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Tonbridge School
Motto Deus Dat Incrementum
(God Gives Growth)
Established 1553
Type Public school
Headmaster Mr. An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying upon private sources for all of its funding predominantly in the form of school fees Tim Haynes
Founder Sir Andrew Judde
Location Tonbridge
Kent
TN9 1JP
England Flag of England
Students c. 770
Gender Boys
Ages 13 to 18
Houses 7 boarding, 5 day
School colours Black and White

         
Website www.tonbridge-school.co.uk
Coordinates: <span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for Expression error: Unexpected < operator°Expression error: Unexpected < operator′Expression error: Unexpected < operator″Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character "," 0°16′35″E">Expression error: Unexpected < operator°Expression error: Unexpected < operator′Expression error: Unexpected < operator″Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character "," 0°16′35″E / 51.200070,, 0.276450

Tonbridge School is a British independent all boys boarding school in Tonbridge, founded in 1553 by Sir Andrew Judde. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located An independent school is a school which is not dependent upon national or local Government for financing its operation and is instead operated by tuition charges gifts and A boarding school is a School where some or all pupils not only study but also live during term time with their fellow students and possibly teachers Tonbridge (historic spelling Tunbridge) is a Market town in the English county of Kent, with a population of 30340 in 2007 It is a member of the Eton Group. The Eton Group consists of 12 well known independent schools in the United Kingdom, the most famous of which is Eton College

The school occupies an extensive site of about 150 acres (607,000 m²) on the northern edge of the town of Tonbridge, Kent, and is largely self-contained within that site. Tonbridge (historic spelling Tunbridge) is a Market town in the English county of Kent, with a population of 30340 in 2007 KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format Since the foundation the school has been rebuilt twice on the original site.

There are currently approximately 770 boys in the school, aged between 13 and 18, with around 440 boarders and 330 day pupils.

The current Headmaster is Tim Haynes, who has been in post since September 2005. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was previously Headmaster of Monmouth School. Monmouth School is a Public school for boys in Monmouth, Monmouthshire in south east Wales.

Contents

History

The school was founded in 1553 by Sir Andrew Judde under the Letters Patent of King Edward VI. Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine

The Charter ordained that the Governors of the school after the death of the Founder were to be the Worshipful Company of Skinners, one of the oldest City Livery Companies. A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified The Worshipful Company of Skinners (known as The Skinners' Company) is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London.

Sir Andrew, himself a distinguished member of this Company, left property in the City of London and in the parish of St Pancras as an endowment for the school. For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically The income from these estates is at the disposal of the Governors for the general benefit of the Foundation. The memory of Sir Andrew Judd and other benefactors is honoured in an annual Commemoration Service, held on Skinners' Day at the very end of the Summer Term. An academic term is a division of an academic year the time during which a School, College or University holds classes

The school first really began to flourish in the C19th when it and other Public Schools supplied the demand for capable men to administer and soldier for the British Empire. It is recorded that alumni served in the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, the Boer War and even under the 8th Earl of Elgin during the Second Opium War. Indeed Headmaster Knox once noted that "wherever the Union Flag stands o'ershadowed, there you will find a Tonbridge boy ready to bring it into the light".

The Edwardian period saw considerable sporting success for the school. In 1905 and 1906 its 1st XI cricket team enjoyed two unbeaten seasons under its captain, Archibald Featherstonehaugh (pronounced "Fanshaw"). In the years that followed Tonbridge produced many first class cricketers, culminating ultimately in Colin Cowdrey in the late 1940s.

World War I

The school suffered heavy losses during the Great War. Not only were many alumni killed, but also several members of staff who volunteered for service. The fabric of the school was unscathed, although in 1916 a German zeppelin passed over Tonbridge, without dropping any bombs.

World War II

In June 1941 a V1 bomb launched by the Nazis almost succeeded in killing Headmaster Eric Whitworth when it landed near Ferox Hall. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A bomb dropped by a lone German bomber almost destroyed the Chapel earlier in the War.

However, papers found by the Allies after the fall of Berlin suggested that Hitler's staff intended to make Tonbridge School the Upper-Medway regional HQ for occupying forces, had Operation Sealion gone ahead. Operation Sealion (Unternehmen Seelöwe was Germany's plan to invade the United Kingdom during World War II, beginning in 1940

During the War an anti-tank trench was dug alongside the Head (the school's main cricket pitch). The OTC (Officer Training Corps) issued the groundsmen with grenades, rifles and German phrase-books.

On the recommendation of Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside, Chief of the Imperial General Staff and an Old Tonbridgian, an evacuation plan was drawn up by the school in case of a German invasion. Field Marshal William Edmund Ironside 1st Baron Ironside GCB, CMG, CBE, DSO ( 6 May 1880 - 22 September Boys were to disperse across the country while teachers formed resistance cells.

Post-War years

Lawrence Waddy took over as Headmaster in 1949. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Tonbridge he inherited was still a largely Victorian institution; fagging and ritual caning were still in place, and sport was considered more important than academia. Over the next 40 years fagging was abolished (ending in 1965), the intellectual life of the school was revitalised (particularly under the Headmastership of the scholarly Michael McCrum), and 1st Year Socials were set up with neighbouring girls' schools. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Michael William McCrum CBE ( 23 May 1924 – February 16, 2005) was an English Academic and ancient historian By the 1990s the school was larger and richer than ever before, regularly appearing in the top 50 in independent schools examination league tables. The Headmaster until 2005 was Martin Hammond. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In recent years, Tonbridge has become well-known and respected for its sporting achievements. Tonbridge's 1st XV rugby team was undefeated for 3 straight seasons (2004/5, 2005/6 and 2006/7), against opponents such as Wellington, Radley, Dulwich College, Eton and Harrow. Furthermore, the 1st XI Hockey team was unbeaten in its regular fixtures in the 2006/7 season, while the Athletics squad has enjoyed two unbeaten seasons - 2005/6 and 2006/7.

Notable Old Tonbridgians

See also: Category:Old Tonbridgians

This list may be incomplete and may contain inaccuracies. A list of confirmed notable Old Tonbridgians is available on this page of the school website.

Houses

There are twelve houses at Tonbridge School; 7 boarding, and 5 day houses. William Alexander (1824&ndash1911 was an Irish cleric in the Church of Ireland. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year A poet is a person who writes Poetry. 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Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a Michael Colin Cowdrey Baron Cowdrey of Tonbridge, Kt, CBE ( December 24, 1932 - December 4, 2000) was an English Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Kent County Cricket Club is one of the 18 first class county county cricket clubs which make up the English domestic Cricket structure representing England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries The Honourable Christopher Stuart "Chris" Cowdrey (born 20 October 1957 in Farnborough) is a former English Cricketer Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Glamorgan County Cricket Club (Criced Morgannwg is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English and Welsh national Cricket structure The England cricket team is the national cricket team which represents England and Wales. A presenter, or host (sometimes hostess, in feminine form is a Person or Organization responsible for running an event Graham Robert Cowdrey (born 27 June 1964) was an English Cricketer. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Sir Sherard Louis Cowper-Coles KCMG LVO (born in London England on January 8 1955) is a British Diplomat Aleister Crowley, born Edward Alexander Crowley (ˈkroʊli (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947 was a British Occultist Writer, mountaineer The word occult comes from the Latin word occultus (clandestine hidden secret referring to "knowledge of the hidden" Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity The sexual revolution refers to the well-documented changes in social thought and codes of behaviour related to sexuality throughout the Western world that continues to evolve Maurice Denham OBE (born as William Maurice Denham on December 23 1909 at Beckenham, Kent; died July 24 2002 Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Richard Mark Ellison (born September 21, 1959, Willesborough, Kent) is a former English Cricketer who played in 11 The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kent County Cricket Club is one of the 18 first class county county cricket clubs which make up the English domestic Cricket structure representing England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Oliver Freeman is past Double Junior European Triathlon Champion and a Double Junior World Duathlon Champion Edward Morgan Forster OM, CH (1 January 1879–7 June 1970 was an English novelist Short story writer Essayist, and Librettist A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Frederick Forsyth, CBE (born August 25, 1938) is an English author and occasional political commentator A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story William Donald Hamilton, FRS ( 1 August 1936 &mdash 7 March 2000) was a British Evolutionary biologist Chris Hollins (born 20 March 1971 is an English Journalist, Presenter and Sportsman, currently employed by the BBC and best known John William Hollins MBE (born July 16, 1946) is an English former football player and coach Charles William Henry Howard (born 7 November 1904) is a retired English Cricketer. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Middlesex County Cricket Club is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English and Welsh domestic Cricket structure representing the historic county Richard David Hughes (born 8 September, 1975, in Gravesend, Kent) is the Drummer for the English Piano rock Keane (kiːn are an English Piano rock band, first established in Battle, East Sussex in 1995, and taking their current A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a Field Marshal William Edmund Ironside 1st Baron Ironside GCB, CMG, CBE, DSO ( 6 May 1880 - 22 September Sidney Arthur Kilworth Keyes ( May 27, 1922, Dartford, Kent &mdash 19 April 1943, Tunisia) was an English A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Harold Stephen Langhorne ( 17 September 1866 Bordyke, Tonbridge, Kent, England and died Barnwood, Gloucester James Archibald Dunboyne Langhorne (born 24th February 1879 and died at St John's Wood, London, England on the 11th May 1950 was a Brigadier Richard Michael Harris Marriott was head of the London Stock exchange in 1975 and in the same year was Master of the Skinners Company. Sir Arthur Gregory George Marshall, OBE, ( 4 December 1903 &ndash 16 March 2007) was a British aviation pioneer and businessman Tom May born 5 February, 1979 in London, England is a Rugby union player for Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short The Newcastle Falcons is a Rugby union team currently playing in the Guinness Premiership. 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Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a William Halse Rivers Rivers, FRCP, FRS, ( -) was an English Anthropologist, Neurologist, Mental health professional A psychologist is a practitioner of Psychology, the systematic investigation of the mind including Behavior, Cognition, Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Vikram Seth (विक्रम सेठ pronounced /vɪkrəm seːʈʰ/ born June 20, 1952 is an Indian Poet, Novelist, travel A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Anthony F Seldon MA PhD FRSA MBA FRHisS is a political commentator best known as Tony Blair's biographer and the Master of Wellington College. See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Wellington College, the national monument to the Duke of Wellington, is an English Co-educational public school located in the Berkshire village Air Chief Marshal Sir Andrew Wilson KCB, AFC, RAF is a retired senior Royal Air Force officer The former Royal Air Force Germany ( RAFG) was a command of the Royal Air Force and part of British Forces Germany, consisting of those units Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982 in Croydon, England is a British actor An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works David Sherwin (1942- is a British Screenwriter best known for his long collaboration with director Lindsay Anderson and Actor Screenwriters or scenarists are Scriptwriters who write the Screenplays from which Films and Television programs are made if is an award-winning 1968 Feature film by British director Lindsay Anderson satirising English public school Edward Thomas Smith, MA (born 19 July 1977, Pembury, Kent, UK) is an English Cricketer, Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Middlesex County Cricket Club is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English and Welsh domestic Cricket structure representing the historic county England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Paul Tanqueray ( 14 January, 1905 - September 1991 was an English photographer. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Sir Peter Hannay Bailey Tapsell (born 1 February 1930) is a politician in the United Kingdom. David Cecil MacAlister Tomlinson (7 May 1917 – 24 June 2000 was an English film Actor. 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An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Father Arthur Tooth SSC (1839–1931 a Ritualist and Clergyman in the Church of England, and a member of the Society of the Holy Cross The Society of the Holy Cross (SSC is an international Anglo-Catholic society of priests with members in the Anglican Communion, the Continuing Anglican Movement The terms Anglo-Catholic and Anglo-Catholicism (or sometimes possibly incorrectly High Church &mdashsee below describe people A cleric ( Ancient Greek κληρικός - klērikos clergyman (pl this article is on the Anglican church in particular See Orthopraxis for ritualism in general Sir David Clive Crosbie Trench, GCMG, MC, DL ( 2 June 1915-1988 was a British soldier and colonial governor Tim Waterstone (born 1939 in Glasgow, Scotland) is the chairman of the HMV Media Group plc which includes the United Kingdom bookselling Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Benjamin "Ben" Whitrow (born 17 February 1937 in Oxford, England) is a British actor Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Andrew Zaltzman is a British comedian Since John Oliver went to New York to work on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Andy Zaltzman has performed a one-man stand-up Each house has its own house colours. The Houses, in order of foundation:

School House Boarding Black and blue

         
Judde House Boarding Magenta and black

         
Park House Boarding White, purple

         
Hill Side Boarding Red and black

         
Parkside Boarding Yellow and amphibione

         
Ferox Hall Boarding Orange and yellow

         
Manor House Boarding Green and red

         
Welldon House Day Light and dark blue

         
Smythe House Day Chocolate and Cerise

         
Whitworth Day Green and white

         
Cowdrey House Day Purple and green

         
Oakeshott House Day Scarlet and Gold

         

Each house contains approximately 65 students. The names are all drawn from the location of the house itself e. g Park House, Parkside House, School House (originally located in the main school building) and Hill Side, or are names of benefactors, headmasters and others who have left their mark on the school over the years e. g Smythe House, named after Sir Thomas Smythe (see also Smythe Library), or Judde House, named after the founder of the school, Whitworth and Welldon are both named after headmasters of the school and of course Cowdrey House, named after Colin Cowdrey, arguably the most famous Tonbridge alumnus. The only exceptions are Ferox Hall, which takes its name from the Latin for ferocious, and Manor House which was named by a former Housemaster.

Competitions between the houses are held in every field, particularly sport, but there are also other competitions such as debating and design & technology. In these competitions there are age categories: Novi (Sometimes form Junior with 2nd year), Junior ( Either Novi and 2nd year, or 2nd and 3rd year) and Senior (Either 3rd Year and 6th form or 6th form). One of these is the inter-house shooting competition, as the winning house is awarded the magnificent Hansard Trophy, named after Cornelius Hansard, an Old Tonbridgian. The trophy is currently held by School House for the second year running (2006 & 2007). The most prestigious of these trophies are the senior house match trophies for each of the three main sports (rugby, hockey and cricket) which have been dominated in recent years by Park House.

Buildings

Recent additions to the school's infrastructure have been the Vere Hodge Centre and the E. M. Forster theatre. Both are of modernist design, incorporating quantities of glass and steel.

The Chapel was reopened in October 1995 after it was severely damaged by fire in 1988. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The Marcussen organ is a four-manual tracker-action instrument with 66 speaking stops, including two 32' stops. Marcussen & Søn, known as Marcussen and previously as Marcussen & Reuter, is a Danish firm of organ builders

The Smythe Library, built in 1962, was designed by Sir William Holford in 1962. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It contains approximately 26,000 volumes, some of which have been in the school's possession since the 17th century.

Now offices, the former Headmaster's House (located next to the High Street) is in fact the oldest part of the school, dating in parts from the 16th century. Its structure contains Roman masonry, most likely quarried from a temple to the god Priapus that is believed to have stood by the Medway near where Tonbridge Castle stands today. In Greek mythology, Priapus (Πρίαπος was a minor rustic fertility god protector of Livestock, fruit plants gardens and male Genitalia.

Old Judd, which now houses the Modern Languages Department, was built in the 19th century and is remarkable for the enclosed terrace garden at its rear. The reason that the garden is raised several feet above ground level is that it was in fact built directly on top of the building that formerly occupied the site.

Facilities

Tonbridge School is well known in the local community for its excellent facilities, particularly its sport facilities. It has three hockey astros - one floodlit water based astro and two sand based astros, which are used by Tunbridge Wells Hockey Club and Sevenoaks Hockey Club as well as by the School itself in the Lent term. It has a six lane floodlit tartan athletics track, which is used extensively all year round by Tonbridge Athletics Club, and which Kelly Holmes was often seen to be training on. The School is also famous for its extremely well maintained pitches - indeed, the main cricket pitch (The Head) is often used for county level cricket matches.

Thanks to donations, the new sports centre has now opened and on Friday, 13th June 2008 it was opened officially by Lord Sebastian Coe. The new sports centre complex includes a new swimming pool, indoor sport facilities (such as indoor hockey), a gym, and a sports studio where activities such as fencing, judo, karate and table tennis take place. Due to its excellent location overlooking the athletics track and water based astro pitch, the new centre now forms an integral part of the local sporting community.

Tonbridge terminology

Novi - New boys in the school i. e Year 9 boys

Block - Lined paper

The Pound - School Shop

The Head - 1stXI cricket pitch

The Fifty - 1stXV rugby pitch

Rustication - Suspension

Minors - Fives, Cross Country and Sailing

Cras - The School Cross Country race for pupils and staff. The oldest school competition.

Prae - Prefect

Motto and traditions

The school's motto (Deus Dat Incrementum) is not to be confused with that of Westminster School, London (Dat Deus Incrementum). The Royal College of St Peter in Westminster, almost always known as Westminster School, is one of Britain 's leading boys' Independent schools with The two have quite different meanings due to their word order. Whereas Tonbridge's lays emphasis on the fact that God, and nobody else, gives growth, Westminster's emphasises the fact that God gives growth and does not, for example, receive it, buy it or rent it. However, the motto "Dat Deus Incrementum" can be seen on the main school building at the entrance to the Physics department. The motto is the same as that of Marlborough College. Marlborough College is an English independent, Co-educational Boarding school in the county of Wiltshire.

In Tonbridge terminology 1st Year boys are known as novi (rhyming with "no guy") which in Latin means "new males". However, according to Classical Latin pronunciation, the word should actually be pronounced as "no vee". To an Ancient Roman's ears the Tonbridge pronunciation would indicate the Latin word novae, which unfortunately means "new women".

Other Information

Combined Cadet Force

The School has a CCF (Combined Cadet Force) contingent, which most of the Fourth Form (14-15 year old Boys) are a part of, and which many older boys keep on as an activity right up to and including their last year at school, the Upper Sixth, by which time, they have become Non-Commissioned Officers[1], and are helping to run the contingent by teaching the younger boys. The Combined Cadet Force (CCF is a Ministry of Defence sponsored youth organisation in the United Kingdom. This allows them to exercise leadership skills which they have been taught as they have moved up through the ranks, and through the school. The Army Section is affiliated with the Princess of Wales' Royal Regiment (PWRR). "PWRR" redirects here For the railroad with these reporting marks see Portland and Western Railroad. [2]

The CCF was last inspected by Colonel Knaggs OBE[3] on 14th March having recently returned from Afghanistan. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

See also

References

  1. ^ Sixth form and the CCF (HTML). The Judd School is a voluntary aided Grammar school in the town of Tonbridge in Kent, England. The Skinners' School (formally The Skinners' Company's School for Boys) is a grammar school and was opened in Royal Tunbridge Wells in 1887 Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
  2. ^ Tonbridge School CCF home (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
  3. ^ [Colonel Knaggs, OBE Inspection] (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling

Further reading

External links

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