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For other uses, see Toad (disambiguation).
Toads
Golden Toad, Bufo periglenes
Golden Toad, Bufo periglenes
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Families

At least 9, see article. The golden toad WikipediaNaming conventions (fauna --> ( Bufo periglenes) was a small shiny bright True Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating.

Toad refers to a number of species of amphibians. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and A distinction is often made between frogs and toads by their appearance, prompted by the convergent adaptation among so-called toads to dry environments. This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating. Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages For instance, toads often have leathery skin for better water retention, and a brown coloration for camouflage. Many so-called toads also burrow, which requires further adaptations. A burrow is a hole or tunnel dug into the ground by an Animal to create a space suitable for habitation temporary refuge or as a byproduct of locomotion However, these adaptations merely reflect the environment a species has adapted to, and are not reliable indicators of its ancestry. Since taxonomy reflects only evolutionary relationships, any distinction between frogs and toads is irrelevant to their classification. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos

For instance, many members of the families Bombinatoridae, Discoglossidae, Pelobatidae, Rhinophrynidae, Scaphiopodidae, and some species from the Microhylidae family are commonly called "toads". Bombinatoridae are often referred to as Fire-bellied toads ' because of their brightly colored ventral sides which show that they are highly toxic Discoglossidae, common name Disc-Tongued Frogs or Painted Frogs, is a family that contains two genera Alytes and Discoglossus The European spadefoot toads are a family of frogs the Pelobatidae, with only one genus Pelobates, containing four species The Mexican Burrowing Toad ( Rhinophrynus dorsalis) is the only species in the genus Rhinophrynus and the family Rhinophrynidae of order American spadefoot toads, Scaphiopodidae, are a Toad family of order Anura, native to southern Canada and USA Microhylidae is a geographically widespread family of Frogs There are 413 species in 69 genera and nine subfamilies which is the largest number of genera of However, the only family exclusively given the common name "toad" is Bufonidae, the "true toads". Bufonidae, or true toads, are a family of Anurans the only family exclusively known as toads Some "true frogs" of the genus Rana have also adapted to burrowing habits, while the species within the toad genus Atelopus are conversely known by the common name "harlequin frogs". The true frogs, family Ranidae, have the widest distribution of any Frog family Rana is a Genus of Frogs Species include such archetypal pond frogs as the Common Frog of Europe brown frogs Atelopus is a large Genus of true toads natively distributed in Costa Rica to Bolivia and French Guiana.

The type species of the family Bufonidae is the Common Toad, Bufo bufo, and around it cluster a large number of species of the same genus and some smaller genera. In Taxonomy, a type species is the species that originally defined a genus. The Common Toad ( Bufo bufo) or European Toad is widespread throughout Europe, with the exception of Ireland and some Mediterranean B. bufo is a tailless amphibian of stout build with a warty skin and any animal that shares these characteristics is liable to be called a toad, regardless of its location in formal taxonomy. The tail is the section at the rear end of an Animal 's Body; in general the term refers to a distinct flexible Appendage to the Torso. tubercle (anatomyA tubercle is generally a wart-like projection but it has slightly different meaning depending on which family of plants or animals it is used to refer to

Almost all toads of the family Bufonidae have two lumps on either side of the back of their head, called the parotoid glands. For one of the human salivary glands see Parotid gland. The parotoid gland is an external skin Gland on the back neck and shoulder of Toads These glands contain a poison, which oozes out if the toad is stressed. Some, like the Cane Toad Bufo marinus, are more toxic than others. Some "psychoactive toads" such as the Colorado River Toad Bufo alvaris, have been used recreationally for the effects of the bufotoxin. Psychoactive toad is a name used for Toads from which Psychoactive substances from the family of Bufotoxins can be derived The Colorado River Toad or Bufo alvarius, also known as the Sonoran Desert Toad, is a Psychoactive toad found in the Southwestern United Recreational drug use is the use of Psychoactive drugs for Recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes Bufotoxins are a family of toxic substances found in the Parotoid glands skin and venom of many Toads ( Genus Bufo) other amphibians and other

Contents

Taxonomy

Common Toad (Bufo bufo)
Common Toad (Bufo bufo)
American Toad, Bufo americanus
American Toad, Bufo americanus
Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps
Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps
Oriental Fire-bellied Toad, Bombina orientalis
Oriental Fire-bellied Toad, Bombina orientalis
Eastern Narrowmouthed Toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis
Eastern Narrowmouthed Toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis
Image:Frogy - close look.JPG
Southern Toad (Bufo terrestris)
American Toad Bufo americanus
American Toad Bufo americanus

True toads

Family Bufonidae (Gray, 1825) - True Toads:

Other toad families

Family Bombinatoridae (Gray, 1825) - Fire-bellied Toads:

Family Brachyctpoephalidae (Günther, 1858) - Shield Toads:

Family Discoglossidae (Günther, 1858)

Family Microhylidae (Günther, 1858)

Family Pelobatidae (Bonaparte, 1850) - European Spadefoot Toads:

Family Scaphiopodidae (Cope, 1865) - North American Spadefoot Toads:

Family Rhinophrynidae (Günther, 1859) - Burrowing Toads:

Other

Moche Toad. 200 A.D. Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru.
Moche Toad. The Common Toad ( Bufo bufo) or European Toad is widespread throughout Europe, with the exception of Ireland and some Mediterranean The American toad ( Bufo americanus) is a common species of Toad found throughout the eastern United States and Canada. The Oriental Fire-bellied Toad, ( Bombina orientalis) is a small (4 cm 2" semi-aquatic Frog Species found in Korea, north-eastern The Eastern Narrowmouth Toad ( Gastrophryne carolinensis) is a Species of microhylid Frog. The American toad ( Bufo americanus) is a common species of Toad found throughout the eastern United States and Canada. Bufonidae, or true toads, are a family of Anurans the only family exclusively known as toads John Edward Gray ( 12 February 1800 &ndash 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. Adenomus is a small genus of true toads with only three species endemic to Sri Lanka. Edward Drinker Cope (July 28 1840&ndashApril 12 1897 was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, as well as a noted herpetologist Altiphrynoides is a genus of Toads commonly referred to as Ethiopian toads. Andinophryne is a small genus of true toads with only three species found in the Andes. Ansonia ( Stream Toads) is a small genus of true toads found in South India; northern Thailand; Malay Peninsula Atelophryniscus is a monotypic genus of toad commonly referred to as Rio Viejo Toads. Atelopus is a large Genus of true toads natively distributed in Costa Rica to Bolivia and French Guiana. André Marie Constant Duméril (1774 - 1860 was a French Zoologist. Gabriel Bibron (1806 - 1848 was a French Zoologist. He classified a number of Reptile species with André Marie Constant Duméril. Bufo Laurenti, 1768 --> is a large Genus of about 150 species of true Toads in the Amphibian family Bufonidae. Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti ( December 4, 1735 - February 17, 1805) was an Austrian naturalist. Bufoides meghalayanus is a species of True toad known as "Mawblang Toad" or "Khasi Hills Toad" Capensibufo is a small genus of true toads with only two species Churamiti maridadi is a species of Toad endemic to Tanzania. It is listed as a critical endangered species due to a restricted range and habitat loss Crepidophryne is a genus of Toads commonly referred to as Cerro Utyum Toads. Edward Drinker Cope (July 28 1840&ndashApril 12 1897 was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, as well as a noted herpetologist Dendrophryniscus is a genus of true toads in the Bufonidae family Endemic to the atlantic forests of Brazil, amazonian Colombia Frostius ( Frosts Toads) is a small genus of true toads with only two species Leptophryne is a small Genus of true toads with only two Species, found in southeast Asia in Peninsular Thailand through the Leopold Joseph Franz Johann Fitzinger ( April 13, 1802 - September 20, 1884) was an Austrian Zoologist. Melanophryniscus ( South American Redbelly Toads) is a genus of Toads composed of 20 amphibian species located in Argentina, south of Mertensophryne or "Snouted Frogs" is a genus of True toads native to Eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo to Kenya UserPolbot. -->The Sapito Rugoso Del Marahuaka ( Metaphryniscus sosae) is a species of Toad in the Nectophryne ( African Tree Toads) is a small Genus of true toads with only two species Wilhelm Karl Hartwich Peters ( April 22, 1815 in Koldenbüttel - April 20, 1883) was a German naturalist and Nectophrynoides is a genus of true toads endemic to Tanzania. Gladwyn Kingsley Noble ( September 20 1894 – December 9 1940) was an American Zoologist. Nimbaphrynoides is a small Genus of true toads with only two species Oreophrynella ( Bush Toads) is a genus of true toads native to south-central Venezuela and adjacent Guyana. George Albert Boulenger (born Brussels, Belgium, October 19, 1858; died Saint Malo, France, November 23 Osornophryne ( Plump Toads) is a genus of true toads endemic to Colombia and Ecuador at Cordillera Central region Pedostibes ( Asian Tree Toads) is a genus of true toads endemic to South India, Malay Peninsula to Borneo and Sumatra Albrecht Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther FRS (also Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Gunther) October 3, 1830 – February 1 Pelophryne ( Flathead Toads) is a genus of true toads endemic to Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore Thomas Barbour (1884 - 1946 was an American Herpetologist. From 1927 until 1946 he was director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology founded in 1859 Pseudobufo subasper is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family Johann Jakob von Tschudi ( July 25, 1818 - October 8, 1889) was a Swiss naturalist and explorer Rhinella ( Beaked Toads or Rio Viejo Toads) is a subgenus of Bufo (treated by some as a distinct genus containing 71 species UserPolbot. --> The African Red Toad or African Split-skin Toad ( Schismaderma carens) is a species UserPolbot. --> Altiphrynoides osgoodi is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family that is endemic Stephopaedes is a genus of true toads. Species Stephopaedes anotis (Boulenger 1907 Truebella is a genus of true toads native to Peru at Ayacucho and Junín regions Werneria ( Smalltongue Toads) is a genus of true toads endemic to Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. Robert Mertens ( December 1, 1894 - August 23, 1975) was a German herpetologist. Bombinatoridae are often referred to as Fire-bellied toads ' because of their brightly colored ventral sides which show that they are highly toxic John Edward Gray ( 12 February 1800 &ndash 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. Barbourula is a Genus of Amphibian commonly referred to as jungle toads. The Fire-bellied Toads is a group comprising eight species of small Toads (typically 4-7cm in length belonging to the genus Bombina. Lorenz Oken ( August 1, 1779 &ndash August 11, 1851) was a German naturalist. Albrecht Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther FRS (also Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Gunther) October 3, 1830 – February 1 The saddleback toads are a family ( Brachycephalidae) in the order Anura. Leopold Joseph Franz Johann Fitzinger ( April 13, 1802 - September 20, 1884) was an Austrian Zoologist. Discoglossidae, common name Disc-Tongued Frogs or Painted Frogs, is a family that contains two genera Alytes and Discoglossus Albrecht Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther FRS (also Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Gunther) October 3, 1830 – February 1 Midwife toads ( Alytes) are a genus of Frogs in the Discoglossidae family and are found in most of Europe and northwestern Africa Johann Georg Wagler ( March 28, 1800 - August 23, 1832) was a German Herpetologist. Microhylidae is a geographically widespread family of Frogs There are 413 species in 69 genera and nine subfamilies which is the largest number of genera of Albrecht Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther FRS (also Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Gunther) October 3, 1830 – February 1 Microhylinae is a subfamily of microhylid Frogs Genera Adelastes Zweifel 1986 Gastrophryne, the narrow-mouthed toads, is a genus of microhylid Frogs Species Gastrophryne carolinensis Leopold Joseph Franz Johann Fitzinger ( April 13, 1802 - September 20, 1884) was an Austrian Zoologist. The European spadefoot toads are a family of frogs the Pelobatidae, with only one genus Pelobates, containing four species Charles Lucien (Carlo Jules Laurent Bonaparte 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano ( May 24, 1803 &ndash July 29, 1857) was a French The European spadefoot toads are a family of frogs the Pelobatidae, with only one genus Pelobates, containing four species Johann Georg Wagler ( March 28, 1800 - August 23, 1832) was a German Herpetologist. American spadefoot toads, Scaphiopodidae, are a Toad family of order Anura, native to southern Canada and USA Edward Drinker Cope (July 28 1840&ndashApril 12 1897 was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, as well as a noted herpetologist Scaphiopus is a Genus of North American Amphibian commonly referred to as the southern spadefoot toads. John Edwards Holbrook ( December 30, 1794 - September 8, 1871) American Zoologist, physician and naturalist was born in Spea is a Genus of North American Amphibian commonly referred to as the western spadefoot toad. Edward Drinker Cope (July 28 1840&ndashApril 12 1897 was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, as well as a noted herpetologist The Mexican Burrowing Toad ( Rhinophrynus dorsalis) is the only species in the genus Rhinophrynus and the family Rhinophrynidae of order Albrecht Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther FRS (also Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Gunther) October 3, 1830 – February 1 The Mexican Burrowing Toad ( Rhinophrynus dorsalis) is the only species in the genus Rhinophrynus and the family Rhinophrynidae of order André Marie Constant Duméril (1774 - 1860 was a French Zoologist. Gabriel Bibron (1806 - 1848 was a French Zoologist. He classified a number of Reptile species with André Marie Constant Duméril. 200 A. D. Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru. The Larco Museum (Museo Larco is located in the Pueblo Libre District in Lima, Peru.

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped animals and often depicted toads in their art. The Moche civilization (alternately the Mochica culture Early Chimu Pre-Chimu Proto-Chimu etc Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. [1]

To Vietnamese people, toad is the uncle of the Sky. According to a Vietnamese ancient story, whenever toads grind their teeth, it is going to rain.

Superstition

It is commonly believed that if you touch a toad or if it urinates on you, that you will become infected with warts. This is in fact false. Warts are caused by an internal viral infection. Therefore, it is impossible for warts to be caused by an external source, such as a toad.

In addition, the paratoidal glands, which toads use to secrete poison for protection, are often mistaken for warts. It is likely this misconception that led to the 'toads cause warts' myth.

References

  1. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. The Larco Museum (Museo Larco is located in the Pueblo Libre District in Lima, Peru. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997. Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity are a Publisher, especially of Art and Illustrated Books

See also

General reference

External links

Dictionary

toad

-noun

  1. An amphibian similar to a frog with bigger back legs and more ragged skin.
  2. A very unpleasant man.
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