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"Toluca" redirects here. For other uses, see Toluca (disambiguation).
Toluca
Coordinates: 19°17′N 99°39′W / 19.283, -99.65
Country Flag of Mexico Mexico
State Mexico State
Municipality Toluca
Founded May 19, 1522
Government
 - Municipal President Juan Rodolfo Sánchez Gómez (2006-2009)
Elevation 2,667 m (8,750 ft)
Population (2005)
 - City 747,512
 - Metro 1,610,786
 - Demonym Toluqueño(a)
Time zone CST (UTC-6)
Postal code 50000-
Area code(s) 722
Website: www. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Mexico State or State of Mexico (often abbreviated to " Edomex " from Estado de México in Spanish) is a state in the The Mexican state of Mexico is made up of 125 municipios ( municipalities) Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and A presidente municipal ( English: " municipal president " is the chief of government of Municipios in Mexico The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Mexico uses three different UTC offsets as defined in the federal Law of Time Systems Zone 1 (Central Zone covers most of Mexico and is equivalent to UTC-6 Areas using UTC−6 Single zone countries Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks toluca. gob. mx

Toluca, formally: Toluca de Lerdo is the state capital of Mexico State as well as the seat of the Municipality of Toluca. Mexico State or State of Mexico (often abbreviated to " Edomex " from Estado de México in Spanish) is a state in the It is the center of a rapidly growing urban area, now the fifth largest in Mexico. It is located 63 kilometers (39 mi) west-southwest of Mexico City and only about 45 minutes by car to the western edge of the Distrito Federal. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Distrito Federal ( Spanish and Portuguese for Federal district) may refer to Brazilian Federal District According to the 2005 census, the city of Toluca has a population of 467,713, with 747,512 as the total municipal population. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The city is the eighth largest in the State of Mexico in population, whereas the municipality is the fourth largest. Mexico State or State of Mexico (often abbreviated to " Edomex " from Estado de México in Spanish) is a state in the The municipality of Toluca, along with twelve other municipalities make up the metropolitan population of 1,610,786[1] as of 2005, making it the fifth most populous metropolitan area in Mexico and the largest entirely within the State of México. When Toluca was founded by the Matlazincas, its original name was Nepintahihui (land of corn). Matlatzinca is a name used to refer to different indigenous ethnic groups in the Toluca Valley in the state of México, located in the central highlands The current name is based on the Náhuatl name for the area when it was renamed by the Aztecs in 1473. Nahuatl ( is a group of related languages and dialects of the Aztecan or Nahuan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political The name has its origin in the word tollocan that comes from the name of the god Tolo + can (place) to mean "place of Tolo". [2] It is also referred to in a number of Aztec codices as Tolutépetl, meaning hill of the god Tolo, referring to the nearby volcano. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political A codex ( Latin for block of wood, Book; plural codices) is a book in the format used for modern books with separate pages normally Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the [3]The name Toluca de Lerdo was adopted in 1861 in honor of President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States (the official title in Spanish is Ciudadano Presidente Constitucional de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada y Corral ( Jalapa, Veracruz, April 24, 1823 &ndash April 21, 1889 in New York City [4]

Contents

The city

History

Pre-Columbian era

The Vally of Toluca was known as Matlatzinco valley in ancient times and home to at least four linguistic groups: the Matlatzinca, Otomi, Mazahua, and Nahua peoples. Matlatzinca is a name used to refer to different indigenous ethnic groups in the Toluca Valley in the state of México, located in the central highlands Matlatzinca is a name used to refer to different indigenous ethnic groups in the Toluca Valley in the state of México, located in the central highlands The Mazahua are an indigenous people of Mexico, inhabiting the northwestern portion of the State of Mexico and southeastern Michoacán, with a presence In the Postclassic period, the valley was ruled by a large powerful capital city whose ruins are located today in the village of Calixtlahuaca, just north of the city of Toluca. Mesoamerica or Meso-America (Mesoamérica is a Region extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, defined Calixtlahuaca is a Postclassic period Mesoamerican Archaeological site, located near the present-day City of Toluca in the State In 1478 the Mexica emperor Axayacatl conquered the Toluca Valley. The Mexica ( Nahuatl: Mēxihcah, meːˈʃiʔkaʔ or Mexicans ( Spanish: Mexicanos) were an indigenous people of the Axayacatl (pron {ah-sha-ya-ka'-tl} - the name means "Water-mask" or "Water-face" was a ruler ( Tlatoani) of the Postclassic Mesoamerican The capital was stripped of its dynasty and power and some lands were distributed to kings and nobles from the Valley of Mexico. Valley of Mexico is a highland Plateau in central Mexico roughly coterminous with the present-day Distrito Federal and the eastern half of the State [5]

One of the rivals of Calixtlahuaca was Tollocan, a minor city-state before 1478. When Axayacatl destroyed Calixtlahuaca, he placed the imperial provincial capital in Tollocan. Calixtlahuaca and other towns in the Toluca Valley paid tribute to the Aztec Empire through Tollocan. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political After the Spanish conquest, the name Tollocan was changed to Toluca. Archaeologists have not yet located a major Postclassic settlement within the modern city. Either the pre-Hispanic city of Tollocan was destroyed and covered over by the expansion of Toluca, or else the remains of Tollocan could lie outside of the modern city. A small Postclassic site was discovered on the hill called Tolochi, which is in the north of the modern city, but the remains seem too insubstantial to have been a major provincial capital. The tree of “Las Manitas Rojas”, which literally means "little red hands", was planted before the Spanish Conquest in what is now the monastery of Nuestra Señora del Carmen. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. This tree is significant because it shows that Toluca was important enough for the Aztecs to create a botanical garden. [6]

Colonial period

In 1521, the Spanish conquered the Valley of Toluca. Leading the troops was Gonzalo de Sandoval, one of Cortes' many sergeants. Gonzalo de Sandoval (1497 Medellin Spain &mdashlate in 1528 Palos de la Frontera, Spain was a Spanish conquistador in New Spain (Mexico and briefly Toluca’s first governor was Pedro Cortés Coyotzin. The valley of Toluca and what is now the city of Toluca were included in the concession made by King Carlos V of Spain to Hernán Cortés. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro 1st Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca ( 1485&ndash December 2,

In 1524, the evangelization process started in Toluca. The most notable figure of this effort is Fray Andrés Castro, from Burgos, the old capital of Castile, by making a great number of improvements to the city and being the first one to learn the native Matlazincan language. History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago The friar was well-loved by the Matlzinca people as he worked to protect them from the injustices of the early colonial period. He is remembered to this day with a plaza that bears his name which includes a sculpture depicting him. [3] A Spanish community was established in 1530, but it was not until 1677 that Toluca was categorized as a town. In 1793, the construction of a road to Mexico City was started. Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Although Toluca was recognized as a city as early as 1662[3], only in 1799, was Toluca officially named a city by the King Carlos IV of Spain on September 12. Year 1799 ( MDCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Charles IV ( November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819) was King of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the [7]

Independence and post-independence

In 1810, at the beginning of the independence movement, Miguel Hidalgo stayed in Toluca for a few days on his way to Monte de las Cruces. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mondarte Villaseñor ( May 8 1753 &ndash July 30 1811) also known as Miguel In 1811, a group of indigenous natives of Mexico was shot and killed by Spanish royalists. Year 1811 ( MDCCCXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In memorial to those who were killed in this incident, the place where this occurred was named “Plaza of the Martires”. In 1812, the first city council of Toluca was installed. Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year In 1821, independence was proclaimed by the local authorities. Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The Mexican War of Independence (1810 - 1821 was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 16 1810

After the creation of the State of Mexico in 1825, the state capital moved to different cities several times. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [3] until in 1830, Toluca was finally designated as the constitutional capital of the State of Mexico. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display In 1832, the building of “Los Portales” was started in downtown Toluca. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian In 1836, because of the centralization of the Mexican federal government, all branches of government were relocated to Mexico City after some were in Toluca for several years. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap

In 1847, thanks to Ignacio Ramírez, “El Nigromante” or the Institute of Literature opened. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common In 1851, the "Teatro Principal" was built by González Arratia. 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Mariano Riva Palacio was named governor of the state and he started the most important modernization process of the city in the 19th century. Mariano Riva Palacio (1803 - 1880 was a prominent Mexican politician and lawyer during most of the 19th century In 1881, The Industrial Union was founded, the railroad was opened and the Bank of State of Mexico created the first bills in the country. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1882, the Teachers College was founded. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1910, people celebrated a century of Independence, and the Plaza España was inaugurated. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting [7]

Economy

Central Toluca.
Central Toluca.

In colonial times, Toluca first gained economic important as a producer of smoked and cured meats, especially chorizo sausage. Chorizo (tʃo̞ˈɾiso̞ in Latin American Spanish or tʃo̞ˈɾiθo̞ in Castilian Spanish) Chouriço (ʃoˈɾisu in Portuguese) or Xoriç The nearby town of Lerma still carries on this tradition. Lerma is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 km southeast of However, since that time, Toluca's economy has expanded far beyond sausage to become one of the most industrialized areas in Mexico. [8] Its geographic position in the center of the country and proximity to Mexico City as well as its well-developed infrastructure, have allowed Toluca to grow into a major industrial zone for the state. [9] Toluca began consolidating in the 1940s[3], but the most intense industrialization began in the 1950s and continued through most of the 1980s. The growth and industrializationof Toluca is closely tied ot the growth and changes in economic activities that have occurred in the Mexico City metropolitan area. [10] Most industrial enterprises are on the small and micro-level but the city has attracted a large number of international corporations. Major products produced include food processing, metals and machinery, paper products, printed matter as well as auto production. The industrial base of the Toluca metropolitan area employs over 33% of the municipality's population and 6% of the entire state's population. [9]

Airport

Toluca is served by Licenciado Adolfo López Mateos International Airport. Licenciado Adolfo López Mateos International Airport is an international Airport located at Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico. The airport has a 4200-meter runway and is located 15 km away from Toluca and 60 km away from the country’s capital, thus serving as an overflow airport for Mexico City. This airport has started a development initiative of the Federal and State Governments, as well as the private sector, which provided an investment of almost 3,200 million U. S. dollars in the last 2 years.

This airport has created 4,500 jobs and has contributed to the increase of commercial activity for the metropolitan area. It has also attracted many airline passengers who live in Mexico City to use the Toluca airport, which represents migration in potential consumers of 2. 2 million passengers in 2007 and it is projected that for 2008 up to five millions travelers may utilize the Toluca Airport, which would make it the 4th busiest in the country. [7]

Industrial zone

Toluca is located in the economic center of Mexico. Toluca has become an important economic city because of its industries and infrastructure that produce drinks, food, textiles, cars, electric products and such. Since 1944, many industries have settled in Toluca rather than in other cities. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1965, the industrial zone of Toluca-Lerma-Tianguistenco, which is located on the north side of Toluca, began to attract industries to the area. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The city now has five additional major industrial parks: Corredor Industrial Toluca, Parque Industrial Lerma, Parque Industrial Exportec I. , Parque Industrial Exportec II and the Parque Industrial El Coecillo. [11]

Chrysler's Toluca Car Assembly has manufactured automobiles since 1968. Toluca Car Assembly is a 220 acre Chrysler Automobile factory in Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 220-acre complex employs 2300 people[12]. Other companies located here and other of Toluca's industrial parks are Mercedes Benz, Coca Cola, Femsa, Grupo Bimbo, Nissan, and Nestlé. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the Coca-Cola is a carbonated Soft drink sold in stores restaurants and Vending machines in more than 200 countries Grupo Bimbo is a giant Mexican food corporation with brands in Latin America, Europe, China and the United States. Nestlé is a multinational packaged food company founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland

Transportation

Toluca has an infrastructure of highways that connect the city with the main cities of the country as well as its international Airport, and inter-city bus Station. [13]

The Libramiento (bypass) Toluca is a project to directly connect the Toluca-Mexico City highway to the east of the city to the Toluca-Atlacomulco highway the extends north. It will permit easier access to the airport as well as a bypass route for traffic heading from Mexico City to the west and northwest. As of April 2005, the libramiento was 75% completed. [14]

The highways that connect Toluca with Mexico City and Guadalajara, has been being expanded and modernized due to the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense project, which aims to improve major highways leading from Mexico City to the rest of the country. Guadalajara (ˌgwɑːdləˈhɑːrə Spanish pronunciation) is the capital city of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality [15] One proposed highway, called Autopista Lerma-Tres Marías y Ramal Tenango” aims to improve transit between Toluca and Cuernavaca, as well as other cities to the south. Currently, almost all major roadways serving Toluca transit in the north. It will allow transit from Toluca to southern and eastern destinations bypassing Mexico City but connecting the city with the Mexico-City-Cuernavaca highway. However, the project is opposed by Greenpeace as well as a number of local groups, primarily due to the possible damage it can cause to the "Gran Bosque del Agua" forest, which contains an important aquifier for the Toluca area. Greenpeace, originally known as the Greenpeace Foundation, was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1972 There are also concerns that the highway will extend development into small towns that do not want it. [16]

Education

Since Toluca is the capital of the state of Mexico, there are several diverse and important educational centers such as the state-funded Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, the Dirección General de Educación, and the Servicios Educativos Integrados al Estado. It also is home to major private universities, including campuses of the Tecnológico de Monterrey (ITESM) and the Universidad del Valle de México. The Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education ( Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey ITESM) commonly shortened as Monterrey Universidad del Valle de México (UVM is one of the largest for-profit universities in Mexico. There are currently 574 schools in Toluca, with about 8,320 teachers. The illiteracy rate is 7. 33%, which is considered high. [9]

The Mexico State Autonomous University has its roots in the Literary Institute, later named the Scientific and Literary Institute, which was founded in 1827. Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common It has been a prestigious institution and educated figures such as José María Heredia, Ignacio Ramírez, Felipe Sánchez Solís, Ignacio Manuel Altamirano and Adolfo López Mateos. José María Heredia y Heredia ( December 31, 1803 - May 21, 1839) Cuban Poet, was born at Santiago de Cuba. Ignacio Ramírez Calzada ( 23 June 1818 - 15 June 1879) was a Mexican writer poet journalist lawyer atheist and political Ignacio Manuel Altamirano Basilio (1834 – 13 February 1893) was a Mexican Writer, Journalist, Teacher and Politician Adolfo López Mateos ( 26 May 1909 &ndash 22 September 1969) was a Mexican politician affiliated to the Institutional Revolutionary The Institute became an autonomous university in 1956. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The original building, situated downtown near Benito Juárez street, has been remodeled and houses the dean's offices. The university has installations in various parts of the city, but the "Ciudad Universitaria" (lit. "university city") built around the Cerro (Hill) de Coatepec is the most noticeable, with its bust of López Mateos prominently displayed at the top of the hill. [3]

City features

Cama de Piedra.
Cama de Piedra.
Los Portales.
Los Portales.
Church of "El Carmen".
Church of "El Carmen".
Plaza de los Martires in downtown Toluca.
Plaza de los Martires in downtown Toluca.
Toluca's Cathedral.
Toluca's Cathedral.
Facade Temple of La Merced.
Facade Temple of La Merced.
The Cosmovitral.
The Cosmovitral.
The Cosmovitral entrance.
The Cosmovitral entrance.
Hombre sol (Sun man).
Hombre sol (Sun man).

The center of the town is the Zócalo, also known as Plaza de los Mártires (Plaza of the Martyrs), which includes buildings such as the Palace of the State Government and the Justice Palace (Palacio de Justicia). In many cities in Mexico, a zócalo is the main plaza or square set in the heart of the town The square is named after events that took place after the Battle of Tenango Hill during the Mexican War of Independence. The Mexican War of Independence (1810 - 1821 was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 16 1810 Insurgent commander José Maria Oviedo was faced with the royalist army of Rosendo Porlier, who succeeded in driving the rebels northward to Toluca. Viceroy Venegas ordered reinforcments for Porlier's army and dispersed the insurgents, causing them to lose artillery and supplies. In addition, the royalist forces took over a hundred prisoners and executed them in the main square. The bodies of the prisoners were buried in a mass grave behind what is now the Municipal Palace. A temple was built over the spot after the end of the Revolution. A monument to Father Miguel Hidalgo, the "father" of the Mexican Revolution is in the center of the square. Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mondarte Villaseñor ( May 8 1753 &ndash July 30 1811) also known as Miguel It was created in Florence by Rivalta in 1899. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The pedestal has reliefs depicting the storming of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas and the Battle of Monte de las Cruces. [3]

The central plaza is surrounded by state and municipal government buildings. The state government palace and the Chamber of Deputies are recent constructions, but the buildings housing the state court and the municipal palace date from the 19th century. The state court building originally was the home of the state government and was designed by Ramón Rodriguez Arangoiti, who also designed the imperial wing of the Chapultepec Castle. Chapultepec Castle ( Castillo de Chapultepec in Spanish is located on top of Chapultepec Hill. The municipal palace was completed in 1873 on land that once belonged to a Franciscan monastery. Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic The Chamber of Deputies building contains murals done by Leopoldo Flores, which together are known as Construction: Images and Flight depicting man constructing buildings and himself at the same time. Leopoldo Flores was born in Tenancingo Estado de México in the year of 1934 The municipal palace and the Chamber of Deputies are decorated with Neoclassic façades, but the other government buildings, built in the 1960s are faced with tezontle in the style of the 18th century palaces in Mexico City. Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo [3]

The Temple of La Merced is one of the most ancient convents still preserved and one of the most important founded by Spaniards. It is a beautiful building of a religious order called mercenarios, and it shows architectural styles from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Its principal facade has 3 naves and was constructed ithe 18th century on the remains of the old Temple of San Francisco. The interior of the temple exhibits neoclassical style with gold-leaf. It features oil paintings from the aforementioned times, such as the “Birth of San Pedro Nolasco”, founder of the Mercenarios order. The temple became a hospice for orphans and beggars. Baroque construction style can be seen in the pilasters, niches and the order's shield. Inside, you can see paintings of Felipe Gutierrez, a Mexican painter who graduated from the San Carlos Academy. It is located in downtown Toluca on Jose Ma. Morelos street.

Los Portales represent the social and commercial life of the city. They are a composed of three sets of arches or portals that extend on the 3 sides of the city block that extends behind the main cathedral. Behind the sets of arches there is walking space that takes you around the stores that are contained within. The western arches follow the perimeter of what was the La Asunción Franciscan monastery. The eastern and southern arches were complted in 1836 by José María González Arratia. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The original western arches were built by the Buenaventura Merlín. Each side consists of basket-handle arches, each with a balcony. Each side has its own name. The eastern one, with 37 arches, is called "20 de Noviembre" or "Constitución"; the southern one, with 44 arches, is called "Madero" and the western one, with 35 arches, is called "Reforma". There are four additional arches at the entrance to Avenida Independencia. Near Los Portales are some of the city's oldest businesses, some of which date from the 19th century such as the pharmacy on Calle Santos Degollado, a brass and iron workshop on Avenida Lerdo and a leather workshop on Avenida Juárez. [3]

The Plaza de Fray Andrés de Castro is located next to Los Portales and connected to the older arches by means of a passageway with a transparent roof. It is a semi-enclosed space which was once the sacristy of the La Asunción Franciscan Monastery. A sacristy is a room for keeping Vestments (such as the Cassock and Chasuble) and other church furnishings sacred vessels and parish records The sacristy was built by Felipe de Ureña and José Rivera and is essentially a reproduction of the Santa María del Puerto hermitage in Madrid and is one of the few remaining buildings of the old monastery. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. The square in front was recently remodeled but still contains traditional stores selling garapiña, traditional candies, tacos and other regional foods. A taco ( is a traditional Mexican dish composed of a Maize or wheat Tortilla folded or rolled around a filling The Municipal Historic Archive is located above the passageway leading to Los Portales. [3]

The Cathedral of Toluca was begun in 1867 by José Francisco de Paula on land originally belongin to the Asunción de Toluca Franciscan monastery. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The building was originally designed by Agustín Carrillo. However, in 1870, Ramón Rodríguez Arogoiti redesigned the cathedral, based on his experience with old Roman basilicas although the present-day building still contains a number of the elements of the original design such as the aisle that runs parallel to the façade serving as a narthex, allowing access to the central and two side naves. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman The narthex of a church is the entrance or lobby area located at the end of the Nave, at the far end from the church's main Altar. In Romanesque and Gothic Christian Abbey, Cathedral Basilica and church Architecture, the nave is the The straight central nave is lighted by round arched windows. The outside façade consists of two parts. The first has seven columned areas, as well as niches with the images of Saint John, Saint Thomas, Saint Peter and Saint James. The second part rises above the main doors with three columned areas containing balconies, stained-glass windows and balustrades, terminating in a rectilinear pendiment with an image of the Ascension of the Lord. A baluster (according to OED derived through the French balustre, from Italian balaustro, from balaustra, "pomegranate flower" [3] In this, the cathedral shares design elements with the Cathedral of Mexico City. [17]Above this, there is a clock with sculputures depicting the Fathers of the Greek Orthodox Church, Saint John Chrisotomus, Saint Basil the Great, Saint Athanasius and Saint Gregory of Nyssa. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great (c 330 – January 1, 379) (Άγιος Βασίλειος ο Μέγας Latin Gregory of Nyssa ( Greek: Άγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης Latin: Gregorius Nyssenus; Arabic: غريغوريوس النيصي The cathedral is topped by a dome with a bronze statue of Saint Joseph, who is the patron saint of the city, holding the infant Jesus. Joseph "of the House of David " ( Hebrew יוֹסֵף also known as Saint Joseph, Joseph the Betrothed, Joseph of Nazareth Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) [3] Overall the cathedral is a mix of styles, represents the various stages in which is was built and remodeled. [17]

The Tercer Orden Temple is located to the side of the main cathedral. Its façade is integrated into the main cathedral's in the popular indigenous Baroque architecture of the 18th century. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc It was the seat of the bishopric until 1978, when it was moved to the main cathedral. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) The temple contains a number of paintings, including The Three Orders and The Family Tree of Saint Francis. [3]

Main article: Cosmovitral

The Cosmovitral is located in a stone and ironwork building in the center of Toluca built in 1910 by engineer Manuel Arratia in order to accommodate the “16 de Septiembre” market. Cosmovitral is a Botanical garden in Toluca, Mexico noted for its stained-glass panes that encircle the upper-story of the building depicting the cosmos It was constructed in Art Nouveau and Neoclassical style, with an area of 5,000 square meters. Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo It is now a botanical garden with more than 400 species of plants from all over the world. It also features a series of stained glass windows that are considered the largest in the world. These windows were created and designed by a Mexican artist named Leopoldo Flores. Leopoldo Flores was born in Tenancingo Estado de México in the year of 1934 Cosmovitral was inaugurated in 1980 and completed in 1990. The stained glass ceiling represents the Milky Way and joins the “Hombre Sol” (Sun Man) with the Galaxy of Andromeda. The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias sometimes referred to simply The Andromeda Galaxy (ænˈdrɒmədə also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224; often referred to as the Great Andromeda It is a monumental piece measuring 3,200 square meters with more than 30 thousand pieces and half a million glass pieces of 28 different colors coming from many different parts of the world such as Italy, Germany, France, Belgium, Japan, Canada and United States. It has a series of scenes that symbolize man's search of the light, the good and the wisdom to elevate his spirit to liberate him from the shadows of evil and the ignorance in an epic tale without beginning or end. At the spring equinox, the solar disc crosses the heart of "El hombre Sol" (the sun man), causing an explosion of light. [7]

The Santa Veracruz Temple is the home of a famous image of "Our Lord of the Holy Cross" also known as a "Black Christ". This image was originally housed in the San Francisco Temple, but the increasing number of worshippers dictated the building of its own sanctuary. Construction began in 1753, but because of friction between the Franciscans and worshippers, it was not completed until 1797. Year 1753 ( MDCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Although the original plans included two towers, only one was built, containing two hexagonal bodies, pairs of columns and balconies with semicircular rails. Both bodies are topped with domes, each bearing a cross. The space that was reserved for the second tower instead has an ornate clock. [3]

Art and culture

Toluca, being the capital of the State of Mexico, is home of several important museums. Mexico State or State of Mexico (often abbreviated to " Edomex " from Estado de México in Spanish) is a state in the It's second only to Mexico City in number of museums. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Some of them honor important Mexican artists such as José María Velasco Gómez, Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez, and Luis Nishizawa, among others. Jose Maria Velasco (1840-1912 was a Mexican painter during the 19th century who made the Mexican geography a symbol of national identity because of his paintings Luis Nishizawa Flores (born February 2, 1918 in San Mateo Ixtacalco, Mexico) is a Mexican artist

These museums are the following:

The CASART or Casa de Artesanias (House of Handcrafts) is located on Avenida Tollocan near the highway leading to Mexico City. This large outlet run by the government specialized in crafts produced in the Toluca Valley area. Items include sweaters from Gualupita, rebozos (shawls) from Tenancingo, rugs from Temoaya, pottery from Metepec, Temascalcingo and Valle de Bravo, as well as wooden items from Santa María Rayón. Temoaya is the seat of the municipality of the same name in Mexico State, Mexico. Metepec is a city and a ( municipality) in the State of Mexico in Mexico. Temascalcingo de José Maria Velasco is a town and seat of the Municipality of Temascalcingo in the State of Mexico, Mexico. [19]

Toluca boasts a high cultural and folkloric diversity which can be appreciated in each one of its traditional festivities such as the typical solemn "silent procession" that takes place every Holy Friday when the Catholic congregation from Toluca and its surroundings get together in the centre of the city to express their respect and devotion for Jesus Christ's sacrifice. Good Friday, also called Holy Friday or Great Friday, is the Friday preceding Easter Sunday ("Pascha" Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Easter and Lent are celebrated in a similar way. Lent, in some Christian denominations, is the forty-day-long liturgical season of fasting and prayer before Easter.

Orchestras based in Toluca have become very famous because of their directors. Currently there are two official orchestras: a State one and a Municipal one. The one from the State is the Orquesta Sinfónica del Estado de México. Higher education intitutions have marching bands, and in some towns there are wind bands.

The dancing instutitions include the Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura, the IMSS, and DIF. There are also schools of dance such as the Escuela de Bellas Artes and the UAEM. Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM is a student organization which seeks to improve access to medicines in Low-Income and Lower-Middle Income (LI & LMI countries and

There is also a Youth Marching Band of Toluca called "Eagles of Anahuac. " This band was formed about 35 years ago and was the first youth marching band in the country. [9]

Food and drink

Mexican food mixes European and native elements. In Toluca the most famous dish is chorizo (a kind of sausage) made of ground pork prepared with a sauce made of tomatoes, pumpkin mole, pipian and other spices like salt, pepper, white wine, almonds, potatoes, vinegar, garlic and chile. Chorizo (tʃo̞ˈɾiso̞ in Latin American Spanish or tʃo̞ˈɾiθo̞ in Castilian Spanish) Chouriço (ʃoˈɾisu in Portuguese) or Xoriç Mole (ˈmole ( Mexican Spanish, from Nahuatl mulli or molli, "sauce" is the generic name for several Sauces Even the word chorizo in Mexico is synonymous with Tolucan. In Toluca, there are other popular dishes like “tacos of carnitas” (pork tacos), or “tacos de plaza” made of barbacoa, pork, chicharron(fried pork rind), papalo (a green vegetable used here in Mexico to bring a different flavor to the food), onion, cilantro, nopales, beans, “cueritos”, chili sauce, salt and lime. A taco ( is a traditional Mexican dish composed of a Maize or wheat Tortilla folded or rolled around a filling Chicharrón is a popular dish in Andalusia, Spain, and Latin America and is part of the traditional cuisines of Belize, Bolivia Opuntia Nopales are a Vegetable made from the young stem segments of Prickly pear, carefully peeled to remove the spines They are particularly

Although Toluca is well known for its meat dishes, its populace rarely eat meat (D' Angeli). The traditional cuisine includes vegetables from the region such as “quelites”, “quintoniles”, “huazontles”, spinach, “verdolagas”, carrots, potatoes, tomatoes etc.

Toluca has a variety of traditional candies such as “alegrías”, “jamoncillos” (a candy bar with flavors such as lemon, pineapple, apple or chocolate), “lemons” (lemons decorated with coconut), “chilacayotes” (pumpkin in syrup), “cocadas” (mainly made with coconut), “palanquetas” (a nut bar covered with sugar).

Traditional drinks include “garapiñas” and “mosquito”. “garapiñas” is a non alcoholic pineapple drink and “mosquito” is an alcoholic drink obtained from the infusion of fruit in alcohol. “mosquito” can be also flavored with sugar, syrup or honey. [7]

Sport

Nemesio Diez stadium.
Nemesio Diez stadium.

Toluca is also home of a popular Mexican First Division Soccer team, the "Diablos Rojos" (Red Devils) of Toluca. The Primera División (First Division is the First Division Association football championship established by the Federación Mexicana de Fútbol Asociación Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Deportivo Toluca Fútbol Club also known simply as Toluca, is a Mexican professional football club Their home is one of the landmarks of the city, the Estadio Nemesio Díez Riega (Nemesio Diez Riega Stadium), located between Constituyentes and Morelos avenues downtown. Its nickname is "La Bombonera" (The Bonbon).

Famous boxers often use Toluca as a training center. Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, Boxing training is the training method that boxers use in order to get more fit for their sport These have included Julio César Chávez and Puerto Rico's Wilfredo Vazquez, among others. Julio César Chávez González (born July 12, 1962 in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora) is a retired Mexican professional boxer Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Wilfredo Vázquez (born 2 August 1960 is a boxer born in Bayamón, Puerto Rico.

Former WWF Intercontinental Champion Tito Santana was billed as hailing from Toluca throughout most of his career. The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE Intercontinental Championship is a Professional wrestling championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. Merced Solis (born May 10 1953) better known by his Ring name Tito Santana, is a retired Mexican American professional

Sister cities

Toluca is a part of the Sister Cities International program and maintains cultural and economic exchange programs with:

The municipality

Geography

Aerial photo of the Nevado de Toluca as viewed from the northeast.
Aerial photo of the Nevado de Toluca as viewed from the northeast. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas and the seventeenth-largest city in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Suwon ( Suwon-si) is the provincial capital of Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː
Sun's Lagoon inside the Nevado de Toluca.
Sun's Lagoon inside the Nevado de Toluca.

The municipality of Toluca, which has a geographical extent of 420. Municipalities ( municipios in Spanish) are the second-level administrative division in Mexico (where the first-level administrative division is the 14 km² (162. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 2 sq mi), includes numerous communities other than Toluca de Lerdo, the largest of which are the municipalities of San Pablo Autopan and San José Guadalupe Otzacatipan. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The municipality is bordered by the municipalities of Almoloya de Juárez, Temoaya, Otzolotepec, Xonacatlán, Lerma, San Mateo Atenco, Metepec, Calimaya, Tenango del Valle, Villa Guerrero and Zinacantepec. Almoloya de Juárez is a town in the State of Mexico and the seat of the Almoloya de Juárez Temoaya is the seat of the municipality of the same name in Mexico State, Mexico. Lerma is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 km southeast of San Mateo Atenco is a city and a municipality located in the State of México in Mexico. Metepec is a city and a ( municipality) in the State of Mexico in Mexico. Tenango de Arista is a town and seat of the municipality of Tenango del Valle in the State of Mexico; however both are commonly referred to as Tenango del Villa Guerrero is a town and Municipality in the State of Mexico, Mexico. San Miguel Zinacantepec or "Zinacantepec" is the municipal seat and municipality in the west-central part of the Mexico State, in central Mexico. [20]

Geographical features

The Lerma River flows from Lake Almoloya del Río through the center of the municipality towards the west, flowing into Lake Chapala. The Lerma Santiago River (Río Lerma Santiago is Mexico 's second longest river Lake Chapala (Lago de Chapala is Mexico 's largest freshwater Lake. From this point westward the river takes the name of Río Grande de Santiago. The Río Grande de Santiago is the longest river in Mexico mesuring up to a massive 433 kilometers And it goes from this lake to the Pacific Ocean in the state of Nayarit. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Nayarit is one of Mexico’s 31 states and is located on the central west coast bordering the Pacific Ocean. The river is about 1,180 kilometers (733 mi) long; about 60% of it is known as Lerma River and 40% as Santiago River. [21] The Nevado de Toluca or Xinantécatl is 30 kilometers (19 mi) southwest of the city. Nevado de Toluca is a large Stratovolcano in central Mexico, located about west of Mexico City near the city of Toluca. Nevado de Toluca is a large Stratovolcano in central Mexico, located about west of Mexico City near the city of Toluca. The god Tolo was supposed to reside in the volcano's crater. Its original indigenous name was Chignahualtecatl which means “Nine Mountains” but later was named Xinantecatl which means “naked man”, because the siluette of its crater resumbles a sleeping man, before the Spaniards named it Nevado, meaning "snow-covered". It is a place of increasing sporting activity, such as mountain biking, climbing, and high altitude running. Mountain biking entails the Sport of riding Bicycles off-road often over rough terrain whether riding specially equipped Mountain bikes or hybrid road bikes UserStan Shebs for a timetable --> Climbing is the activity of using one's hands and feet (or It is the only volcano in Mexico that has two lagoons and can be reached by automobile. There have been proposals to turn this mountain into a ski hill because of its accessibility and the low temperatures that exist on the mountain throughout the year, but recent reports on global warming have raised fears that the snow cap on the mountain will disappear completely within a few decades. Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the [22] The area was converted into the Nevado de Toluca National Park in January 1936 with about 1,517 km² (585. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 7 sq mi) in area. [23] The park has forest land, especially of pines and obeto trees. This article is about the tree For other uses of the term "pine" see Pine (disambiguation. The prevalent animals are camp rats, teporingos, squirrels, tlacuaches, lizards, snakes, and eagles. On the lower part of this mountain there are picnic tables and BBQ grills. In the higher part of the volcano (inside) there are two lagoons in which visitors can practice scuba-diving and fishing. Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set. This volcano is unique in Mexico in that one can enter the crater by car. [24]

Sierra Morelos Park is about 3 kilometers (2 mi) away from the center of Toluca. This is a reforested area with a small artificial lake, a picnic area and playground. [24]

Economy

Outside of the metropolitan area, the economy is still based on agriculture and livestock, with some income from tourism. Only a little over four percent of the total municipal population engages in agriculture raising corn, wheat, beans, potatoes, peas, fava beans and oats on a little over half of the municipality's territory. Livestock raising is a greater source of income with 10,286 sites producing cattle, pigs, sheep and domestic fowl. Tourism is based on the Nevado de Toluca volcano and the archeological zone of Calixtlahuaca. Despite being little known internationally, they manage to represent about 50% of the state's tourism income. [9]

Climate

Climate chart for Toluca
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temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm
source: [1]
Imperial conversion

The climate is cool and humid with higher humidity and rainfall and occasional hail in the summer. It can also experience freezing temperatures in the winter. [20] The climate is the coolest of any large Mexican city due to its high altitude of 2,680 metres (8,793 ft) above sea level. Despite its southerly latitude, on winter nights temperatures can drop well below 0 °C (32 °F) and even in the summer it can cool down to 5 °C (41 °F) or less, while maximum temperatures rarely exceed 27 °C (81 °F) on the hottest days. The climate is prone to extended dry periods particularly in the winter. Precipitation during the winter usually falls as snow in the higher elevation such as El Nevado de Toluca and its surroundings. The rainy season which extends from June until October. Just outside of the heavily-industrialized city, the municipality has forests of oaks, pines, fir, cedar, cypress, acacias and other flora that are characteristic of the temperate zone of central Mexico. One advantage this area has over many other in Mexico, is its almost near-absence of insects. [11]

List of communities in the municipality

As municipal seat of the municipality of Toluca, the city as governmental jurisdiction over the following communities: Barrio Bordo Nuevo, Barrio de Balbuena (Los Siete Compadres), Barrio de Guadalupe Totoltepec, Barrio de Jesús Fracción Primera, Barrio de Jesús Fracción Segunda, Barrio del Cajón, Barrio la Palma Toltepec, Barrio Santa Cruz, Barrio Santa María, Cacalomacán, Calixtlahuaca, Calzada de los Corredores, Cerrillo Vista Hermosa, Cerro del Perico, Col. Arroyo Vista Hermosa (Barrio el Arroyo), Col. Aviación (Barrio de Jesús Segunda Secc. ), Colonia de Pacífico, Colonia del Durazno, Colonia Guadalupe, Colonia Guadalupe (La Loma), Colonia la Cañada, Colonia la Joya, Colonia la Venta, Ejido de Almoloya de Juárez, Ejido de Nova (Barrio del Museo), Ejido de Oxtotitlán (Nova), Ejido de Santiago Tlaxomulco (Zimbrones), Ejido del Cerro del Murciélago, Ejido San Marcos Yachihuacaltepec, Ejido Santa Cruz Atzcapozaltongo, El Arenal, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas (El Cerrillo), El Depósito, El Dorado, El Mirador, El Refugio, Hacienda Santín (Rancho Santín), Jicaltepec Autopan, Joya de Cacalomacán (Hda. San Antonio Cano), La Constitución, La Loma Cuexcontitlán, La Planada (El Arenal), La Soledad (La Macaria), Las Palmas, Lomas de Vista Hermosa, Ojo de Agua Autopan, Palmillas, Paraje el Cornejal (El Arenal), Pueblo Nuevo, Ranchería San Isidro, Rancho el Rosedal, Rancho las Cañadas, Rancho las Lupitas, Rancho San Bartolo (Rancho Grande), Rancho San José Terán, Rancho San Pablo, San Andrés Cuexcontitlán, San Antonio Buenavista, San Blas Otzacatipan (San Blas), San Blas Totoltepec, San Carlos, San Carlos Autopan, San Cayetano Morelos (San Cayetano), San Diego de los Padres Cuexcontitlán, San Diego de los Padres Otzacatipan, San Diego Linares, San Diego los Padres Cuexcontitlán Secc. 5 A, San Diego los Padres Cuexcontitlán Secc. 5 B, San Felipe Tlalmimilolpan, San Francisco Totoltepec, San Isidro Ejido de Calixtlahuaca, San José Buenavista el Chico, San José Gpe. (San José Gpe. Otzacatipan), San José la Costa, San Juan Tilapa, San Marcos Yachihuacaltepec, San Martín Toltepec, San Mateo Otzacatipan, San Miguel Totoltepec, San Miguel Zacango (Rancho), San Nicolás Tolentino, San Pablo Autopan, San Pedro Totoltepec, Santa Cruz Otzacatipan, Santa Juanita de Santiago Tlacotepec, Santa Martha, Santiago Tlacotepec, , Santiago Tlaxomulco (Tumbaburros), Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, Tecaxic, Tlachaloya Primera Sección, Tlachaloya Segunda Sección, Xicaltepec Cuexcontitlán (Cuexcontitlán), Xicaltepec Otzacatipan (Ej. San Mateo), Xicaltepec Tepaltitlán (Ej. San Lorenzo)

The metropolitan area

Toluca is the economic engine of the Vally of Toluca, in which are located 30 municipalities. However, not all of these municipalities have the same relationship with Toluca. Technically, Toluca lies in the southern part of the valley and its economic influence is most strongly felt in the southern and central parts of the valley. The northern parts of the valley have closer ties to Atlacomulco. Atlacomulco de Fabela (simply known as Atlacomulco is a city and the seat of the municipality of Atlacomulco located in the northwest of the State of Mexico, The core metropolitan area of Toluca consists of the municipalites of Toluca, Lerma, Metepec, San Mateo Atenco, Ocoyoacac and Zinacantepec. The economic interdependence of these municipalities are most similar to that of the communities in the Mexico City metropolitan area. There are two "outer spheres" of the metropolitan area. The first consists of the municipalties of Almoloya del Río, Capulhuac, Mexicaltzingo, San Antonio la Isla, Tenango del Valle and Xonacatlán. San Mateo Mexicaltzingo is a town and the seat of the municipality of Mexicaltzingo located in the State of Mexico, in Mexico. San Antonio La Isla is a town and municipality located in the State of Mexico in Mexico. Tenango de Arista is a town and seat of the municipality of Tenango del Valle in the State of Mexico; however both are commonly referred to as Tenango del The furthest sphere consists of Santiango Tianguistenco, Santa María Rayón, Santa Cruz Atizapán and Chapultepec, México. These spheres are defined not only by geographical distance but also by population growth and rate of urbanization. [10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Consulta de datos del Conteo 2005. Toluca Valley is a Valley located approximately 75 km southwest Mexico City. Conteo 2005. INEGI (2005).
  2. ^ Romero, Javier (1956). El dios Tolotzin (in Spanish). México: Fondo Mexicano del Libro, 105-115,49. ISBN 0-7869-1850-8.  
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Estebanez(ed), Francisco; Jorge Arturo Gonzalez (2002). The State of Mexico. Mexico City: Ediciones Nueva Guia. ISBN 968 5437 26 2.  
  4. ^ In Encyclopædia Britannica. Toluca. Retrieved on 2007-10-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas
  5. ^ Garcia Castro, Rene (1999). Indios, territorio y poder en la provincia matlatzinca: la negociación del espacio político de los pueblos otomianos, siglos XV-XII. . CIESAS, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, and El Colegio Mexiquense, Mexico City and Toluca.  
  6. ^ Romero, Javier (1956). El Dios Tolotzin (in Spanish). México: Fondo Mexicano del Libro. ISBN 0-7869-1850-8.  
  7. ^ a b c d e Sanchez, Alfonso; Almanza, Rodrigo (October 1989). Vuelo De ángeles o demonios, parvada de prometeos… Cosmovitral de Toluca. Talleres de pliego impresores. ISBN 968-484-012-8.  
  8. ^ Turismo. Retrieved on 2008-03-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
  9. ^ a b c d e Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Mexico Estado de Mexico Toluca de Lerdo. Retrieved on 2008-03-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
  10. ^ a b Arteaga Botello, Nelson (2005). "Los estudios sobre la zona metropolitana del valle de Toluca. Aproximaciones estructurales y centrales en los actores". Región y Sociedad xvii (33).  
  11. ^ a b Conoce mas Toluca. Retrieved on 2008-03-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
  12. ^ The 2009 Dodge Journey crossover (and dual-clutch automatic). Chrysler, Feb 1, 2008.
  13. ^ Gobierno del Estado de Mexico. Retrieved on 2007-10-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks.
  14. ^ Presenta Libramiento Nororiente De Toluca 75 Por Ciento De Avance: Comunicaciones. Retrieved on 2008-04-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of
  15. ^ OHL construye nuevas fases en autopista del Estado de México. Retrieved on 2008-03-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
  16. ^ Detalles del post: Amenazan con autopista al bosque de agua. Retrieved on 2008-03-38. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  17. ^ a b INEGI (September 2001). Guia Turistica del Estado de Mexico. Mexico State or State of Mexico (often abbreviated to " Edomex " from Estado de México in Spanish) is a state in the INEGI, 240-247.  
  18. ^ Museos de Toluca. ISBN 208/2/024/03.  
  19. ^ Artesanias de Toluca. Retrieved on 2008-03-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
  20. ^ a b INEGI (1994). "Estadísticas de Toluca", Cuaderno Estadístico Municipal (in Spanish), 1,9.  
  21. ^ García de León, Porfirio; Fernádo González de la Vara, Ricardo Jaramillo Luque (1998). Historia General del Estado de México Volumen 1 Geografía y Arqueología (in Spanish). Toluca México: Corporación Editorial Mac S. A. de C. V. , 39. ISBN 970-669-001-8.  
  22. ^ World's highest ski resort on cards for Mexico (2004-04-19). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Retrieved on 2007-12-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French
  23. ^ NP NEVADO DE TOLUCA. vivanatura. Retrieved on 2007-10-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated
  24. ^ a b INEGI (1997). “Estado de México” Guía Turística de México (in Spanish). Aguascalientes México: INEGI, 175,214. ISBN 970-13-1194-9.  

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