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Tolkien fandom is an international, informal community of fans of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, especially of the Middle-earth legendarium which includes The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion. Fans in Little Italyjpg|thumb|right|Fans in Little Italy Manhattan celebrating the victory of the Italian association football team after the 2006 FIFA World Cup]][[Image Wm-oly-de-cr Middle-earth refers to the fictional lands where most of the stories of author J Tolkien's Legendarium (ISBN 0-313-30530-7 is a collection of scholarly essays edited by Verlyn Flieger and Carl F The Hobbit or There and Back Again is an award-winning fantasy The Lord of the Rings is an epic The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in "Fandom" implies a subculture marked by youthful enthusiasm but comparatively little sophistication compared to scholarly literary criticism and thus marks the popular aspect of the general topic of the reception of J. R. R. Tolkien. Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — The works of J R R Tolkien, most notably The Lord of the Rings (1954/55 have exerted considerable influence since their publication "Tolkien fandom" in this sense sprang up in the USA in the 1960s, in the context of the hippie movement, to the dismay of the author (Tolkien died in 1973), who talked of "my deplorable cultus". The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world [1]

A Tolkienist is someone who studies the work of J. R. R. Tolkien: this usually refers to students of the Elvish languages and "Tolkienology". Elvish languages are Constructed languages used typically by elves in a Fantasy setting [2] The term Ringer refers to a fan of The Lord of the Rings in general, and of Peter Jackson's live-action film trilogy in particular. Peter Robert Jackson, CNZM (born 31 October 1961 is a three-time Academy Award -winning New Zealand director producer and writer best known for directing The Lord of the Rings film trilogy consists of three Live action Fantasy Epic films The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 [3] Other terms describing Tolkien fans include Tolkienite or Tolkiendil. [4]

Contents

History

Further information: Reception of Tolkien

Tolkien's The Hobbit, a children's book, was first published in 1937, and it proved popular. The works of J R R Tolkien, most notably The Lord of the Rings (1954/55 have exerted considerable influence since their publication Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. However, The Lord of the Rings, first published in 1954 through 1955, would give rise to the fandom as a cultural phenomenon from the early to mid 1960s. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar)

Early fandom (1960s to 1973)

1960s USA

Foster (2006) attributes the surge of Tolkien fandom in the USA of the mid 1960s to a combination of the hippie subculture and anti-war movement pursuing "mellow freedom like that of the Shire" and "America's cultural Anglophilia" of the time, fuelled by a bootleg paperback version of The Lord of the Rings published by Ace Books followed up by an authorised edition by Ballantine Books. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world Ace Books is the oldest active specialty Publisher of Science fiction and Fantasy books The Ballantine Publishing Group, better known as Ballantine Books, is a major American book Publisher founded in 1952 by Ian Ballantine.

The "hippie" following latched onto the book, giving its own spin to the work's interpretation, such as the Dark Lord Sauron representing the United States military draft during the Vietnam War, to the chagrin of the author who talked of a "deplorable cultus" and stated that ""Many young Americans are involved in the stories in a way that I'm not"[1]

Fan attention became so intense that Tolkien had to take his phone number out of the public directory[5] and eventually moved to Bournemouth on the south coast of England. Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Bournemouth ( is a large coastal resort town in the Borough of Bournemouth in Dorset, England.

This embracing of the work by American 1960s counter-culture made it an easy target for mockery, and resulted in The Lord of the Ring acquiring a reputation of a dubious work of popular culture rather than "real literature", post-poning the emergence of academic Tolkien studies by some twenty years, to the late 1980s. Tolkien studies redirects here For the journal see Tolkien Studies The works of J

The Lord of the Rings also from the mid 1960s acquired immense popularity in the emerging hacker culture, and the technological subcultures of scientists, engineers, and computer program­mers, and flourishes there still. In Computing, hacker has several meanings A community of enthusiast Computer programmers and Systems designers originated in the 1960s (Spangenfeld 2006) It also figured as one of the major inspirations of the nascent video game industry and the evolution of fantasy role-playing games (Burdge 2006). The video game industry (formally referred to as Interactive entertainment) is the economic sector involved with the development, Marketing A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters.

Many fantasy series written in the period were created by fans of The Lord of the Rings, such as the Shannara books by Terry Brooks. Shannara is an epic fantasy series of novels written by Terry Brooks, beginning with The Sword of Shannara in 1977 Terence Dean "Terry" Brooks (born January 8, 1944) is a writer of Fantasy fiction.

Tolkien societies

Further information: Tolkien societies

Although there were active Tolkien enthusiasts within science fiction fandom from the mid-1950s, true organized Tolkien fandom only took off with the publication of the second hardcover edition and the paperbacks in the 1960s. Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community of people actively interested in Science fiction and Fantasy literature, and in contact with one another The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Although there are numerous Tolkien societies in different countries today, it should be noted that they are not endorsed or even authorized by the Tolkien Estate. The Tolkien Estate is the legal body which manages the property of the late J

Articles on The Lord of the Rings appeared regularly in the 1960s fanzine Niekas, edited by Ed Meskys. A fanzine (see also Zine) is a nonprofessional publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre for the pleasure The first organized Tolkien fan group was "The Fellowship of the Ring", founded by Ted Johnstone at Pittcon, the 1960 Worldcon. David Edward McDaniel ( June 16, 1939 - November 1, 1977) was a US Science fiction author, who also wrote spy fiction including They published four issues of the fanzine i-Palantír before the organization disbanded.

The Tolkien Society of America first met "in February, 1965, beside the statue of Alma Mater on the Columbia University campus," according to a 1967 New York Times interview with Richard Plotz, the Society's founder and first Thain. Tolkien fandom is an international informal community of fans of the works of J By 1967, Meskys had become Thain and the society boasted over 1,000 members, organized into local groups or smials, a pattern that would be followed by other Tolkien fan organizations. The society published a newsletter, Green Dragon, and The Tolkien Journal (edited by Plotz). In 1969, the society sponsored the first Tolkien Conference at Belknap College. The Tolkien Conference was not a "science fiction convention" but rather a scholarly event. Science fiction conventions are gatherings of the community of fans (called Science fiction fandom) of various forms of Speculative fiction including Science

The University of Wisconsin Tolkien and Fantasy Society was founded in 1966, and is best known for its journal Orcrist (1966-1977), edited by Richard C. West.

Across the continent, Glen GoodKnight founded the Mythopoeic Society in California in 1967 for the study, discussion, and enjoyment of fantastic and mythic literature, especially the works of Tolkien and fellow-Inklings C. S. Lewis, and Charles Williams. The Mythopoeic Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to the study of mythopoeia, fantasy and mythic literature California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The Inklings was an informal literary discussion group associated with the University of Oxford, England, for nearly two decades between the early Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963 Charles Walter Stansby Williams ( September 20, 1886 – May 15, 1945) was a British Poet, Novelist, Theologian The society held its first Mythcon conference in 1970, which featured readings, a costume competition, an art show, and other events typical of science fiction conventions of the day. The Mythopoeic Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to the study of mythopoeia, fantasy and mythic literature Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The society's three current periodicals are Mythprint, a monthly bulletin; Mythlore, originally a fanzine and now a peer-reviewed journal that publishes scholarly articles on mythic and fantastic literature; and The Mythic Circle, a literary annual of original poetry and short stories (which replaced the Society's earlier publications Mythril and Mythellany). Mythlore is a semi-annual Peer-reviewed journal published by the Mythopoeic Society. The Mythic Circle is an illustrated fiction magazine published annually by the Mythopoeic Society containing short fiction and poetry

Orcrist and The Tolkien Journal published three joint issues (1969-1971). The Tolkien Journal and Mythlore published several joint issues in the later 1970s and eventually merged.

The Tolkien Society (U.K.) was founded in the U.K. in 1969, and remains active as a registered charity. The Tolkien Society is an educational charity formed in 1969 dedicated to furthering interest in the life and works of J The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The society has two regular publications, a bi-monthly bulletin of news and information, Amon Hen, and an annual journal, Mallorn, featuring critical articles and essays on Tolkien's work. The Tolkien Society is an educational charity formed in 1969 dedicated to furthering interest in the life and works of J They host several annual events, including a conference held at Oxford, Oxonmoot. The Tolkien Society is an educational charity formed in 1969 dedicated to furthering interest in the life and works of J

Both the UK Tolkien Society and the Mythopoeic Society were and remain organized into "Special Interest Groups", focusing on one area such as languages, and into local or regional groups who continue to meet on a regular basis. The journal Parma Eldalamberon, founded in 1971, is a publication of one such special interest group of the Mythopoeic Society. Parma Eldalamberon ( Quenya 'The Book of Elven-tongues' is a journal of the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship dedicated to the linguistics of J Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. The Mythopoeic Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to the study of mythopoeia, fantasy and mythic literature

There is also a long tradition of organized Tolkien fandoms in Scandinavia. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The Tolkien Society of Sweden was founded in Gothenburg in 1968 ("of Sweden" was added in 1969 to avoid confusion with the UK society) and The Tolkien Society Forodrim was founded in Sweden in 1972. The works of J R R Tolkien, most notably The Lord of the Rings (1954/55 have exerted considerable influence since their publication The works of J R R Tolkien, most notably The Lord of the Rings (1954/55 have exerted considerable influence since their publication "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Some fans, known as Tolkien tourists, travel for the purpose of visiting Lord of the Rings and Tolkien related sites. Tolkien tourism is a phenomenon of fans of all or part of The Lord of the Rings fictional universe travelling to sites of film- and book-related significance

1970s to 1980s

After Tolkien's death, his son Christopher Tolkien began the publication of posthumous material, beginning with the Silmarillion (1977) which was being prepared for publication by Tolkien but left unfinished at his death, followed by the The History of Middle-earth series (1983 to 1996). Christopher Reuel Tolkien (born 21 November 1924 is the youngest son of the Author J The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published from 1983 through 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography (1977) and The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (1981) provided biographical information. J R R Tolkien A Biography, written by Humphrey Carpenter, was first published in 1977 The Letters of J R R Tolkien (ISBN 0-618-05699-8 is a selection of J These publications provided the raw material for in-depth Tolkien research, pioneered by Tom Shippey's, The Road to Middle-earth (1982). Tolkien studies redirects here For the journal see Tolkien Studies The works of J Thomas Alan Shippey (born September 9, 1943) is a scholar of Medieval literature, including Anglo-Saxon England, and of modern Fantasy

Interest in The Lord of the Rings led to several attempts to adapt it for the film medium, most of which were largely unsuccessful. Filmmaker Ralph Bakshi succeeded in securing the rights to produce an animated feature film version, part one of what was originally planned as a two-part adaptation of the story. Ralph Bakshi (born October 29 1938 is an American director of animated and occasionally live-action films JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated Fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi. Bakshi produced the film using, among other animation techniques, rotoscoping, shooting a majority of the film in live-action first before transferring the live footage to animation. Rotoscoping is an Animation technique in which Animators trace over live-action film movement frame by frame for use in Animated films Originally While the film had, and continues to have, a mixed critical reaction, it was a financial success, costing USD 8 million to produce, and grossing over USD 30 million at the box office. Despite this fact, United Artists, the film's original distributor, refused to fund a sequel, leaving the project incomplete. This article is about the film studio Previously it was affiliated with a cinema chain bearing its name now owned by Regal Entertainment Group.

1990s to 2000s

The 1990s saw the conclusion of the The History of Middle-earth series. The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published from 1983 through 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J A series of minor texts by Tolkien were edited in journals such as Parma Eldalamberon and Vinyar Tengwar, published by the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship since the early 1990s. Parma Eldalamberon ( Quenya 'The Book of Elven-tongues' is a journal of the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship dedicated to the linguistics of J Vinyar Tengwar is a linguistic Journal ( published by the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship, dedicated to the scholarly study of the invented languages The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship ( E L F) is an international organization devoted to the scholarly study of the invented languages of J In 2000s, several encyclopedic projects have documented Tolkien's life and work in great detail, such as the J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia (2006) and the twin volumes The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion and The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide (2005, 2006). The JRR Tolkien Encyclopedia, subtitled Scholarship and Critical Assessment, edited by Michael D The Lord of the Rings A Reader's Companion ( 2005) is a nonfiction book written by scholars Wayne G The J R R Tolkien Companion and Guide ( 2006) by Wayne Hammond and Christina Scull, following their 2005 The Lord of the Rings The dedicated journal Tolkien Studies has been appearing from 2004. This article is about the academic journal For general studies of the works of J

Translated into dozens of languages and spread across the globe, The Lord of the Rings has never been out of print since its publication. Out of print refers to an item typically a book (see Out of print books) but can include any print or visual media or Sound recording, that is no longer being published The existing fanbase in the mid-1990s consisted of devoted fans, completely unused to having truly new material or any sort of mass-media acknowledgement, who paid strict attention to detail and continuity within the legendarium. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999

Online fandom

Tolkien discussion took place in many newsgroups from the earliest days of Usenet. Usenet, a Portmanteau of "user" and "network" is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system The Tolklang mailing list was started in 1990. Tolkien studies redirects here For the journal see Tolkien Studies The works of J The alt.fan.tolkien and rec.arts.books.tolkien newsgroups are active since 1992 and 1993, respectively. A newsgroup is a Repository usually within the Usenet system for messages posted from many users in different locations

Notable points of contention in online discussions surround the origin of orcs, whether elves have pointy ears, or whether balrogs have wings. Orc (OR'k is a word used to refer to a race of various tough and warlike humanoid creatures in various Fantasy settings appearing originally in the stories This article deals with J R R Tolkien's Balrogs For other uses see Balrog (disambiguation. Following the announcement of Jackson's movies (from 2001), online fandom became divided between "Revisionists" and "Purists", controversy surrounding the character of Arwen and the absence of Tom Bombadil in the movies. Literature Arwen was the youngest child of Elrond and Celebrían; her elder brothers were the twins Elladan and Elrohir. [6]

Jackson movies

The Lord of the Rings gained a much broader audience with the release of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy These were released serially in three successive years, from December 2001 to December 2003. Peter Robert Jackson, CNZM (born 31 October 1961 is a three-time Academy Award -winning New Zealand director producer and writer best known for directing The Lord of the Rings film trilogy consists of three Live action Fantasy Epic films The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 Since then, a large number of fans have also arisen who have not read any of the books, and have been only exposed to Tolkien through the films and its merchandise.

Tolkien-related games, especially computer and video games have also increased in number and in popularity. The works of J R R Tolkien have served as the inspiration topainters musicians film-makers and writers to such an extent that Tolkien is sometimes seen as the "father" While an immense number of computer and video games owe a great deal to J Popular culture references to Middle-earth have also increased, as well as satires and parodies of it.

One of the most prominent fansites of Jackson's movies is TheOneRing.net, which was very popular even with the cast and crew of the film. TORn, as it is called, was originally a small movie-news site that gained in prestige as movie-rumors became reality. The filmmakers put special effort into winning over the fans, not simply tolerating but actually actively supporting fansites. A fansite or fan site (also named fanpage is a Website created and maintained by a fan (s or devotee(s interested in a Celebrity, thing or Of these, TheOneRing. net is the most well-known and is probably responsible for popularizing the term Ringers. Another prominent fansite is The One Ring - The Home of Tolkien Online, by contrast to TheOneRing. net focussing on the literary works rathern than the movies.

A fan edit of the theatrical cut of The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers exists, called The Two Towers: The Purist Edit. A fan edit is a version of a film modified by a viewer that removes reorders or adds material in order to create a new interpretation of the film The Lord of the Rings The Two Towers is a 2002 Fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the second volume of J A purist is one who desires that a particular item remain true to its essence and free from adulterating or diluting influences [7] Most of the changes are incorporated into The Lord of the Rings - The Purist Edition, another fan edit which turns the entire trilogy into an eight-hour film without most of the changes. [7][8]

Tolkienology

Further information: Middle-earth canon

Tolkienology is a term used by Tolkien fans to describe the study of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien treating Middle-earth as a real world, conducting research from an "in-universe" perspective. Middle-earth canon is a term used in Tolkien fandom to promote the ideas of a Fictional canon within the writings of J Middle-earth refers to the fictional lands where most of the stories of author J Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. This differs from Tolkien studies in that it ignores the real-world history of composition by the author, and necessarily needs to assume an underlying internally consistent canon

"Tolkienology" may include:[9][10][11][12]

Fandom and Tolkien studies

Further information: Tolkien studies and Reception of Tolkien

There is no clear line dividing Tolkien fandom and scholarly Tolkien studies. Tolkien studies redirects here For the journal see Tolkien Studies The works of J The works of J R R Tolkien, most notably The Lord of the Rings (1954/55 have exerted considerable influence since their publication Tolkien studies redirects here For the journal see Tolkien Studies The works of J Authors of academically published studies on Tolkien may still be motivated by private enthusiasm for his works, and various Tolkien societies combine scholarly study with fandom activities. Thus, the Oxonmoot organised by The Tolkien Society includes talks, slide shows and an evening party with a costume masquerade. The Tolkien Society is an educational charity formed in 1969 dedicated to furthering interest in the life and works of J The Tolkien Society is an educational charity formed in 1969 dedicated to furthering interest in the life and works of J Similarly, the Deutsche Tolkien Gesellschaft caters to Tolkien fandom in German-speaking Europe, and also co-organized seminars on Tolkien studies hosted at Jena University in 2005 and 2007. The works of J R R Tolkien, most notably The Lord of the Rings (1954/55 have exerted considerable influence since their publication The German language (both as an official language and as a minority language is spoken in a number of countries and territories in West and Central Europe Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (FSU is located in Jena, Thuringia in Germany and was renamed for the German writer Friedrich Schiller

Generic Tolkien fandom is separated from "serious" Tolkien studies by a sliding scale of awareness of Tolkien's lesser and posthumously published works. Many Tolkien fans will be aware of The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, and perhaps the Silmarillion. Awareness of Tolkien's short stories, his non-fiction publication, and the detailed editions of his unpublished notes since the 1980s is reserved for the more literary-minded demographic section of Tolkien fans.

Fandom and Tolkienian linguistics

Further information: Languages of Middle-earth and Neo-Eldarin

The studies of Tolkien's artistic languages (notably Quenya and Sindarin) is a field where "fandom" and scholarly Tolkien studies overlap. The Languages of Arda are artificial languages invented by J R Neo-Eldarin is a term that may be employed to describe the language of texts attempting to actually use the "Elven" tongues invented by British author and philologist J An artistic language ( artlang) is a Constructed language designed for aesthetic pleasure Quenya 'kwɛɲa is one of the fictional languages spoken by the Elves (the Quendi, "those who speak with voices" because when Sindarin is an Artificial language developed by J R R Tolkien. Tolkien studies redirects here For the journal see Tolkien Studies The works of J The resulting friction between scholarly students of the languages focussing on their conceptual evolution and fandom-oriented students taking an "in-universe" view became visible notably in the "Elfconners" controversy of the late 1990s. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. Elfcon (also ELFcon) is short for " Elvish Linguistic Fellowship Convention" a convention first proposed by Jorge Quiñónez and then organized and originally

There is a "reconstructionist" camp, which pursues the reconstruction of unattested Elvish forms, and a "philological" or "purist" camp which focusses entirely on the conscientious edition of such fragments as can be found in Tolkien's unpublished papers. Linguistic reconstruction is the practice of establishing the features of the unattested ancestor ( Proto-language) of one or more given languages By its nature, reconstructionism aims for a "canon" of "correct" standard Elvish (Neo-Eldarin), while the philological study of the evolution of Tolkien's conceptions cannot assume that the languages had ever reached a complete or internally consistent final form. Neo-Eldarin is a term that may be employed to describe the language of texts attempting to actually use the "Elven" tongues invented by British author and philologist J

The "reconstructionist" camp is represented e. g. by linguist David Salo, and the "purist" camp is represented e. David Salo (born 1969) is a linguist who worked on the languages of J g. by Carl F. Hostetter, the editor of Vinyar Tengwar. Carl F Hostetter (born 1965 is a computer scientist at NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center, and a key figure of the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship. Vinyar Tengwar is a linguistic Journal ( published by the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship, dedicated to the scholarly study of the invented languages

References

  1. ^ a b Lev Grossman, Feeding on Fantasy Time.com, November 24, 2002
  2. ^ thetolkienwiki.org
  3. ^ the term appears on alt. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and fan. tolkien in December 2001 [1]; "Ringer community" Kohman (2005) p. 10. ; c. f. Ringers: Lord of the Fans (2005)
  4. ^ an Anglo-Quenya compound, meaning "Tolkien-lover", mostly known as the name of a French Tolkien society. Ringers Lord of the Fans is a 2005 Documentary film about the growth of Tolkien fandom. Quenya 'kwɛɲa is one of the fictional languages spoken by the Elves (the Quendi, "those who speak with voices" because when
  5. ^ Letters, no. 332.
  6. ^ "Fellowship of the Ring" - Wired, Oct. 2001; "The campaign for real Tolkien" - The Independent, Nov. 2001
  7. ^ a b Leo Grin. Tolkien Purists Strike Back!. Retrieved on 2007-12-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
  8. ^ The Lord of the Rings: the purist edition. Retrieved on 2007-12-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
  9. ^ http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Corridor/8611/tolkien.htm
  10. ^ http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/M-earth.html
  11. ^ http://tolkien.slimy.com/
  12. ^ http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/eagles.html

See also

External links

Tolkien fandom is an international informal community of fans of the works of J The Mythopoeic Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to the study of mythopoeia, fantasy and mythic literature The Tolkien Society is an educational charity formed in 1969 dedicated to furthering interest in the life and works of J The works of J R R Tolkien, most notably The Lord of the Rings (1954/55 have exerted considerable influence since their publication Tolkien tourism is a phenomenon of fans of all or part of The Lord of the Rings fictional universe travelling to sites of film- and book-related significance
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