The tobacco industry comprises those persons and companies engaged in the growth, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, and distribution of tobacco and tobacco-related products. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It is a global industry; tobacco can grow in any warm, moist environment, which means it can be farmed on all continents except Antarctica.
Tobacco is a commodity product similar in economic terms to foodstuffs in that the price is set by the fact that crop yields vary depending on local weather conditions. A commodity is anything for which there is demand but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an The price varies by specific species grown, the total quantity on the market ready for sale, the area where it was grown, the health of the plants, and other characteristics individual to product quality. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Laws around the world now often have some restrictions on smoking but, still 5. 5 trillion cigarettes are smoked each year. Taxes are often imposed heavily on tobacco.
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History
For a history of how tobacco has been grown and marketed, see tobacco, smoking and articles on similar topics. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Tobacco Smoking is the inhalation of smoke from burned dried or cured leaves of the Tobacco plant most often in the form of a Cigarette.
Current state of affairs
The tobacco industry generally refers to the companies involved in the manufacture of cigarettes, cigars, snuff, chewing and pipe tobacco. A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured A cigar is a tightly rolled bundle of dried and fermented Tobacco which is ignited so that its smoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth Snuff is a type of smokeless Tobacco. There are several types used in different ways but traditionally it means Dry/European nasal snuff which is inhaled A pipe is a tool used for Smoking. The designs of pipes vary considerably but for the most part they are reusable and consist of a chamber or bowl in which the substance to This industry is heavily dominated by giant firms. Due to historical growing areas, many of these companies are concentrated in the southern United States (particularly Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina; Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and Richmond, Virginia). Winston-Salem is a city in the US state of North Carolina. As of the 2000 census the city population was 185776 in 2004 the city annexed an additional 17483 This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Other companies are based around the world.
Tobacco advertising is becoming increasingly restricted around the world. Tobacco advertising is the promotion of Tobacco use (typically Cigarette smoking) by the Tobacco industry through a variety of
Industry outlook in the United States
The tobacco industry in the United States has suffered greatly since the mid-1990s, when it was successfully sued by several U.S. states. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The suits claimed that tobacco causes cancer, that companies in the industry knew this, and that they deliberately understated the significance of their findings, contributing to the illness and death of many citizens in those states.
The industry was found to have decades of internal memos confirming in detail that tobacco (which contains nicotine) is both addictive and carcinogenic (cancer-causing). The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (LTDL is a digital Archive of Tobacco industry documents funded by the American Legacy Foundation and created and Nicotine is an Alkaloid found in the Nightshade family of plants ( Solanaceae) which constitutes approximately 0 The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation
The suit resulted in a large cash settlement being paid by a group of tobacco companies to the states that sued. The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement ( MSA) is an agreement originally between the four largest US Tobacco companies and the Attorneys General Further, since the suit was settled, other individuals have come forth, in class action lawsuits, claiming individual damages. In Law, a class action or a representative action is a form of Lawsuit where a large group of people collectively bring a claim to court In law a lawsuit is a civil action brought before a Court in which the party commencing the action the Plaintiff, seeks a legal or equitable remedy New suits of this type will probably continue indefinitely.
Since the settlement is a heavy tax on the profits of the tobacco industry in the US, and further settlements being made only add to the financial burden of these companies, it is debatable if the industry has a money-producing long term outlook.
The tobacco industry has been largely successful in this litigation process, with the majority of cases being won by the industry. During the first 42 years of tobacco litigation (between 1954 and 1996) the industry maintained a clean record in litigation [1] thanks to tactics described in a R J Reynolds Tobacco Company internal memo as "the way we won these cases, to paraphrase Gen. Patton, is not by spending all of Reynolds' money, but by making the other son of a bitch spend all of his. "[2]. Between 1995 and 2005 59% of cases were won by the tobacco industry either outright or on appeal in the US[3], but the continued success of the industry's efforts to win these cases is questionable.
Lawsuits against the tobacco industry are primarily restricted to the United States due to differences in legal systems in other countries. Many businesses class ongoing lawsuits as a cost of doing business in the US and feel their revenue will be only marginally affected by the activities [1].
Smuggling has emerged in some states where cigarette taxes are high.
Conflicting points of view
There are two entrenched interests that have opinions about the tobacco industry: (a) participants in the industry, and (b) people affected by the deaths attributable to tobacco use. These interests conflict as they involve large amounts of money, long-held (historically) belief systems, and the premature deaths of loved family members.
Participants in the industry argue that commercial tobacco production is a vital part of the American and world economy. They state that thousands of farmers in the United States, alone, make their living from raising tobacco leaves for use by the industry. They estimate that the tobacco industry contributes billions of dollars in tax revenue to the federal government every year.
People affected by or sympathetic to the large death rate attributable to active and/or passive tobacco use cite the fact that half of all tobacco users die from tobacco-related causes worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, that means that about 650 million current smokers will die from a preventable cause. They also indicate that smoking-related health problems contribute to rising health care costs.
Tobacco control
On May 11th, 2004, the U. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " S. became the 108th country to sign the World Health Organization's Global Treaty on Tobacco Control. The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (abbreviated WHO FCTC) is a Treaty adopted by the 56th World Health Assembly on This treaty places broad restrictions on the sale, advertising, shipment, and taxation of tobacco products. The U. S. has not yet ratified this treaty in its senate and does not yet have a schedule for doing so. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives
Most recently, there has been discussion within the tobacco control community of transforming the tobacco industry through the replacement of tobacco corporations by other types of business organizations that can be established to provide tobacco to the market while not attempting to increase market demand[4]. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business Companies law (or the law of business associations) is the field of Law concerning business and other organizations
On February 20, 2007, the US Supreme Court ruled that the Altria Group (formerly Phillip Morris) did not have to pay $79. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Altria Group Inc ( (previously named Philip Morris Companies Inc Altria Group Inc ( (previously named Philip Morris Companies Inc 5 million in punitive damages awarded to Mayola Williams in a 1999 Oregon court ruling, when she sued Phillip Morris for responsibility in the cancer death of her husband, Jesse Williams [2]. The Supreme Court's decision overturns a ruling made by the Oregon Supreme Court that upheld the award [3]. The Oregon Supreme Court ( OSC) is the highest State court in the U
On April 3, 2008, The U. S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit threw out a $800 billion class-action lawsuit filed on behalf of a group or class of people who smoked light cigarettes. The plaintiffs' lawyers were confident that they would be able to win this suit due to the success of the Schwab case [5] wherein tobacco companies were found guilty of fraud-like charges because they were selling the idea that light cigarettes were safer than regular cigarettes. The ruling by the three-judge panel will not allow the suit to be pursued as a class, but instead need proof for why individual smokers chose light cigarettes over regular cigarettes. [6]
Working to change smokeless tobacco control
As of 2007, British American Tobacco, Reynolds American, Imperial Tobacco and Philip Morris are lobbying the European Union to lift a ban on smokeless alternatives to cigarettes. British American Tobacco Plc (, KLSE: BAT is a leading British -based Tobacco company Reynolds American Inc ( is an American company whose holdings include R Imperial Tobacco Group PLC ( is the world's fourth largest international Tobacco company The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in This was imposed in Britain in 1990 after the US Smokeless Tobacco company attempted to bring pouches of snuff (i. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) e. ground tobacco) for oral use, called Skoal Bandits, to market. The move to lift the ban is supported by antismoking groups and the Royal College of Physicians[7], as the oral snuff which the industry is attempting to introduce only verifiably increases the user's risk of pancreatic cancer, but not of oral or lung cancer. The Royal College of Physicians of London was the first medical institution in England to receive a Royal Charter Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor of the Pancreas. Each year about 37680 individuals in the United States are diagnosed with this condition and 34290 Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. Indications of an increase in oral cancer are present in some studies, but have only very rarely been statistically significant.
Different types of smokeless tobacco carry different risk profiles. All have negative health effects, but appear to be safer than cigarettes. There is some concern that smokeless tobacco will be used as a "gateway" product to make marketing of cigarettes more effective. One example cited by opponents of this theory is snus, which are only legal in Sweden. Sweden has the lowest level of tobacco related illness in Europe, is the only country which has reduced its smoking below the WHO's target level, and is the only EU country in which snus (a Swedish smokeless tobacco cured in such a way as to minimize the most important classes of carcinogens) is legal. Studies in Sweden indicate that people tend to switch from smoking to snus, rather than the other way around. )
Tobacco companies
| Largest Tobacco Companies | ||
|---|---|---|
| COMPANY | GLOBAL MARKET SHARE (%) | 1999 TOBACCO SALES ($BIL) |
| China National Tobacco Co. (CNTC) | 32. China National Tobacco Co is by sales the largest single Manufacturer of Tobacco products in the World. 7 | $0. 023 |
| Altria Group, Inc. (USA) | 17. Altria Group Inc ( (previously named Philip Morris Companies Inc The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 3 | $47 |
| British American Tobacco PLC (BAT, UK) | 16. British American Tobacco Plc (, KLSE: BAT is a leading British -based Tobacco company The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 0 | $30. 4 |
| Japan Tobacco | 9. JT for short is a Cigarette manufacturing company It is part of the Nikkei 225 index 0 | $29. 9 |
| R.J. Reynolds Tobacco (USA) | 2. R J Reynolds Tobacco Company ( RJR) based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina and founded by R The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 0 | $7. 6 |
| Imperial Tobacco (UK) | 2. Imperial Tobacco Group PLC ( is the world's fourth largest international Tobacco company The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 0 | |
| Altadis (France and Spain) | 2. Altadis is a multinational purveyor and manufacturer of Cigarettes Tobacco and Cigars Altadis is the result of a 1999 merger between This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. 0 | |
| PT Gudang Garam (Indonesia) | 1. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. 4 | |
| TEKEL (Turkey) | 1. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches 3 | |
| ITC (India) | 1. ITC Limited which previously stood for Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited, is one of India 's foremost Private sector companies with India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 0 | |
| Fortune Tobacco Co. (Philippines) | . The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP 9 | |
| Eastern Company (Egypt) | . This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. 8 | |
| Thailand Tobacco monopoly | . 8 | |
| Lorillard Tobacco Co. (USA) | . Lorillard Tobacco Company is the 18th oldest company in the United States and its oldest tobacco company The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 7 | |
| Iranian Tobacco Company (Iran) | . The Iranian Tobacco Company ( ITC) was established in 1928 to achieve improvement and progress in the global tobacco industry For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. 5 | |
| LCWGS (Australia) | . For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. 2 | |
| (2000, Euromonitor, Tara Parker-Pope) | ||
Production by country
The United Nations Foreign Agricultural Office estimates the following production by country in 2000. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security (Figures are in thousands of tonnes. Units of mass There are three similar units of Mass called the ton: Long ton (simply ton in countries such as the United )
| China | 2,298. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National 8 |
| India | 595. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 4 |
| Brazil | 520. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld 7 |
| United States | 408. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 2 |
| European Union | 314. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in 5 |
| Zimbabwe | 204. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election 9 |
| Turkey | 193. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches 9 |
| Indonesia | 166. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. 6 |
| Former Soviet Union | 116. The post-Soviet states, also commonly known as former Soviet republics, are the 15 independent nations that split off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 8 |
| Malawi | 108. The Republic of Malawi (məˈlɑːwi or; formerly Nyasaland) is in southern Africa. 0 |
References
- ^ Daynard RA, Bates C, Francey N. Tobacco litigation worldwide. BMJ. 2000 Jan 8;320(7227):111-3. PMID 10625272
- ^ Haines v Liggett Group, Inc, 818 F Supp 414, 421 (DNJ 1993), quoted in Daynard et al 2000
- ^ Douglas CE, Davis RM, Beasley JK. Epidemiology of the third wave of tobacco litigation in the United States, 1994–2005. Tobacco Control 2006;15(suppl_4):iv9-iv16; doi:10. 1136/tc. 2006. 016725
- ^ C. Callard, D. Thompson and N. Collishaw, Curing The Addiction To Profits: A Supply-Side Approach To Phasing Out Tobacco (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2005)
- ^ Johnston, David Kay and Melanie Warner (2006-09-26). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a US: Tobacco Makers Lose Key Ruling on Latest Suites. New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Saul, Stephanie (2008-04-03). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. "Suit on Light Cigarettes Is Thrown Out". New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article1785028.ece Cigarette firms push for tobacco 'teabags', The Times, 14 May 2007
Further reading
- Glantz SA, Slade J, Bero LA, Hanauer P, Barnes, DE. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. , The Cigarette Papers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996
- Judith MacKay, The Tobacco Atlas, World Health Organization, 2002, ISBN 92-4-156209-9
- Mike A. Males, Smoked: Why Joe Camel Is Still Smiling, Common Courage Press, 1999, ISBN 1-56751-172-4
See also
External links
The history of commercial tobacco production in the United States dates back to the 17th century when the first commercial crop was planted Smoking bans are public policies including Criminal laws and Occupational safety and health Regulations which prohibit Tobacco smoking Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Tobacco Smoking is the inhalation of smoke from burned dried or cured leaves of the Tobacco plant most often in the form of a Cigarette. Snus ( is a moist powder tobacco product that is consumed by placing it under the upper lip for extended periods of timeDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic