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Roman tonsure
Roman tonsure

Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches, mystics, Buddhist novices and monks, and some Hindu temples of cutting the hair from the scalp of clerics, devotees or holy people as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. The scalp is the anatomical area bordered by the Face anteriorly and the Neck to the sides and posteriorly

Contents

History

The origin of the tonsure remains unclear but it certainly was not widely known in antiquity. There were three forms of tonsure known in the 7th and 8th centuries:

These claimed origins are possibly unhistorical; the earliest history of the tonsure is lost in obscurity. This practice is not improbably connected with the idea that long hair is the mark of a freeman, while the shaven head marks the slave (in the religious sense: a servant of God). Head shaving is the practice of Shaving the Hair from a person 's head, either completely or nearly As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Servant of God is a title given to certain people in several different Religions but in general usage the phrase "servant of God" is used as a description of a person

Yet another theory is that the tonsure mimics male pattern baldness in an attempt to lend artificial respectability to men too young to display the real thing. Interviewed in the documentary A Hole in the Head, Amanda Feilding, an advocate of trepanation, related her theory that linked the tonsure to this practice. Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality Trepanation (also known as trepanning, trephination, trephining or burr hole) is surgery in which a hole is Drilled or scraped into

Among the Germanic tribes there appeared the custom that an unsuccessful pretender or a dethroned king would be tonsured. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic A pretender is a claimant to an abolished throne or to a throne already occupied by somebody else Then, he had to retire to a monastery but sometimes this lasted only until his hair grew back.

Tonsure today

Christianity

Western Christianity

In the Latin or Western Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, "first tonsure" was, in medieval times, the rite of inducting someone into the clergy and qualifying him for the civil benefits then enjoyed by clerics. The Latin Rite is one of the 23 Sui iuris Particular Churches within the Catholic Church. Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. A cleric ( Ancient Greek κληρικός - klērikos clergyman (pl Tonsure was a prerequisite for receiving the minor and major orders. The minor orders are the lowest ranks in the Christian clergy. The term major orders or sacred orders was a part of the clerical terminology of the Roman Catholic Church until shortly after the Second Vatican Council Failing to maintain tonsure was the equivalent of attempting to abandon one's clerical state, and in the 1917 Code of Canon Law, any cleric in minor orders (or simply tonsured) who did not resume the tonsure within a month after being warned by his Ordinary, lost the clerical state. Over time, the appearance of tonsure varied, ending up for non-monastic clergy as generally consisting of a symbolic cutting of a few tufts of hair at first tonsure in the Sign of the Cross and in wearing a bare spot on the back of the head which varied according to the degree of orders. It was not supposed to be less than the size of a communicant's host, even for a tonsuratus, someone simply tonsured, and the approximate size for a priest's tonsure was the size of a priest's host. Countries that were not Catholic had exceptions to this rule, especially in the English-speaking world. In England and America, for example, the bare spot was dispensed with, likely because of the persecutions that could arise from being a part of the Catholic clergy, but the ceremonious cutting of the hair in the first clerical tonsure was always required. In accordance with Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Ministeria quaedam of 15 August 1972, "first tonsure is no longer conferred". Pope A motu proprio ( Latin "on his own impulse" is a document issued by the Pope on his own initiative and personally signed by him Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Since that time, however, certain institutes have been authorized to use the first clerical tonsure, such as the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter(1988), the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest (1990), and the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney, (2001). The Priestly Fraternity of St Peter (In Latin: Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri - FSSP) is a group of Traditionalist Catholic priests Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest (Latin Institutum Christi Regis Summi Sacerdotis is a society of Priests in the Catholic Church that celebrates Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney was established on Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Apart from this general clerical tonsure, some Western Rite monastic orders, for example Carthusians and Trappists, employed a very full version of tonsure, shaving the head entirely bald and keeping only a narrow ring of short hair, sometimes called "the monastic crown" (see "Roman tonsure", above), from the time of entrance into the monastic novitiate for all monks, whether destined for service as priests or brothers. Latin liturgical rites used within that area of the Roman Catholic Church where the Latin language once dominated (the Latin Rite or Western Catholic Church The Carthusian Order, also called the Order of St Bruno, is a Roman Catholic religious order of enclosed monastics. Trappist redirects here This article is about the Cistercian order Novitiate, alt noviciate, is the period of training and preparation that a Novice (or prospective) monastic or member Some monastic orders and individual monasteries still maintain the tradition of a monastic tonsure.

The fuller form of clerical tonsure led to the wearing of a skull cap in church to keep the head warm. This skull cap, called a zuchetto, is still worn by the Pope (in white), Cardinals (in red) and bishops (in purple) both during and outside of formal religious ceremonies. The zucchetto (plural zucchetti, Italian for "small Gourd " also called pileolus, is a small skullcap worn by clerics History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Priests may wear a simple black zuchetto, only outside of religious services, though this is almost never seen except as a practical garment used for warmth by some monks. Some priests who held special titles (certain ranks of monsignori and some canons, for instance) formerly wore black zuchettos with red or purple piping, but this too has fallen out of use except in a few, extremely rare cases.

The Celtic tonsure

This is discussed above.

Eastern Christianity

Today in Eastern Orthodoxy and in the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite, there are three types of tonsure: baptismal, monastic, and clerical. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See The Byzantine Rite, sometimes called the Rite of Constantinople or Constantinopolitan Rite, is the liturgical rite used currently (in various languages In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective In general religious use ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is set apart as Clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies It always consists of the cutting of four locks of hair in a cruciform pattern: at the front of head as the celebrant says "In the Name of the Father", at the back of head at the words "and the Son", and on either side of the head at the words "and the Holy Spirit". In all cases, the hair is allowed to grow back; the tonsure as such is not adopted as a hairstyle.

Baptismal tonsure is performed during the rite of Holy Baptism as a first sacrificial offering by the newly baptized. Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" This tonsure is always performed, whether the one being baptized is an infant or an adult.

Monastic tonsure (of which there are three grades: Rassophore, Stavrophore and the Great Schema), is the rite of initiation into the monastic state, symbolic of cutting off of self-will. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective The Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism are the stages an Eastern Orthodox Monk or Nun passes through in their religious vocation The Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism are the stages an Eastern Orthodox Monk or Nun passes through in their religious vocation Orthodox monks traditionally never cut their hair or beards after receiving the monastic tonsure as a sign of the consecration of their lives to God (reminiscent of the Vow of the Nazirite). A nazirite or nazarite, (in Hebrew: נזיר nazir) refers to a Jew who took the Ascetic vow described in.

Clerical tonsure is done prior to ordination to any rank, such as reader. In some Christian churches the Reader is responsible for reading aloud excerpts of the Scripture at a Liturgy. [1] This led to a once common usage that one was, for instance, "tonsured a reader", although technically the rite of tonsure occurred prior to the ordination.

Buddhism

In Buddhism tonsure is a part of the rite of pabbajja and also a part of becoming a monk. Pabbajja ( Pali; Skt pravrajya) literally means "to go forth" and refers to when a layperson leaves home to MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective This involves shaving head and face. This tonsure is renewed as often as required to keep the head cleanly shaven, and some Chinese Buddhist monks will also have 6, 9 or 12 dots on the top of the head, the result of burning the shaven scalp with the tip of a smoking incense stick. Incense is composed of Aromatic biotic materials It releases fragrant Smoke when burned

Hinduism

In Hinduism, the underlying concept is that hair is a symbolic offering to the gods, representing a real sacrifice of beauty, and in return, are given blessings in proportion to their sacrifice. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent.

Hair cutting (Sanskrit cuda karma, cuda karana) is one of traditional saṃskāras performed for young children:

"According to the teaching of the revealed texts, the Kudakarman (tonsure) must be performed, for the sake of spiritual merit, by all twice-born men in the first or third year. Haircut redirects here For the financial term see Haircut (finance. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Samskaram ( Sanskrit saṃskāraṃ "accomplishment embellishment consecration" Hindi Sanskar) are Vedic Rites of passage finding Dvija ( Sanskrit twice born) is one of the members of the first three Varnas in Hindu Dharma. "[2]

In some traditions the head is shaven completely while in others a small tuft of hair called sikha is left. The sikha or shikha is a Sanskrit word that refers to a long tuft or Lock of hair left on top or on the back of the shaven head of a male Orthodox

In some South Indian temples like Tirumala it is customary for pilgrims to shave their heads as a sacrifice to God. South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union

There has been an Indian custom to perform a tonsure on widows after their husbands' death. It is not uncommon to tonsure head of child after death of a parent (usually father).

Islam

It is often customary for pilgrims on the Hajj to shave their heads before entering Mecca as a sign of their rejection of vanity and for cleanliness. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored

References

  1. ^ In the West, the minor orders were those of porter, lector, exorcist and acolyte, and the major orders were subdiaconate, diaconate and priesthood, with the rank of bishop usually being considered a fuller form of priesthood. The Latin Rite is one of the 23 Sui iuris Particular Churches within the Catholic Church. The minor orders are the lowest ranks in the Christian clergy. An ostiarius, a Latin word sometimes anglicized as Ostiary but often literally translated as porter or Doorman, originally was a servant In some Christian churches the Reader is responsible for reading aloud excerpts of the Scripture at a Liturgy. In some religions an exorcist (also called a witchman) is a person who is believed to be able to cast out the Devil or other Demon. This article is about religious acolytes For other uses see Acolyte (disambiguation. The term major orders or sacred orders was a part of the clerical terminology of the Roman Catholic Church until shortly after the Second Vatican Council Subdeacon (or sub-deacon is a title used in various branches of Christianity. Deacon is a role in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind but which varies among theological and denominational traditions A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities In the East, the minor orders were those of reader and subdeacon, as now in the Latin Rite, which, however, except in a very few countries, prefers the denomination "acolyte" to that of "subdeacon", and which now clearly distinguishes the three orders of episcopate, presbyterate and diaconate. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world
  2. ^ Manu samhita 2. 35, Georg Bühler translation

Sources

See also

External links

Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The first Haircut for a human has special significance in certain cultures and religions Monasticism (from Greek μοναχός, monachos, derived from Greek monos, alone is the religious practice in which one The Mundan ceremony, or Chadakarana, is a Hindu rite or Saṃskāra, in which a child receives his/her First haircut. A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion usually The sikha or shikha is a Sanskrit word that refers to a long tuft or Lock of hair left on top or on the back of the shaven head of a male Orthodox A lock of hair is a piece or pieces of Hair that has been cut from or remains singly on a human head most commonly bunched or tied together in some way

Dictionary

tonsure

-verb

  1. (Christianity) The often ritual shaving of the crown of the head as a sign of humility and one's religious vocation. Some tonsures were more dramatic than others, leaving only a fringe of hair. Abolished by Vatican II in the Roman Catholic Church.

-noun

  1. The bald patch resulting from being tonsured.
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