- For other meanings see Toast (disambiguation).
| Music of Jamaica | |
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Kumina - Niyabinghi - Mento - Ska - Rocksteady - Reggae - Sound systems - Lovers rock - Dub - Dancehall - Dub poetry - Toasting - Raggamuffin - Roots reggae |
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| Anglophone Caribbean music | |
| Anguilla - Antigua and Barbuda - Bahamas - Barbados - Bermuda - Caymans - Grenada - Jamaica - Montserrat - St. Kitts and Nevis - St. Vincent and the Grenadines - Trinidad and Tobago - Turks and Caicos - Virgin Islands | |
| Sound samples | |
| Other Caribbean music | |
| Aruba and the Dutch Antilles - Cuba - Dominica - Dominican Republic - Haiti - Hawaii - Martinique and Guadeloupe - Puerto Rico - St. Lucia - United States - United Kingdom |
Toasting, Chatting, or Deejaying is the act of talking or chanting over a rhythm or beat. The music of Jamaica includes Jamaican folk music and many popular genres such as Mento, Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae, Dub music Kumina is a cultural form indigenous to Jamaica It is a religion music and dance practiced by in large part Jamaicans who reside in the eastern parish on St Niyabinghi chanting typically includes recitation of the Psalms, but may also include variations of well-known Christian hymns and adopted by Rastafarians The article is about the Jamaican musical style For the DC comics character see Mento (comics. Ska ( pronounced /ska/ or in Jamaican Patois /skja/ is a Music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and which was the precursor Rocksteady is a Music genre that was most popular in Jamaica, starting around 1966 and its Reggae successor was established around 1968 Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s In the context of Jamaican Popular culture, a sound system is a group of Disc jockeys engineers and MCs playing Ska, For other uses see Lovers Rock (disambiguation. Lovers rock is a style of Reggae music noted for its romantic sound and content Dub is a form of music which evolved from Reggae in the late 1960s Dancehall is a type of Jamaican Popular music which developed in the late 1970s initially as a more sparse and less political and religious variant of Reggae Dub Poetry is a form of performance poetry consisting of spoken word over reggae rhythms that originated in Jamaica in the 1970s. Raggamuffin music, usually abbreviated as ragga, is a sub-genre of Dancehall music or Reggae, in which the instrumentation primarily consists Roots reggae is a subgenre of Reggae that concerns itself with the life of the ghetto sufferer and the rural poor The music of Anguilla is part of the Lesser Antillean music area. Antigua and Barbuda is a Caribbean nation in the Lesser Antilles island chain The Music of The Bahamas is associated primarily with Junkanoo, a celebration which occurs on Boxing Day ( December 26) and again on The music of Barbados includes distinctive national styles of folk and Popular music, as well as elements of Western classical and Religious Bermuda is an Atlantic island and an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, often treated as part of the Caribbean music area. The Cayman Islands a Caribbean island chain is a Crown Colony of the United Kingdom. The music of Jamaica includes Jamaican folk music and many popular genres such as Mento, Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae, Dub music Montserrat is a dependency of the United Kingdom. The influence of Irish traditions is apparent in Montserrat's symbols and heritage especially the Set dance -like Saint Kitts and Nevis is an island nation in the Caribbean, known for a number of musical celebrations including Carnival ( December 17 to January 3 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a Caribbean island with thriving music scenes based on Big Drum, calypso, soca, Steelpan and also The Caribbean state of Trinidad and Tobago is best known as the homeland of Calypso music, including 1950s stars Lord Kitchener and Mighty Sparrow The Turks and Caicos Islands are an overseas dependency of the United Kingdom. The music of the Virgin Islands reflects long-standing cultural ties to the island nations to the south as well as to various European colonialists The music of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba is a mixture of native African and European elements and is closely connected with trends from neighboring countries like Venezuela The Caribbean island of Cuba has developed a wide range of creolized musical styles based on its cultural origins in Europe and Africa The music of Dominica plays an important role in the social and culture life of the Antillean island of Dominica. The Dominican Republic is known primarily for Merengue, though Bachata and other forms are also popular The Music of Haiti is influenced most greatly by European colonial ties and African migration (through Slavery) The music of Hawaii includes an array of traditional and popular styles ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and hip hop. The former French Colony of Martinique is a small island in the Caribbean. The Music of Puerto Rico has been influenced by the African, Taíno Indians and the Spanish, and has become very popular across Saint Lucia, an island in the Caribbean, is home to many vibrant oral and folk traditions The vast majority of the inhabitants of the United States are immigrants or descendents of immigrants Music from Trinidad Large-scale Caribbean migration to England began in 1948 Not to be confused with Disc jockey A deejay (alternatively spelled DJ) is a Reggae or Dancehall musician who sings Speech refers to the processes associated with the production and perception of Sounds used in Spoken language. Chant (from Old French chanter) is the Rhythmic speaking or Singing of Words or Sounds often primarily on one or two Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of A beat is the basic Time Unit of a piece of Music; for example each tick sounded by a Metronome would correspond to a beat The lyrics can be either improvised or pre-written. Toasting has been used in various African traditions, such as griots chanting over a drum beat, Jamaican music forms, such as dancehall, reggae, ska, dub, and lovers rock. A griot ( pronounced /gɹiɒ/ in English or in French, with a silent t) or jeli ( djeli or djéli in French The music of Jamaica includes Jamaican folk music and many popular genres such as Mento, Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae, Dub music Dancehall is a type of Jamaican Popular music which developed in the late 1970s initially as a more sparse and less political and religious variant of Reggae Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Ska ( pronounced /ska/ or in Jamaican Patois /skja/ is a Music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and which was the precursor Dub is a form of music which evolved from Reggae in the late 1960s For other uses see Lovers Rock (disambiguation. Lovers rock is a style of Reggae music noted for its romantic sound and content Toasting's mix of talking and chanting may have influenced the development of rapping in US hip hop music. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with The combination of singing and toasting is known as singjaying. Singjaying is a Jamaican style of Reggae vocals combining Toasting and singing in an elastic format that encourages a lot of rhythmically compelling and texturally
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Traditional African American toasting
Toasting has been part of African American urban tradition since Reconstruction as part of a verbal art tradition, dating back to the griots of Africa. A griot ( pronounced /gɹiɒ/ in English or in French, with a silent t) or jeli ( djeli or djéli in French African American stories usually lauds the exploits of the clever and not entirely law-abiding trickster hero (not always human) who uses his wits to defeat his opponents. In Mythology, and in the study of Folklore and Religion, a trickster is a God, Goddess, spirit, man woman or anthropomorphic
Toasters continue the oral tradition by recounting the legends and myths of the community in venues ranging from street corner gatherings, bars, and community centers, to libraries and college campuses. Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore is a way for a society to transmit history, literature, law and other Knowledges A legend ( Latin, legenda, "things to be read" is a Narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" A bar (also called a Pub or Tavern) is a business that serves drinks especially Alcoholic beverages such as beer liquor and mixed drinks for consumption A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution A campus is traditionally the land on which a College or University and related institutional buildings are situated As with oral traditions in general, and with other African American art forms as the blues, toasting uses a mixture of repetition and improvisation. The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression
There are many versions of the best-known toasts, often conflicting in detail. Historically, the toast is very male- oriented, and many toasts contain profane or sexual language, although more family-oriented versions also exist.
Well known toasts include "Shine and the Titanic", "Dolemite", "Stack O Lee", "Jo Jo Gun," and "Signifyin' Monkey. Signifyin' (slang is an African-American Rhetorical device featuring indirect Communication or Persuasion and the creating of new meanings for "
- See also: Signifying
Jamaican toasting
In the late 1960s and early 1970s a strain of Jamaican music called deejay toasting was developed. Signifyin' (slang is an African-American Rhetorical device featuring indirect Communication or Persuasion and the creating of new meanings for Not to be confused with Disc jockey A deejay (alternatively spelled DJ) is a Reggae or Dancehall musician who sings Deejays working for producers would play the latest hits on traveling sound systems at parties and add their "toasts" or vocals to the music. A public address or " PA " system is an electronic amplification system with a mixer, Amplifier and Loudspeakers used to These "toasts" consisted of boastful commentaries, chants, half-sung rhymes, rhythmic chants, squeals, screams, and rhymed storytelling. [1]
Osbourne Ruddock (aka King Tubby) was a Jamaican sound recording engineer who created vocal-less rhythm backing tracks that were used by DJs doing "toasting" by creating one-off vinyl discs (also known as dub plates) of songs without the vocals and adding echo and sound effects. King Tubby (born Osbourne Ruddock, January 28, 1941 – February 6, 1989) was a Jamaican electronics and sound engineer A dubplate is an Acetate disc — usually 12 inches 10 inches or 7 inches in diameter — used in Mastering studios for quality control and test recordings before
Late 1960s toasting deejays included U-Roy and Dennis Alcapone, the latter known for mixing gangster talk with humor in his toasting. U-Roy (born Ewart Beckford OD, 21 September 1942, Jones Town Jamaica) is a Jamaican Musician, also known as Dennis Alcapone (born Dennis Smith 6 August 1947, Clarendon, Jamaica) is a Reggae DJ and producer. In the early 1970s, toasting deejays included I-Roy (his nickname is an homage to U-Roy) and Dillinger, the latter known for his humorous toasting style. Roy Samuel Reid ( 28 June 1944 — 27 November 1999, born in St Dillinger (born Lester Bullocks, June 25 1953, Kingston, Jamaica) is a Reggae artist. In the late 1970s, Trinity became a popular toasting deejay. Trinity aka Junior Brammer (b Wade Brammer, 1954 Kingston Jamaica) is a Reggae Deejay and producer, whose career began
The 1980s saw the first deejay Toasting duo, Michigan & Smiley, and the development of toasting outside of Jamaica. Michigan and Smiley were a Jamaican singing combo of the late seventies first wave of Dancehall music consisting of Papa Michigan (born Anthony Fairclough and General In England, Pato Banton explored his Caribbean roots humorous and political toasting [1] and Ranking Roger of the "Second Wave" or Two-Tone ska revival band The Beat from the 1980s did Jamaican toasting over music that blended ska, pop, and some punk influences. Pato Banton (born Patrick Murray) is a Reggae singer and toaster from Birmingham, England. Ranking Roger (born 21 February 1961) born Roger Charlery in Birmingham to Jean Baptiste Charlery Ska ( pronounced /ska/ or in Jamaican Patois /skja/ is a Music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and which was the precursor The Beat (known in North America as The English Beat) are a 2 Tone Ska revival band founded in England in 1978 The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989.
The rhythmic rhyming of vocals in Jamaican deejay toasting influenced the development of rapping in African-American hip-hop, [2] and the development of the Dancehall style. [1] (e. g. , hip-hop pioneer and Jamaican ex-patriate DJ Kool Herc and Phife Dawg of A Tribe Called Quest). Clive Campbell (born April 16 1955 AKA Kool Herc, DJ Kool Herc and Kool DJ Herc, is a Jamaican-born DJ who is credited as originating Hip hop Phife Dawg (born Malik Taylor on November 20 1974 in Queens, New York) also known as the Five Foot Assassin and The A Tribe Called Quest is an American hip-hop group formed in 1988 Jamaican deejay toasting also influenced various types of dance music, such as jungle music, UK garage, and reggaeton. Jungle music can mean Drum and bass - the current term used to encompass the entire musical genre of jungle and drum & bass Oldschool jungle UK Garage ( UKG) is an umbrella term that refers to several different varieties of modern Electronic dance music generally connected to the evolution of house Reggaeton (also spelled reggaetón, and known as reguetón and reggaetón in Spanish) is a form of urban music which became popular Dancehall artists that have achieved pop hits with toasting-influenced vocals include Shabba Ranks, Shaggy and Sean Paul. Shabba Ranks (born Rexton Rawlston Fernando Gordon, 17 January 1966, Sturgetown St Orville Richard Burrell (born October 22 1968 Kingston, Jamaica) better known by his stage name Shaggy, is a Jamaican American Reggae Sean Paul Henriques (born January 8 1973) in Upper Saint Andrew Parish, a few miles north of his birthplace
References
- ^ a b c Deejay Toasting (English). Rhapsody. com. Retrieved on 2006-08-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans.
- ^ BBC Guide to Reggae http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/bluessoulreggae/guides/reggae//.
See also
- Rapping
- Dancehall
- Signifying
- A cappella
- Beatbox
- Doo-wop
- onomatopoeia
- Scat singing
- Singjay
- Vocalese
- Voice instrumental music
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