- In this Japanese name, the family name is Tokugawa. in modern times usually consist of a Family name ( Surname) followed by a Given name. A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (徳川 綱吉 February 23, 1646-February 19, 1709) was the fifth shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the, and the, was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the Shoguns of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. He was the younger brother of Tokugawa Ietsuna, thus making him the son of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. was the fourth Shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan who was in office from 1651 to 1680 Tokugawa Iemitsu (徳川 家光 August 12, 1604 — June 8, 1651) sometimes was the second Shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1605 until his abdication in 1623 was the founder and first Shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate
He is known for instituting draconian animal protection law, particularly for dogs. This earned him the nickname of "dog shogun".
Contents |
Early Years (1646-1680)
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi was born on February 23, 1646, in Edo. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable He was the son of Tokugawa Iemitsu by one of his concubines. Tokugawa Iemitsu (徳川 家光 August 12, 1604 — June 8, 1651) sometimes Tsunayoshi had an elder brother already five years old, who would become the next shogun after Iemitsu's death, Tokugawa Ietsuna. Tsunayoshi was born in Edo and after his birth moved in with his mother to her own private apartments in Edo Castle. literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the also known as, is a flatland castle that was built in 1457 by Ōta Dōkan. Tsunayoshi is believed to have been at least moderately mentally retarded, due to heavy inbreeding in the Tokugawa family. At least one less critical explanation has been proposed as well, that "the younger son (Tsunayoshi) apparently distinguished himself by his precociousness and liveliness at an early age, and the father, the third shogun, Iemitsu, became fearful that he might usurp the position of his duller elder brothers [and] thus he ordered that the boy (Tsunayoshi) not to be brought up as a warrior, as was becoming for his station, but be trained as a scholar,"[1]
While his father was shogun, his mother was an adopted daughter of the Honjo family, led by Honjo Munemasa, in Kyoto. Tokugawa Iemitsu (徳川 家光 August 12, 1604 — June 8, 1651) sometimes Her birth parents had been grocers in Kyoto. This remarkable woman was very close with Tsunayoshi in his young years, and while his older brother Ietsuna began to rely on regents for much of his reign, Tsunayoshi did exactly the opposite, relying on his remarkable mother for advice until her death.
In 1651, Shogun Iemitsu died when Tsunayoshi was only five years old. His elder brother, Tokugawa Ietsuna, became shogun. For the most part, Tsunayoshi's life during the reign of his brother Shogun Ietsuna is unknown, but he never advised his brother.
As most, if not all the shoguns, he practiced the pederastic samurai tradition of shudo, and was the nenja (ねんじゃ) of Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu, who served the shogun, 12 years his senior. is the Japanese tradition of age-structured Homosexuality prevalent in Samurai society from the Medieval period until the end of the 19th century (1658 &ndash 1714 was a Japanese Daimyo of the Edo period, who served as an official in the Tokugawa shogunate.
Disputed Succession (1680)
In 1680, Shogun Ietsuna died at the premature age of 39. Immediately the succession began to be decided. Sakai Tadakiyo, one of Ietsuna's most favored advisors, suggested that the succession not pass to someone of the Tokugawa line, but rather to the blood royal, favoring one of the sons of Emperor Go-Sai to become the next shogun (like during the Kamakura shogunate) but Tadakiyo was dismissed soon after. Sakai Tadakiyo (酒井忠清(1624-1681 also known as Uta-no-kami was a Daimyō (feudal lord in Kōzuke Province, and a high-ranking government advisor Emperor Go-Sai (後西天皇 Go-Sai-tennō) also called Emperor Go-Saiin (後西院天皇 Go-Saiin-tennō) ( January 1, 1638 &ndash March The Kamakura shogunate ( Japanese: 鎌倉幕府 Kamakura bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship in Japan headed by the Shoguns from
Hotta Masatoshi, one of the most brilliant advisors of Shogun Ietsuna's rule, was the first person to suggest that Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, as the brother of the former shogun and the son of the third, become the next shogun. Hotta Masatoshi (堀田正俊 ( 1634 - 7 October 1684) was a Daimyō (feudal lord in Shimousa Province, and top government Finally, in Tenno 1 1681, Tsunayoshi became the fifth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Shogun Tsunayoshi (1680-1709)
Immediately after becoming shogun, Tsunayoshi gave Hotta Masatoshi the title of Tairō, in a way thanking him for ensuring his succession. Hotta Masatoshi (堀田正俊 ( 1634 - 7 October 1684) was a Daimyō (feudal lord in Shimousa Province, and top government Tairō (大老 lit "great elder" was a high-ranking official position in the Bakuhan taisei government of Japan. Almost immediately after he became shogun, he ordered a vassal of the Takata to commit suicide because of misgovernment, showing his strict approach to the samurai code. He then confiscated his fief of 250,000 koku. During his reign, he would confiscate a total of 1,400,000 koku. KOKU (1003 FM, "Hit Radio 100" is a Radio station in the United States territory of Guam.
In 1682, Shogun Tsunayoshi ordered his censors and police to raise the living standard of the people. Soon, prostitution was banned, waitresses could not be employed in tea houses, and soon rare and expensive fabrics were banned. Most probably, smuggling began as a practice in Japan soon after Tsunayoshi's authoritarian laws came into effect. In 1684, Tsunayoshi also decreased the power of the tairo after the assassination of Masatoshi by a cousin in that same year.
Nonetheless, due again to maternal advice, Tsunayoshi became very religious, promoting the Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi. Neo-Confucianism (/( is a form of Confucianism that was primarily developed during the Song Dynasty, but which can be traced back to Han Yu and Li Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (朱熹 born October 18, 1130, Yuxi, Fujian province China &ndash died April 23, 1200 In 1682, he read to the daimyo an exposition of the "Great Learning," which would become an annual tradition at the shogun's court. He soon began to lecture even more, and in 1690 lectured about Neo-Confucian work to Shinto and Buddhist daimyo, and even to envoys from the court of Emperor Higashiyama in Kyoto. is the native religion of Japan and was once its State religion. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Higashiyama also refers to a ward of Kyoto City Emperor Higashiyama (東山天皇 Higashiyama-tennō) ( October 21 (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. He also was interested in several Chinese works, namely The Great Learning (Da Xue) and The Classic of Filial Piety (Xiao Jing). The Great Learning ( is the first of the Four books which were selected by Zhu Xi during the Song Dynasty as a foundational introduction to Xiao Jing or Classic of Filial Piety ( alternative transliteration Hsiao Ching) is a Confucian classic Treatise giving Tsunayoshi also loved art and the No drama. No is an English / Old English word indicating Rejection, Disagreement, Refusal or making a negative response or exclamation
In 1691, Engelbert Kaempfer visited Edo as part of the annual Dutch embassy from Dejima in Nagasaki. Engelbert Kaempfer ( September 16, 1651 &ndash November 2, 1716) was a German naturalist traveller and Physician. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands was a fan-shaped Artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki that was a Dutch Trading port during Japan 's self-imposed isolation ( Sakoku ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. He journeyed from Nagasaki to Osaka, to Kyoto, and there to Edo. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the Kaempfer gives us information on Japan during the early reign of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi. As the Dutch embassy entered Edo in 1692, they asked to have an audience with Shogun Tsunayoshi. While they were waiting for approval, a fire destroyed six hundred houses in Edo, and the audience was postponed. Tsunayoshi and several of the ladies of the court sat behind reed screens, while the Dutch embassy sat in front of them. Tsunayoshi took an interest in Western matters, and apparently asked them to talk and sing with one another for him to see how Westerners behaved. Tsunayoshi later put on a No drama for them.
Perhaps owing to mental retardation, or perhaps even religious fundamentalism, Tsunayoshi had an obsession with living things in the later parts of his rule. In the 1690s and 1700s, Tsunayoshi, who was born in the Year of the Dog, thought he should take several measures concerning dogs. Edicts which told the populace to protect dogs were released every day, since in Edo there were many stray and diseased dogs walking around the city. Therefore, he was called Inu-Kubō (犬公方:Inu=Dog, Kubō=formal title of Shogun).
In 1695, there were so many dogs that Edo began to smell horribly. An apprentice was even executed because he wounded a dog. Finally, the trouble was taken to a distance, as over 50,000 dogs were deported to kennels in the suburbs of the city where they would be housed. They were apparently fed rice and fish which were at the expense of the taxpaying citizens of Edo.
For the latter part of Tsunayoshi's reign, he was advised by Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu. (1658 &ndash 1714 was a Japanese Daimyo of the Edo period, who served as an official in the Tokugawa shogunate. It was a golden era of classic Japanese art, known as the Genroku era. was a after Jōkyō and before Hōei. This period spanned the years from 1688 through 1704
In 1701, Asano Naganori, the daimyo of Akō han, having been insulted by Kira Yoshinaka in Edo Castle, attempted to kill him. was the Daimyo of the Akō Domain in Japan (1675 - 1701 His title was Takumi no Kami (内匠頭 The ( were powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings ( October 5, 1641 – January 30, 1703 also known as, is a flatland castle that was built in 1457 by Ōta Dōkan. Asano was executed, but Kira went unpunished. Asano's Forty-seven Ronin avenged his death by killing Kira and became a legend that influenced many plays and stories of the era. The revenge of the, also known as the Forty-seven Samurai, the Akō vendetta, or the took place in Japan at the start of the eighteenth century The most successful of them was a bunraku play called Kanadehon Chūshingura (now simply called Chūshingura, or "Treasury of Loyal Retainers"), written in 1748 by Takeda Izumo and two associates; it was later adapted into a kabuki play, which is still one of Japan's most popular. also known as Ningyō jōruri (ja 人形浄瑠璃 is a form of traditional Japanese Puppet theater founded in Osaka in 1684 is the fictional account of the revenge by the Forty-seven Ronin of the death of their master Asano Naganori. is a form of traditional Japanese theatre. Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate Make-up worn by some of its performers The earliest known account of the Akō incident in the West was published in 1822 in Isaac Titsingh's book, Illustrations of Japan. Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader [2]
In 1706, Edo was hit by a typhoon, and Mt. Fuji erupted the following year. Year 1706 ( MDCCVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a is the highest Mountain in Japan at.An Active volcano that last erupted in 1707–08 it straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and Shogun Tsunayoshi was already ill, and on February 19, 1709, he died at the age of 62, three days short of his 63rd birthday. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year He was succeeded by his nephew, Tokugawa Ienobu, who was the son of his other brother, Tokugawa Tsunashige, the former Lord of Kofu, which was a title Ienobu held before becoming shogun. ( June 11, 1662 - November 12, 1712) was the sixth Shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan.
Eras of Tsunayoshi's bakufu
The years in which Tsunayoshi was shogun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common Calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common Calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era [3]
In popular culture
Tsunayoshi's court is the subject of the popular 2005 FujiTV drama Ōoku: Hana no Ran, in which Tsunayoshi is played by Tanihara Shosuke. was a after Kanbun and before Tenna. This period spanned the years from 1673 to 1681. was a after Enpō and before Jōkyō. This period spanned the years from 1681 through 1684. was a after Tenna and before Genroku. This period spanned the years from 1684 through 1688. was a after Jōkyō and before Hōei. This period spanned the years from 1688 through 1704 was a after Genroku and before Shōtoku. This period spanned the years from 1704 through 1711. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. is a Japanese Television station based in Daiba, Minato Tokyo, Japan, also known as or CX.
Tsunayoshi appears as a character in a series of mystery novels by American writer Laura Joh Rowland. Laura Joh Rowland is a detective/mystery author best known for her series of mystery Novels set in the late days of Feudal Japan, mostly in Edo The protagonist, Sano Ichiro, begins his career as a police officer in the capital city of Edo. literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the The first novel, 1994's Shinju, is set in January of 1689, the first year of the Genroku period. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) was a after Jōkyō and before Hōei. This period spanned the years from 1688 through 1704 During the course of investigating a double murder disguised as a lovers' suicide, Sano uncovers and foils a plot to assassinate Tsunayoshi and is rewarded by a promotion to be the Shogun's special investigator. Appearing in all of the novels, Tsunayoshi is portrayed as a homosexual, and as a weak-willed and inept leader unaware that he's a puppet to the manipulations of first his lover Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu, and then his cousin Lord Matsudaira. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. (1658 &ndash 1714 was a Japanese Daimyo of the Edo period, who served as an official in the Tokugawa shogunate. The was a Japanese samurai clan that claimed descent from the Minamoto clan.
Tsunayoshi is also featured in an episode of Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z in which his ghost is awakened and possesses the Mayor, using his authority to invoke a 'monster compassion law' akin to his dog protection laws. is the name for a Japanese television Anime based upon the American animated television series The Powerpuff Girls.
References
- ^ Bodart-Bailey, B. , ed. (1999). Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Japan Observed, citing Buya shokudan, in Kokushi sosho, edited by Kokushi Kenkyu Kai (Tokyo 1917), ser. 2, 86-87.
- ^ Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822, p. 91.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 414-415.
- Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice, ed. (1999). Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Japan Observed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. The University of Hawaii Press is a University press that is part of the University of Hawai{{okina}}i.
- Screech, Timon. Timon Screech is a Professor in the History of Art at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS University of London. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals ISBN 0-7007-1720-X
- Titsingh, Isaac. Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader (1822). Illustrations of Japan. London: Ackerman.
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Hayashi Gahō (林鵞峰 (1618 &ndash 1688 also known as Hayashi Shunsai, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar teacher and administrator in the system of is a 17th century chronicle of the serial reigns of Japanese emperors with brief notes about some of the noteworthy events or other happenings during each period Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (RAS was according to its Royal Charter of August 11, 1824 --Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006. Click here to read the original text in French.
- Totman, Conrad. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600-1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Harvard University Press ( HUP) is a Publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in Academic publishing.
| Preceded by Matsudaira Norihisa |
Lord of Tatebayashi: Tokugawa Tsunayoshi 1661-1680 |
Succeeded by Tokugawa Tokumatsu |
| Preceded by Tokugawa Ietsuna |
Edo Shogun: Tokugawa Tsunayoshi 1680-1709 |
Succeeded by Tokugawa Ienobu |
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