of differential gear arrangement that allows for some difference in rotational Velocity theautochannel. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
  2. ^ Alfa Romeo Brera. autozine. org. Retrieved on 2008-05-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.

External links


© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic