Public finance
This article is part of the series: Finance and Taxation
Taxation
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A toll road, (also known as a tollway, turnpike, pike, or tollpike, especially if it is constructed to freeway standards), is a road for which a driver pays a toll (that is, a fee) for use. Public finance is a field of economics concerned with paying for collective or governmental activities and with the administration and design of those activities The field of finance refers to the concepts of Time, Money and Risk and how they are interrelated Payroll tax generally refers to two kinds of taxes: Taxes which Employers are required to withhold from Employees Pay, also known as Withholding A capital gains tax (abbreviated CGT) is a Tax charged on Capital gains the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory Asset that was purchased Stamp duty is a form of Tax that is levied on documents Historically a physical stamp (a Tax stamp) had to be attached to or impressed upon the document to denote Land value taxation (LVT (or site value taxation) is an Ad valorem tax where only the value of land itself is taxed A sales tax is a Consumption tax charged at the Point of purchase for certain goods and services Value added tax ( VAT) or goods and services tax ( GST) is a consumption Tax levied on value added. A flat tax (short for flat rate tax is a Tax system with a constant tax rate The tax tariff and trade laws of a political region State or Trade bloc determine which forms of consumption and production tend to be encouraged A tax haven is a place where certain Taxes are levied at a low rate or not at all In Economics, tax incidence is the analysis of the effect of a particular Tax on the distribution of economic welfare. In a Tax system and in Economics, the tax rate describes the burden Ratio (usually expressed as a Percentage) at which a business or person is A proportional tax is a Tax imposed so that the Tax rate is fixed as the amount subject to taxation increases A progressive tax is a Tax imposed so that the Tax rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases A regressive tax is a Tax imposed in such a manner that the Tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases Tax advantage refers to the economic bonus which applies to certain accounts or Investments that are by Statute, tax-reduced tax-deferred or tax-free Personal income taxes See also Income tax in Australia Only the federal government imposes income taxes on individuals and this is the most significant source of Taxation in the British Virgin Islands is relatively simple by comparative standards photocopies of all of the tax laws of the British Virgin Islands would together amount to about 200 The level of Taxation in Canada is average among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD countries Taxes provide the most important revenue source for the Government of the People's Republic of China. See Government of Colombia for a wider perspective of Colombian government See Government of France for a wider perspective of French government Taxes in Germany —being a Federal Republic —are levied by the federation ( Bund) the States ( Länder) as well as the HK Inland Revenue Ordinance Cap112 is one of Hong Kong's Ordinances Taxes in India are levied by the Central Government and the State Governments This article ls with Taxation in Indonesia or pajak. Definitions "Pajak" in Indonesian for Tax and taxes whereas " Perpajakan The system of Taxation in Ireland is broadly similar to the system of Taxation in the United Kingdom. The Netherlands has a rich history dealing with taxation predating the Romanic period. Taxation in New Zealand is collected at a national level by the Inland Revenue Department (IRD on behalf of the Government of New Zealand. The Income tax in Peru is collected by the Superintendencia Nacional de Administración Tributaria, best known as SUNAT. The Russian Tax Code is the primary tax law for the Russian Federation. Individual income tax in Singapore forms part of two main sources of Income tax, the other being Corporate taxes on companies In Tanzania the Income Tax Act 2004 came into effect in July 2004 Taxation in the United Kingdom may involve payments to a minimum of two different levels of government The central government ( Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs) Taxation in the United States is a complex system which may involve payment to at least four different levels of government and many methods of taxation Value added tax ( VAT) or goods and services tax ( GST) is a consumption Tax levied on value added. Comparison of Tax Rates around the world is a difficult and somewhat subjective enterprise This table lists countries by total 2005 Tax revenues (federal state and local as a percentage of GDP (Gross Domestic Product Economic policy refers to the actions that Governments take in the economic field. Monetary policy is the process by which the Government, Central bank, or monetary authority of a country controls (i the Supply of Money, A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is the entity responsible for the Monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states In Economics, money supply, or money stock, is the total amount of money available in an Economy at a particular point in time The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold Fiscal policy, taking the scope of Budgetary policy, refers to government policy that attempts to influence the direction of the economy through changes in government taxes Government spending or government expenditure is classified by economists into three main types A budget deficit occurs when an Entity (often a Government) spends more Money than it takes in Government debt (also known as public debt or national debt) is Money (or credit) owed by any level of government either Central government Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary A trade pact is a wide ranging Tax tariff and trade pact that often includes Investment guarantees The field of finance refers to the concepts of Time, Money and Risk and how they are interrelated In Economics, a financial market is a mechanism that allows people to easily buy and sell ( Trade) financial Securities (such as stocks and bonds There are two basic financial market participant categories Investor vs Corporate finance is an area of Finance dealing with the financial decisions Corporations make and the tools and analysis used to make these decisions Personal finance is the application of the principles of Finance to the monetary decisions of an individual or family unit Public finance is a field of economics concerned with paying for collective or governmental activities and with the administration and design of those activities Financial regulations are a form of Regulation or supervision which subjects Financial institutions to certain requirements restrictions and guidelines aiming to A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Fractional-reserve banking is the banking practice in which Banks keep only a fraction of the value of their Bank notes and demand deposits in reserve Full-reserve banking is the Banking practice in which the full amount of each depositor's funds are available in reserve at the bank when each depositor Free banking is a theory of Banking in which commercial banks and market forces control the provision of banking services Islamic banking refers to a system of banking or banking activity that is consistent with Islamic law ( Sharia) principles and guided by Islamic economics A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Similarly there are toll bridges and toll tunnels. A toll bridge is a Bridge over which Traffic may pass upon payment of a fee or toll. A toll tunnel is a special road Tunnel whose construction and/or maintenance costs are in part recouped through a Toll charged for passing through it Non-toll roads are financed using other sources of revenue, most typically gasoline tax or general tax funds. In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services A fuel tax (also known as a petrol tax, gasoline tax, gas tax or fuel duty) is a Sales tax imposed on the sale of Fuel. Tolls have been placed on roads at various times in history, often to generate funds for repayment of toll revenue bonds used to finance constructions and/or operation. A toll revenue bond is a financial Promissory note usually issued to generate funds for the construction and/or operation of a public accommodation such as an Expressway The building or facility where a toll is collected may be called a toll booth, toll plaza, toll station, or toll gate.

Two variations of toll roads exist: barrier (mainline) toll plazas and entry/exit tolls. On a mainline toll system, all vehicles stop at various locations along the highway to pay a toll. While this may save money from the lack of need to construct tolls at every exit, it can cause lots of traffic congestion, and drivers could evade tolls by going around them as the exits do not have them. With entry/exit tolls, vehicles collect a ticket when entering the highway, which displays the fares it will pay when it exits, increasing in cost for distance traveled. Upon exit, the driver will pay the amount listed for the given exit. Should the ticket indicate a traveling violation or be lost, the driver would typically pay the maximum amount possible for travel on that highway. A variant of the entry/exit toll system exists where mainline barriers are present at the two endpoints of the toll road and each interchange has a ramp toll that is paid upon exit or entry. In this case a motorist would pay a flat fee at the ramp toll and another flat fee at the end of the toll road, thus no ticket is necessary. Modern toll roads often use a combination of the two, with various entry and exit tolls supplemented by occasional mainline tolls.

Contents 1 Early toll roads 2 National toll-road differences 3 Critics of toll roads 4 Toll collection technology 5 Closed system 6 Toll road gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Early toll roads

Toll roads are at least 2700 years old, as they had to be paid for using the Susa-Babylon highway under the regime of Ashurbanipal, who reigned in the seventh century BC. Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa) Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Ashurbanipal ( Akkadian: Aššur-bāni-apli, " Ashur has made a son" or "Ashur created an heir" (b ^[1] Aristotle and Pliny refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author In India, before the 4th century BC the Arthasastra notes the use of tolls. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. The Arthashastra ( IAST: Arthaśāstra) is a Treatise on statecraft, economic policy and Military strategy which Germanic tribes charged tolls to travellers across mountain passes. In a range of hills or especially of mountains, a pass (also gap, notch, col, saddle, bwlch, Tolls were used in the Holy Roman Empire in the 14th century and 15th century. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in

A 14th century example (though not for a road) would be Castle Loevestein in the Netherlands, which was built at a strategic point where 2 rivers met, and charged tolls to boats sailing the river. Castle Loevestein ( Slot Loevestein in Dutch) is a Medieval Castle built by the Knight Dirc Loef van Horne in 1368 The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Many modern European roads were originally constructed as toll roads in order to recoup the costs of construction. In 14th century England, some of the most heavily used roads were repaired with money raised from tolls by pavage grants. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Pavage was a Medieval toll for the maintenance or improvement of a road or street in England. Turnpike trusts were established in England beginning in 1706, and were ultimately responsible for the maintenance and improvement of most main roads in England and Wales, until they were gradually abolished from the 1870s. Turnpike trusts in the United Kingdom were bodies set up by Act of Parliament, with powers to collect road tolls for maintaining the principal highways England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events and Trends Technology The invention of the prototype telephone by Alexander G Most trusts improved existing roads, but some new ones usually only short stretches of road were also built. Thomas Telford's Holyhead road (now the A5 road) is exceptional as a particularly long new road, built in the early 19th century. Thomas Telford (9 August 1757 - 2 September 1834 was born in Westerkirk, Scotland. Holyhead ( IPA /ˈhɒlihɛd/ Welsh: Caergybi, "the fort of Saint Cybi " is the largest town in the county of The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar See also Toll roads in the United Kingdom. The history of toll roads in the United Kingdom has several phases with periods between when there were few (or no toll roads

National toll-road differences

Main article: Toll roads around the World

Toll roads are found in many countries. Asia China Nearly all Chinese expressways and express routes charge tolls although they are not often networked from one toll expressway to another The way they are funded and operated may differ from country to country. Some of these toll roads are privately owned and operated. Others are owned by the government. Some of the government-owned toll roads are privately operated.

Some toll roads are managed under such systems as the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) system. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT is a form of project financing wherein a private entity receives a concession from the private or Public sector to finance design construct Private companies build the roads and are given a limited franchise. Ownership is transferred to the government when the franchise expires. Throughout the world, this type of arrangement is prevalent in Australia, South Korea, Japan, Philippines, and Canada. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The (BOT) system is a fairly new concept that is gaining ground in the United States, with Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi^[2], Texas, and Virginia already building and operating toll roads under this scheme. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Tennessee are also considering the BOT methodology for future highway projects. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States.

The more traditional means of managing toll roads in the United States is through semi-autonomous public authorities. A public benefit corporation is a Public Corporation chartered by a State designed to perform some public service New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kansas, Oklahoma, and West Virginia manage their toll roads in this manner. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by While most of the toll roads in California, Delaware, Florida, Texas, and Virginia are operating under the BOT arrangement, a few of the older toll roads in these states are still operated by public authorities.

Payment of the road toll may be made in cash, by credit card, by pre-paid card or by an electronic toll collection system. Electronic toll collection (ETC, an adaptation of military " Identification friend or foe " technology aims to eliminate the delay on Toll roads It is a In some European countries payment is made using stickers which are affixed to the windscreen. Some toll booths are automated. Tolls may vary according to the distance traveled, the building and maintenance costs of the motorway and the type of vehicle.

In July 2007, the Sydney Harbour Tunnel in Sydney, Australia, became the first toll road to fully convert from cash to electronic toll collection (as opposed to toll roads that opened as electronic-only). The Sydney Harbour Tunnel is a twin tube road tunnel in Sydney, Australia. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Electronic toll collection (ETC, an adaptation of military " Identification friend or foe " technology aims to eliminate the delay on Toll roads It is a

Critics of toll roads

According to Gabriel Roth toll roads have been criticized as being inefficient in three ways^[3]:

1. It required vehicle to stop or slow down, manual toll collection wastes time and raises vehicle operating costs
2. Collection costs can absorb up to third of revenues, and revenue theft is considered to be comparatively easy. Gabriel Fernando Roth (born 5 May 1979 in Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe) is an Agentine footballer playing for Atlético
3. Where the tolled road are less congested than the parallel 'free' roads, the traffic diversion resulting from the tolls increases congestion on the road system and reduces its usefulness.

Toll collection technology

The term turnpike refers to the pike or long stick that was held across the road, and only raised or turned aside when the traveler paid the toll. A pike is a Pole weapon, a very long thrusting Spear used two-handed and used extensively by Infantry both for attacks on enemy foot soldiers and as

Travelers have disliked toll roads not only for the cost of the toll, but also for the delays at toll booths.

An adaptation of military "identification friend or foe" or RFID technology, called electronic toll collection, is lessening the delay incurred in toll collection, and may eliminate it entirely in the future. In Telecommunications, identification friend or foe (IFF is a Cryptographic identification System designed for command and control Radio-frequency identification ( RFID) is an automatic identification method relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or Electronic toll collection (ETC, an adaptation of military " Identification friend or foe " technology aims to eliminate the delay on Toll roads It is a The electronic system determines whether a passing car is enrolled in the program, alerts enforcers if it is not. The accounts of registered cars are debited automatically without stopping or even opening a window. Currently, DSRC is used as a wireless protocol. Other systems are based on GPRS/GSM and GPS technology. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS is a Packet oriented Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM and GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth Such a system (for trucks only) in Germany launched successfully in January 2005 and by the end of its first year of operation will have charged tolls for around 22 billion driven kilometres. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. One of the advantages of GPS-based systems is their ability to adapt easily and quickly to changes in charge parameters (road classes, vehicle types, emission levels, time slots, etc. ). Another advantage is the systems' ability to support other value-added services on the same technology platform. These services might include fleet and vehicle engine management systems, emergency response services, pay-as-you-drive insurance services and navigation capabilities.

The first major deployment of an RFID electronic toll collection system was on the Dallas North Tollway in 1989 by Amtech (see TollTag). Radio-frequency identification ( RFID) is an automatic identification method relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or Electronic toll collection (ETC, an adaptation of military " Identification friend or foe " technology aims to eliminate the delay on Toll roads It is a The Dallas North Tollway ( DNT or simply the Tollway) is a controlled-access Toll road operated by the North Texas Tollway Authority (NTTA Roper Industries is a diversified industrial company that produces engineered products for global niche markets TollTag is the Electronic toll collection system used on the North Texas Tollway Authority (NTTA The Amtech RFID technology used on the Dallas North Tollway was originally developed at Sandia Labs for use in tagging and tracking livestock. Radio-frequency identification ( RFID) is an automatic identification method relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or

Highway 407 in the province of Ontario, Canada has absolutely no toll booths and instead, the rear license plates of all vehicles are photographed when they enter and exit the highway. Highway 407, officially called the 407 Express Toll Route (ETR, is a Tollway located in the Greater Toronto Area, southern Ontario, Canada Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This makes the highway the first all automated highway in the world. A bill is mailed monthly for usage of the 407. Lower charges are levied on frequent 407 users who carry electronic transponders in their vehicles. The approach has not been without controversy: In 2002 the 407 ETR settledPDF a class action with a refund to users. The same method is used on Highway 6 in Israel. Highway 6 (כביש 6 widely known as the Trans-Israel Highway or Cross-Israel Highway (חוצה ישראל is a major Electronic toll For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

In Illinois, coins and I-Pass are used in every toll plaza instead of toll tickets. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. I-PASS is the Electronic toll collection system used by the Illinois State Toll Highway Authority on its toll highways On the East Coast, similar systems include E-ZPass, Smart Tag, FastLane or SunPass. E-ZPass is an Electronic toll collection system used on most tolled Roads Bridges and Tunnels in the northeastern United States This article describes the toll collection system in Virginia United States SunPass is an Electronic toll collection system in use by the State of Florida and was originally created by the Florida Department of Transportation 's FasTrak is used in California. FasTrak is the Electronic toll collection (ETC system used in the state of California in the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The systems use a small radio transponder mounted in or on a customer's vehicle to deduct toll fares from a pre-paid account as the vehicle passes through the toll barrier. In Telecommunication, the term transponder (short-for Trans mitter-res ponder and sometimes abbreviated to XPDR XPNDR TPDR or TP has the following meanings This reduces manpower at toll booths and increases traffic flow and fuel efficiency by reducing the need for complete stops to pay tolls at these locations.

By designing a tollgate specifically for electronic collection, it is possible to carry out open-road tolling, where the customer does not need to slow at all when passing through the tollgate. The state of Texas is testing a system on a stretch of Texas 121 that has no toll booths. Drivers without a TollTag have their license plate photographed automatically and the registered owner will receive a monthly bill, at a higher rate than those vehicles with TollTags [1].

Another feature of many electronic toll collection systems is interagency interoperability, where the same transponder is accepted at many toll agencies. For instance, the E-ZPass tag is accepted at most toll facilities from Virginia to Maine and west to the Peace Bridge spanning the Niagara River as well as Indiana and Illinois. E-ZPass is an Electronic toll collection system used on most tolled Roads Bridges and Tunnels in the northeastern United States The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean This article is about the Peace Bridge between Canada and USA The Niagara River flows to the north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Ohio has signalled intention to join E-ZPass for the Ohio Turnpike, but has not officially done so. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The Ohio Turnpike (officially the James W Shocknessy Ohio Turnpike) is a -long Limited-access toll highway in the U The TxTAG system allows interoperability throughout the state of Texas, but is not compatible with systems used outside of Texas. TxTag (pronounced "textag" operated by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT is one of three interoperable Electronic toll collection systems Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State.

Electronic toll collection (ETC) systems also have drawbacks. A computer glitch can result in delays several miles long. Some state turnpike commissions such as the Ohio Turnpike have debated implementing E-ZPass but have found that such a system would be ineffective because most of the people who use the turnpike are not commuters, are from states that have no ETS on turnpikes, or are from states that don't have a turnpike at all. The Ohio Turnpike (officially the James W Shocknessy Ohio Turnpike) is a -long Limited-access toll highway in the U The toll plazas of some turnpikes are antiquated because they were originally built for traffic that stops to pay the toll or get a ticket.

The technology does have its limits. For instance, the Highway 407 automatic number plate recognition technology has a reputation for the occasional misread plate, leading to bills being sent to motorists in remote parts of Ontario who have never been near the tollway. Automatic number plate recognition ( ANPR; see also other names below is a Mass surveillance method that uses Optical character recognition on

Closed system

For toll roads, a "closed system" refers to a road where a motorist obtains a ticket upon entering the toll road, then pays to toll upon exiting the expressway. The toll is calculated by the distance traveled on the toll road. In contrast, a toll road using an 'open system' consists of mainline toll plazas (a. k. a. , toll barriers) at set intervals; it is possible for motorists to get on an 'open toll road' after one toll barrier and exit before the next one, thus traveling on the toll road toll-free. Most open toll roads have ramp tolls or limited access junctions to prevent that.

Toll road gallery

A high-speed toll booth on SR 417 near Orlando, Florida	On the Sayama bypass (Saitama prefectural road 397) in Japan	On the Dom Pedro I Highway near the city of Itatiba, Brazil	A New Jersey Turnpike Toll Gate for Exit 8A in Monroe Township, NJ
Toll gate San Marcos, at the México-Puebla highway. State Road 417 (SR 417, also known as the Central Florida GreeneWay, Southern Connector and Seminole Expressway (depending on the location is a Orlando is a major City in central Florida, USA and is the County seat of Orange County Florida. formerly known as Irumagawa, is a city located in Saitama, Japan. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. See also Highway system of São Paulo Brazilian Highway System Itatiba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The New Jersey Turnpike (or simply The Turnpike as it is known to New Jersey residents is a Toll road in New Jersey and is one of the most heavily traveled See also Monroe Township Gloucester County, New Jersey for another New Jersey Township with the same name Monroe Township is a Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Is a Mexican state located in the center east of the country to the east of Mexico City.	Suita TOLL GATE on Chūgoku Expressway near Osaka, Japan	A toll gate on the Airport Expressway in Beijing. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū The Airport Expressway (机场高速公路 Hanyu Pinyin: Jīchǎng Gāosù Gōnglù is an Expressway in Beijing, China, which links central	Toll Plaza of Cross-Harbour Tunnel, Hong Kong. The Cross-Harbour Tunnel (abbr CHT or XHT; ( or informally 紅磡海底隧道 紅隧 is the first Tunnel in Hong Kong built under water
Sungai Besi toll plaza, North-South Expressway, Malaysia. The North-South Expressway (NSE (Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan 南北大道 வடக்கு - தெற்கு நெடுஞ்சாலை is the longest expressway in Malaysia	Malaysian toll plaza near Skudai, Johor with Touch 'n Go and Smart TAG electronic payment system (EPS)	ERP gantry at North Bridge Road. Skudai is a rapidly expanding suburb of Johor Bahru, the largest city in and the capital of the state of Johor in southern Malaysia. Johor (alt English spelling Johore, Jawi scriptجوهر is a state of Malaysia between 1°20"N and 2°35"N The Touch 'n Go smart card is used by Malaysian toll expressway and highway operators as the sole Electronic payment system (EPS This article describes the toll collection system in Malaysia Electronic money (also known as e-money, electronic cash, electronic currency, digital money, digital cash or digital currency The Electronic Road Pricing ( ERP) (Sistem Kadar Jalan Elektronik 电子道路收费系统 scheme is an Electronic toll collection scheme adopted in Singapore Singapore	The tollgate on College Road, Dulwich, London SE21 - a slice of medieval life still very much 'alive and kicking' in south London. Singapore
Paying the toll at the College Road, Dulwich, London SE21 tollgate, which dates back to 1789.	A table of tolls in pre-decimal currency for the College Road, Dulwich, London SE21 tollgate.	A toll booth at the Svinesund Bridge at the Swedish-Norwegian border. The Svinesund Bridge is a Compression arch suspended-deck bridge crossing Iddefjord at Svinesund, and joining Sweden and Norway	The Balintawak Toll Barrier of the North Luzon Expressway located in Caloocan City, Philippines. The North Luzon Expressway ( NLE or NLEx) formerly called North Diversion Road, is a limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro Manila The City of Caloocan, ( The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP
Ontario's Highway 407 does not use toll booths, but rather cameras and transponders to toll users. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Highway 407, officially called the 407 Express Toll Route (ETR, is a Tollway located in the Greater Toronto Area, southern Ontario, Canada	Toll ticket for travel on the Massachusetts Turnpike. The Massachusetts Turnpike (commonly shortened to the MassPike or The Pike) is the easternmost 138-mile (222 km stretch of Interstate 90. This ticket indicates the point of entry onto the Turnpike, and lists tolls charged at each exit point.	Service areas provide food, fuel, and travel information on the Ohio Turnpike, in the United States. The Ohio Turnpike (officially the James W Shocknessy Ohio Turnpike) is a -long Limited-access toll highway in the U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the	The Tullamarine Freeway in Melbourne, Australia showing electronic e-TAG toll gantries. The Tullamarine Freeway is an urban Freeway in Melbourne, Australia, linking Melbourne Airport to the central business district Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. e-TAG is an Electronic toll collection system used on Tollways throughout Australia.

See also

• List of toll roads
• High-occupancy toll
• Freeway
• Private highway
• Road pricing
• Toll bridge
• Toll house
• Toll tunnel
• Electronic toll collection
• Toll roads around the world
  • Toll roads in Europe
  • Toll roads in the United States
  • Malaysian expressway system
  • Tunnels and bridges in Hong Kong
  • Expressways of Japan
• Shadow toll

References

External links

• International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association The International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association (IBTTA) is the worldwide alliance of toll operators and associated industries that provides a forum for sharing knowledge and ideas to promote and enhance toll-financed transportation services.
• Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth-Century America (EH. Net Economic History encyclopedia)
• National Alliance Against Tolls British anti toll group, but "News" pages includes USA and other countries.
• EU: Tolls and user charges for vehicles
• Autoroutes (France) French site that will give estimates for tolls payable between different points in Europe
• The Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike, an example of an early toll road in the USA designed, created, and maintained by recent European immigrants
• College Road, Dulwich, London SE21 Tollgate pictures
• Collection of tollroad news from contractor perspective
• English Turnpike roads, for background on toll roads during the turnpike era in England

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