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The first Tom Swift book.
The first Tom Swift book.

Tom Swift is the young protagonist in several series of juvenile adventure novels which began in the early twentieth century and continues to the present. Each such series stars a hero named Tom Swift who is a genius inventor and whose breakthroughs in technology (especially transport technology) drive the plots of the novels, placing them in a genre sometimes called "invention fiction" or "Edisonade". Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another " Edisonade " is a modern term coined in 1993 by John Clute in his & Peter Nicholls ' The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, for stories Some of the later heroes might be considered the same character after a rebooted continuity, but in at least one series, Tom Swift was identified as a relative of the original Tom Swift. Reboot, in serial Fiction, means a discarding of much or even all previous continuity in the series to start anew The first books were outlined by Edward Stratemeyer and his Stratemeyer Syndicate, written by ghostwriters and all credited to the house name of Victor Appleton. Edward Stratemeyer ( October 4, 1862 &ndash May 10, 1930) Born in Elizabeth New Jersey, he was an American Publisher The Stratemeyer Syndicate was the producer of a number of series for children and adults including the Nancy Drew mysteries The Hardy Boys, the various Tom Swift Victor Appleton was a house pseudonym used by the Stratemeyer Syndicate, most famous for being associated with the Tom Swift series of books

Contents

Series overview

The first and second series are connected directly and constitute one continuous saga, beginning with Tom Swift ("Senior") and proceeding with stories about his son Tom Swift Junior, the original character and others from the first series making frequent appearances in the second. The third series has a young character named Tom Swift, but strict continuity with the preceding series was dropped, the milieu was futuristic and the theme was less "invention" than interstellar exploration. The fourth and fifth series, each independent of its series predecessors, returned to the "young inventor" plotting approach, though, in the case of Tom Swift IV, with a stronger science-fiction element than was usual in the original Tom Swift or Tom Swift Jr. series. The traditional pseudonym of "Victor Appleton" ("Victor Appleton II" in Tom Swift Jr. Victor Appleton was a house pseudonym used by the Stratemeyer Syndicate, most famous for being associated with the Tom Swift series of books ) was used for all five series by their authors, fleshing out plots and formulae provided by series owners and editors. The later series have had brief runs in comparison to the first two series.

Original Tom Swift series (1910-1941)

The locale is the little town of Shopton in upstate New York, near Lake Carlopa. Upstate New York is the region of New York State north of the core of the New York metropolitan area. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous In comparison to son Tom Jr. , Tom Sr. 's aerial, mechanical, and electrical inventions are closer to the real world state-of-the-art at the time of their writing. While some of Tom Sr. 's inventions are not well-founded in a scientific sense, others elaborated developments in the news and in popular magazines aimed at young science and invention enthusiasts. Presenting themselves as a forecast of future possibilities, they now and then hit close to the mark. Some predicted inventions that came true include "photo telephones", vertical takeoff aircraft, aerial warships, giant cannons, and "wizard" cameras. A videophone, also known by the trademarked name Picturephone, is a Telephone which is capable of both audio and Video Duplex transmission VTOL is an abbreviation for Vertical Take-Off and Landing. VTOL describes Fixed-wing aircraft that can lift off vertically However some other devices, such as magnetic silencers for motors, have not appeared yet.

Tom's adventures are also more closely tied to events and public issues of the time than are the later series. Tom used his Electric Runabout to avert a run on a bank. A bank run (also known as a run on the bank) occurs when a large number of Bank customers withdraw their deposits because they believe the bank is or might During the Great War, Tom was secretly working on his War Tank and could not enlist, leading to fears that he was a slacker. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The term slacker is commonly used to refer to a person who avoids work or (primarily in North American English an educated person who is antimaterialistic and viewed Several of his inventions related to the war. He was called Tom Swift Senior after Tom Swift Junior appeared in the subsequent series.

Editorially directed and plotted by Edward Stratemeyer and, later, by his daughter Harriet, the books appeared under the pseudonym Victor Appleton, but were actually written by Howard Garis for most of the novels, and W. Edward Stratemeyer ( October 4, 1862 &ndash May 10, 1930) Born in Elizabeth New Jersey, he was an American Publisher Harriet Adams ( December 11 1892 in Newark New Jersey as Harriet Stratemeyer – March 27, 1982) was an American A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) Victor Appleton was a house pseudonym used by the Stratemeyer Syndicate, most famous for being associated with the Tom Swift series of books Howard Roger Garis, ( 25 April 1873, Binghamton, New York – 6 November 1962, Amherst, Massachusetts Bert Foster, John Duffield, and Thomas M. John Duffield is a Knightsbridge based London financier who is credited with building two fund management groups Jupiter Asset Management and New Star Asset Mitchell for a few others. Like the series and character, the pseudonym was created by Stratemeyer as part of his Stratemeyer Syndicate. The Stratemeyer Syndicate was the producer of a number of series for children and adults including the Nancy Drew mysteries The Hardy Boys, the various Tom Swift

Several researchers and authors (most notably John Dizer) have noted a parallel between Tom Swift's early career and that of real-life aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss. Glenn Hammond Curtiss ( 21 May 1878 &ndash 23 July 1930) was an American Aviation pioneer and founder of the Curtiss Aeroplane

Regular characters from the original Tom Swift series (1910-1941)

Books in the original Tom Swift series

  1. Tom Swift and His Motor Cycle; or, Fun and Adventure on the Road, 1910
  2. Tom Swift and His Motor Boat; or, The Rivals of Lake Carlopa, 1910
  3. Tom Swift and His Airship; or, The Stirring Cruise of the Red Cloud, 1910
  4. Tom Swift and His Submarine Boat; or, Under the Ocean for Sunken Treasure, 1910
  5. Tom Swift and His Electric Runabout; or, The Speediest Car on the Road, 1910
  6. Tom Swift and His Wireless Message; or, The Castaways of Earthquake Island, 1911
  7. Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers; or, The Secret of Phantom Mountain, 1911
  8. Tom Swift in the Caves of Ice; or, The Wreck of the Airship, 1911
  9. Tom Swift and His Sky Racer; or, The Quickest Flight on Record, 1911
  10. Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle; or, Daring Adventures on Elephant Island, 1911
  11. Tom Swift in the City of Gold; or, Marvelous Adventures Underground, 1912
  12. Tom Swift and His Air Glider; or, Seeking the Platinum Treasure, 1912
  13. Tom Swift in Captivity; or, A Daring Escape by Airship, 1912
  14. Tom Swift and His Wizard Camera; or, Thrilling Adventures While Taking Moving Pictures, 1912
  15. Tom Swift and His Great Searchlight; or, On the Border for Uncle Sam, 1912
  16. Tom Swift and His Giant Cannon; or, The Longest Shots on Record, 1913
  17. Tom Swift and His Photo Telephone; or, The Picture That Saved a Fortune, 1914
  18. Tom Swift and His Aerial Warship; or, The Naval Terror of the Seas, 1915
  19. Tom Swift and His Big Tunnel; or, The Hidden City of the Andes, 1916
  20. Tom Swift In the Land of Wonders; or, The Underground Search for the Idol of Gold, 1917
  21. Tom Swift and His War Tank; or, Doing His Bit for Uncle Sam, 1918
  22. Tom Swift and His Air Scout; or, Uncle Sam's Mastery of the Sky, 1919
  23. Tom Swift and His Undersea Search; or, The Treasure on the Floor of the Atlantic, 1920
  24. Tom Swift Among the Fire Fighters; or, Battling with Flames in the Air, 1921
  25. Tom Swift and His Electric Locomotive; or, Two Miles a Minute on the Rails, 1922
  26. Tom Swift and His Flying Boat; or, Castaways of the Giant Iceberg, 1923
  27. Tom Swift and His Great Oil Gusher; or, The Treasure of Goby Farm, 1924
  28. Tom Swift and His Chest of Secrets; or, Tracing the Stolen Inventions, 1925
  29. Tom Swift and His Airline Express; or, From Ocean to Ocean by Daylight, 1926
  30. Tom Swift Circling the Globe; or, The Daring Cruise of the Air Monarch, 1927
  31. Tom Swift and His Talking Pictures; or, The Greatest Invention on Record, 1928
  32. Tom Swift and His House on Wheels; or, A Trip around the Mountain of Mystery, 1929
  33. Tom Swift and His Big Dirigible; or, Adventures Over the Forest of Fire, 1930
  34. Tom Swift and His Sky Train; or, Overland Through the Clouds, 1931
  35. Tom Swift and His Giant Magnet; or, Bringing Up the Lost Submarine, 1932
  36. Tom Swift and His Television Detector; or, Trailing the Secret Plotters, 1933
  37. Tom Swift and His Ocean Airport; or, Foiling the Haargolanders, 1934
  38. Tom Swift and His Planet Stone; or, Discovering the Secret of Another World, 1935
  39. Tom Swift and His Giant Telescope, 1939 (Better Little Book)
  40. Tom Swift and His Magnetic Silencer, 1941 (Better Little Book)

The first 25 Tom Swift Sr. Tom Swift and His Motor Cycle, or Fun and Adventure on the Road is Volume 1 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap. Tom Swift and His Motor Boat, or The Rivals of Lake Carlopa is Volume 2 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap. Tom Swift and His Airship, or The Stirring Cruise of the Red Cloud is Volume 3 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap. Tom Swift and His Submarine Boat, or Under the Ocean for Sunken Treasure is Volume 4 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap Tom Swift and His Electric Runabout, or The Speediest Car on the Road is Volume 5 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap Tom Swift and His Wireless Message, or The Castaways of Earthquake Island, is Volume 6 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers, Or The Secret of Phantom Mountain is Volume 7 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap Tom Swift in the Caves of Ice, or The Wreck of the Airship is Volume 8 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap. Tom Swift in the Caves of Ice, or The Speediest Flight On Record is Volume 9 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle, or Daring Adventures in Elephant Land by Victor Appleton, is Volume 10 in the original Tom Swift novel series published Tom Swift in the City of Gold, or or Marvelous Adventures Underground is Volume 11 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap Tom Swift and His Air Glider, or Seeking the Platinum Treasure is Volume 12 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap. Tom Swift In Captivity, or A Daring Escape by Airship is Volume 13 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap. Tom Swift and His Wizard Camera, or Thrilling Adventures While Taking Moving Pictures is Volume 14 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Tom Swift and His Great Searchlight, or On the Border For Uncle Sam is Volume 15 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap Tom Swift and His Giant Cannon, or The Longest Shots on Record is Volume 16 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap. Tom Swift and His Photo Telephone, or The Picture That Saved A Fortune is Volume 17 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap Tom Swift and His Aerial Warship, or The Naval Terror of the Seas is Volume 18 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap Tom Swift and His Aerial Warship, or The Naval Terror of the Seas is Volume 19 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap Tom Swift In The Land of Wonders, Or The Underground Search For the Idol of Gold is Volume 20 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset Tom Swift and His War Tank, Or Doing His Bit for Uncle Sam is Volume 21 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap. Tom Swift and His Air Scout, Or Uncle Sam's Mastery of the Sky is Volume 22 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap. Tom Swift and His Undersea Search, Or The Treasure on the Floor of the Atlantic is Volume 23 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset books are in the public domain and available as downloadable texts from Project Gutenberg. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works

The New Tom Swift Jr. Adventures series (1954-1971)

The first series is continued and extended. Now Tom Sr. is the CEO of a four-mile-square "invention factory" (and private airport) called Swift Enterprises. A chief executive officer ( CEO) or chief executive is typically the highest-ranking corporate officer ( executive) or administrator Though Tom Sr. engages in various kinds of research and still does a bit of inventing, it is now his son who carries on the tradition of the famous name. His inventions poke a bit into science-fiction territory as the series progresses (extraterrestrials named the space friends appear as early as the first volume) but there is still an emphasis on plausible scientific and engineering developments, however doubtful certain of the details. In one way or the other, these adventures extend from the center of the Earth to the bottom of the ocean to the moon and, eventually, the outer solar system; with stops along the way at African antimatter volcanoes, lost New Guinea cities, and various wandering asteroids.

Regular characters from The New Tom Swift Jr. Adventures series

Books in The New Tom Swift Jr. Adventures series

  1. Tom Swift and His Flying Lab 1954
  2. Tom Swift and His Jetmarine 1954
  3. Tom Swift and His Rocket Ship 1954
  4. Tom Swift and His Giant Robot 1954
  5. Tom Swift and His Atomic Earth Blaster 1954
  6. Tom Swift and His Outpost in Space 1955
  7. Tom Swift and His Diving Seacopter 1956
  8. Tom Swift in The Caves of Nuclear Fire 1956
  9. Tom Swift on The Phantom Satellite 1956
  10. Tom Swift and His Ultrasonic Cycloplane 1957
  11. Tom Swift and The Deep-Sea Hydrodome 1958
  12. Tom Swift and His Race to the Moon 1958
  13. Tom Swift and His Space Solartron 1958
  14. Tom Swift and His Electronic Retroscope 1959
  15. Tom Swift and His Spectromarine Selector 1960
  16. Tom Swift and The Cosmic Astronauts 1960
  17. Tom Swift and The Visitor from Planet X 1961
  18. Tom Swift and The Electronic Hydrolung 1961
  19. Tom Swift and His Triphibian Atomicar 1962
  20. Tom Swift and His Megascope Space Prober 1962
  21. Tom Swift and The Asteroid Pirates 1963
  22. Tom Swift and His Repelatron Skyway 1963
  23. Tom Swift and His Aquatomic Tracker 1964
  24. Tom Swift and His 3-D Telejector 1964
  25. Tom Swift and His Polar -Ray Dynasphere 1965
  26. Tom Swift and His Sonic Boom Trap 1965
  27. Tom Swift and His Subocean Geotron 1966
  28. Tom Swift and The Mystery Comet 1966
  29. Tom Swift and The Captive Planetoid 1967
  30. Tom Swift and His G-Force Inverter 1968
  31. Tom Swift and His Dyna-4 Capsule 1969
  32. Tom Swift and His Cosmotron Express 1970
  33. Tom Swift and The Galaxy Ghosts 1971

There is also a paperback "Tom Swift Activity Book" connected to the Swift Jr. series and an exceedingly rare Tom Swift game.

Third Tom Swift series (1981-1984)

A third Tom Swift series, unofficially called TSIII, differs from all the others. Instead of placing Tom and Swift Enterprises in a contemporary American context on Earth, the setting is primarily outer space. Tom and a troupe of friends of both sexes , a robot named "Aristotle", and several races explore the universe in the starship Excedra, using a faster-than-light drive which Tom has reverse-engineered from an alien space probe. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. This series maintains only an occasional and loose connection to the continuity of the two previous series. (The title character is specifically stated to be the son of "'the great Tom Swift'" [1] and to be "already an important and active contributor to the family business, the giant multimillion-dollar scientific-industrial complex known as Swift Enterprises. " [2]. ) Strangely, Shopton and Swift Enterprises has mysteriously moved from upstate New York to New Mexico.

Books in the third Tom Swift series

  1. The City in the Stars 1981 (by Bill Rotsler & Sharmon Divono)[3]
  2. Terror on the Moons of Jupiter (by Bill Rotsler & Sharmon Divono) Introduction of Aristotle the Robot[3]
  3. The Alien Probe (by Bill Rotsler & Sharmon Divono)[3]
  4. The War in Outer Space (by Bill Rotsler & Sharmon Divono)[3]
  5. The Astral Fortress (by Bill Rotsler & Sharmon Divono)[3]
  6. The Rescue Mission (by Bill Rotsler & Sharmon Divono)[3]
  7. Ark Two 1983
  8. Crater of Mystery 1983
  9. Gateway to Doom (by Bob Vardeman)
  10. The Invisible Force
  11. Planet of Nightmares 1984
  12. Chaos On Earth (Never released, manuscript available at the New York Library)
  13. Microworld (Never released, manuscript available at the New York Library)

Eleven titles were released in paperback by Wanderer Press, an inprint of Simon & Schuster. Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L The first 10 were also printed for libraries in hardcover with dust jackets. Neal Barrett, Jr. and Mike MacQuay also wrote some of the books. A twelfth (Chaos on Earth) and thirteenth (Microworld) book were written, but never published.

Fourth Tom Swift series (1991-1993)

Main article: Tom Swift IV

The fourth series starring the young inventor is entirely set on Earth (with occasional space trips to the Moon) and makes some slight narrative reference not to the third series but rather back to the Tom Swift Jr. Tom Swift IV is the unofficial name of this series of juvenile science fiction adventure novels the fourth to feature a protagonist named Tom Swift. series. Characters named Harlan Ames and Phil Radnor make an appearance, and the fourth series sees that Tom's new nemesis, Xavier "the Black Dragon" Mace, has acquired a facility at Lake Carlopa in New York State previously owned by "Swift Enterprises. " [4] The location of Swift Enterprise's '4 mile complex' is now outside Los Angeles.

The fourth series is perhaps the most rigorously connected to the science and technology of its time; for example, one of Tom's inventions for improving telescope resolution using a laser has in fact been implemented, and information technology plays as important a role in TSIV as do the super-vehicles the series has always been associated with. A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects and the collection of Electromagnetic radiation. A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission.

The fourth series engendered two spin-off Ultra Thriller books in which Tom joined forces with another Stratemeyer Syndicate property, the Hardy Boys. The Hardy Boys is a Juvenile detective/adventure series chronicling the Fictional adventures of Teenage brothers Frank and This two-volume series was released using the Franklin W. Dixon pseudonym of the Hardy Boys books; however, these titles are generally viewed as being part of the fourth Tom Swift series. Franklin W Dixon is the Pen name used by a variety of different authors ( Leslie McFarlane, a Canadian author being the first who wrote The Hardy Boys

Books in the fourth Tom Swift series

  1. The Black Dragon 1991
  2. The Negative Zone
  3. Cyborg Kickboxer
  4. The DNA Disaster
  5. Monster Machine
  6. The Aquatech Warriors
  7. Moonstalker 1992
  8. The Microbots
  9. Fire Biker
  10. Mind Games
  11. Mutant Beach
  12. Death Quake 1993
  13. Quantum Force

Books in the Hardy Boys & Tom Swift Ultra Thrillers series (1992-1993)

Main article: Ultra-Thriller
  1. Time Bomb 1992
  2. The Alien Factor 1993

Tom Swift: Young Inventor series (2006 - 2007)

The fifth series of books starring Tom Swift is a series of paperback books. The Ultra-Thriller series is a detective/action fiction series published between August 1992 and June 1993 by Archway Paperbacks (an imprint of Simon & Schuster) Many fans refer to this series as Tom Swift V. The books in this series are written in first person narrative style, which is a break with the style of the previous series, but similar to the Hardy Boys Undercover Brothers and Nancy Drew Girl Detective paperbacks also being published concurrently. See also First person First-person narrative is a Narrative mode in which a Story is narrated by one character, who explicitly The Hardy Boys is a Juvenile detective/adventure series chronicling the Fictional adventures of Teenage brothers Frank and Nancy Drew (1930-present is an amateur sleuth, the fictional Heroine of a popular Mystery series, aimed at the children - young As of January 2008, this is the first Tom Swift series with under 10 publications.

Books in the Tom Swift: Young Inventor series

  1. Into The Abyss June, 2006
  2. The Robot Olympics June, 2006
  3. The Space Hotel October, 2006
  4. Rocket Racers January, 2007
  5. On Top Of The World May, 2007
  6. Under the Radar October, 2007
  7. Extraterrestrial Highway February 2008 (unpublished)

There are ISBN's registered for volumes 8-11 in this series, however, the titles are unknown and it is unknown if any manuscripts exist.

Modern influence and references

The impact on contemporary culture that the character and the invention theme of the books have had is indicated by:

Asteroid (1941) Tomswift is named in honor of this fictional inventor. Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but

In Thomas Pynchon's short story "The Secret Integration" (1964), the "boy genius" Grover is tormented by Tom Swift books which constantly appear around his home. Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr (born May 8 1937 is an American writer based in New York City, noted for his dense and complex works of Fiction. Slow Learner is the 1984 published collection of six early Novellas by the American Novelist Thomas Pynchon. Discussing the matter with his friend Tim, he wonders whether his parents are trying to make him into an inventor or a racist (the latter because of the stereotypes applied to Eradicate Sampson).

A Tom Swifty is a type of pun ("'I just invented a better lightbulb,' said Tom brightly. A Tom Swifty (or Tom Swiftie) is a Phrase in which a quoted sentence is linked by a Pun to the manner in which it is attributed A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical "), supposedly suggested by the narrative habits demonstrated in the early Tom Swift series. Such adverbial puns do not, in fact, appear in the canonical series.

A reference to Tom Swift is made in Haruki Murakami's Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World in which the protagonist calls the state-of-the-art elevator he's in a "Tom Swift elevator". is a popular contemporary Japanese Writer and Translator. His work has been described by the Virginia Quarterly Review as "easily accessible is a 1985 Novel by Japanese writer Haruki Murakami. The English translation by Alfred Birnbaum was released in 1991

The electric police weapon called the Taser was so named after Thomas A. A Taser is an Electroshock weapon that uses Electro-Muscular Disruption (EMD technology to cause neuromuscular incapacitation or NMI and strong muscle contractions Swift Electric Rifle. The "A" is gratuitous; the character's middle name was never provided.

The format of the book titles is also occasionally used humorously or satirically, as for example Tom Swift and His Electrical Girlfriend.

Computer developer Steve Wozniak has stated that he grew up reading Tom Swift Jr. , whom he regarded as the epitome of creative freedom, scientific knowledge, and the ability to find solutions to problems. For him Tom Swift also represented the potential rewards that invention might bring. "Spirit of American Innovation: The Personal Computer is Born"

In an episode of the 1980's television series Moonlighting, David refers to Maddie's astronaut boyfriend as "Tom Swift".

References

  1. ^ Appleton, Victor, pseud. (1981). The City in the Stars, p. 38. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-41115-2.
  2. ^ Appleton, Victor, pseud. (1981). The City in the Stars, p. 10-11. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-41115-2.
  3. ^ a b c d e f News archive. Locus (magazine) (1997 10). Locus is a monthly American Magazine, subtitled "The Magazine Of The Science Fiction & Fantasy Field" Retrieved on 2008-06-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem
  4. ^ Appleton, Victor, pseud. (1991). The Black Dragon. New York: Simon Pulse. ISBN 0-671-67823-X.

External links

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