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Marcus Aurelius wearing a toga.
Marcus Aurelius wearing a toga. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor

The toga, a distinctive garment of Ancient Rome, was a sash of perhaps twenty feet (6 meters) in length which was wrapped around the body and was generally worn over a tunic. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A tunic is any of several types of Clothing for the body with or without Sleeves and of various lengths reaching from the hips to the ankles The toga was invariably made of wool,[1] and the tunic under it was often made of linen. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Linen is a Textile made from the Fibers of the Flax plant Linum usitatissimum. For most of Rome's history, the toga was a garment worn exclusively by men, while women wore the stola. The stola was the traditional garment of Roman women corresponding to the Toga that was worn by men Non-citizens were forbidden to wear the toga. Citizenship in the time of Ancient Rome was a privileged status afforded to certain individuals with respect to laws property and governance

Contents

History

The toga was based on a formal dress robe used by the Etruscans, even though it is usually linked with the Romans. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy The toga was the dress clothing of the Romans; a thick woollen cloak worn over a loincloth or apron. A loincloth is a one-piece male garment sometimes kept in place by a belt, which covers the An apron is an outer protective garment that covers primarily the front of the body Established around the time of Numa Pompillius, the second King of Rome. It was taken off indoors, or when hard at work in the fields, but it was the only decent attire out-of-doors. (We learn this from the story of Cincinnatus: he was ploughing in his field when the messengers of the Senate came to tell him that he had been made dictator, and on seeing them he sent his wife to fetch his toga from the house so that they could be received appropriately. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (519 BC &ndash 430 BC? was an ancient Roman political figure serving as Consul in 460 BC and Roman dictator in 458 BC and The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute [2] The truth of the story may be doubtful, but it nevertheless expresses the Roman sentiment on the subject. )

As time went on, dress styles changed. Romans adopted the shirt (tunica, or in Greek chiton) which the Greeks and Etruscans wore, made the toga more bulky, and wore it in a looser manner. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία A chiton ( Ancient Greek khitōn (χιτών was a form of clothing in Ancient Greece, worn by both women and men The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy The result was that it became useless for active pursuits, such as those of war. Thus, its place was taken by the handier sagum (woolen cloak) on all military occasions. The sagum was a garment of note generally worn by members of the Roman military during both the Republic and early Empire. A cloak is a type of loose Garment that is worn over indoor Clothing and serves the same purpose as an Overcoat &mdashit protects the wearer from the cold In times of peace, too, the toga was eventually superseded by the laena, lacerna, paenula, and other forms of buttoned or closed cloaks. The paenula was a cloak worn by the Romans, akin to the Poncho of the modern Spaniards and Spanish Americans (i However, the toga did remain the court dress of the Empire. Court dress comprises Dress prescribed for courts of law. This article deals primarily with dress worn in the courts of law of England and Wales and The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial [3]

Significance

The same process that removed the toga from every-day life gave it an increased importance as a ceremonial garment, as is often the case with clothing. As early as the fifth century B. C. , and probably even before, the toga (along with the calceus) was looked upon as the characteristic badge of Roman citizenship. Citizenship in the time of Ancient Rome was a privileged status afforded to certain individuals with respect to laws property and governance It was denied to foreigners[4], and even to banished Romans,[5] and it was worn by magistrates on all occasions as a badge of office. The Roman Magistrates were elected officials in Ancient Rome. In fact, for a magistrate to appear in a Greek cloak (pallium) and sandals was considered by all, except unconventional folk, as highly improper, if not criminal. This article refers to the religious garment called a "pallium" [6] Augustus, for instance, was so much incensed at seeing a meeting of citizens without the toga, that, quoting Virgil's proud lines, "Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam" ("Romans, lords of the world, the race that wears the toga"), he gave orders to the aediles that in the future no one was to appear in the Forum or Circus without it. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Aedile ( Aedilis, from aedes aedis "temple" "building" was an office of the Roman Republic. This page refers to the main forum in the center of Rome See Imperial forums or Other forums in Rome (below for other forums in Rome and The Circus Maximus ( Latin for greatest circus, in Italian Circo Massimo) is an ancient Hippodrome and mass entertainment

Because the toga was not worn by soldiers, it was regarded as a sign of peace. A civilian was sometimes called togatus, "toga-wearer", in contrast to sagum-wearing soldiers. The sagum was a garment of note generally worn by members of the Roman military during both the Republic and early Empire. Cicero's De Officiis contains the phrase cedant arma togae: literally, "let arms yield to the toga", meaning "may peace replace war", or "may military power yield to civilian power. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman De Officiis ( On Duties or On Obligations) is an Essay by Marcus Tullius Cicero divided into three books where A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. "

Varieties

A contemporary portrayal of a toga picta
A contemporary portrayal of a toga picta

There were many kinds of togae, each used differently.

Those with the right to wear a toga praetexta were sometimes termed laticlavius, "having a broad crimson stripe". It also gave its name to a literary form known as praetexta. A Praetexta or Praetexta Fabula was a category of Roman Tragedy which dealt with the themes of historical Roman figures instead of

Modern usage

A male's exomis
A male's exomis
Main article: Toga party

In several countries, the tradition of the toga party has become popular in recent decades, generally at colleges and universities, perhaps best illustrated in (if not inspired by) the film Animal House. The exomis (from exo: "outside" and omos: "shoulder" was a Greek Tunic used by workers and light infantry A popular Fad on College and University campuses in the United States and Canada a toga party is a particular kind of Costume party in which A popular Fad on College and University campuses in the United States and Canada a toga party is a particular kind of Costume party in which Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing

This practice trades on the myth of Roman debauchery, and participants dress in togas, which are usually makeshift garments fashioned from bed linen. A bed sheet is a large piece of cloth used to cover a Mattress. As such, these "togas" bear little resemblance to the Ancient Roman garment, being both flimsier and scantier.

References

  1. ^ "Toga". A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through (1890). Ed. William Smith, LLD; William Wayte; G. Sir William Smith (1813 &ndash 1893 English Lexicographer, was born at Enfield in 1813 of Nonconformist parents E. Marindin. London: John Murray.  
  2. ^ Livius, Titus (ca. Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome 1st century BCE)jhjhjh Decemvirate", chapter 26, Ab Urbe Condita. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. Ab Urbe condita (literally "from
  3. ^ Spart. Sever. 1, 7. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  4. ^ Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius (121 CE). Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. 15.2, The Life of Claudius. "In a case involving citizenship a fruitless dispute arose among the advocates as to whether the defendant ought to make his appearance in the toga or in a Greek mantle. . . "
  5. ^ Plinius Caecilius Secundus, Gaius (ca. Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo (61/63 - ca 105 CE). Line 3, epistle 11, book 4, Epistulae. "Idem cum Graeco pallio amictus intrasset—carent enim togae iure, quibus aqua et igni interdictum est. . . " ("Likewise he would have gone clothed with the Greek garb—for those who have been barred from fire and water are without the right of a toga. . . ")
  6. ^ Tullius Cicero, Marcus (63 BC). Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo ("For Rabirius on a Charge of Treason"). "Rabirius. . . was now accused of. . . wearing the dress of an Egyptian. "
  7. ^ cf. Mart. viii. 28, 11. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  8. ^ cf. Polybius, x. 4, 8. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  9. ^ Liv. iv. 25, 13. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  10. ^ Liv. xxiv. 7, 2. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  11. ^ cf. Cic. post red. in Sen. 5, 12. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  12. ^ Zonar. vii. 19. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  13. ^ Liv. xxxiv. 7, 2. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  14. ^ cf. Cic. Phil. ii. 4. 3, 110. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  15. ^ Liv. xxvii. 8, 8; xxxiii. 42. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  16. ^ post red. in Sen. 5, 12. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  17. ^ cf. Liv. v. 41, 2. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  18. ^ cf. Isid. Orig. xix. 24, 8. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through
  19. ^ ad Aen. vii. 612; cf. ad vii. 188. As cited by The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through

External links

This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities by William Smith (1870). The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English-language Encyclopedia first published in 1842 and then in many revised editions through Sir William Smith (1813 &ndash 1893 English Lexicographer, was born at Enfield in 1813 of Nonconformist parents

Dictionary

toga

-noun

  1. Loose outer garment worn by the citizens of Rome.
  2. Loose wrap gown.
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