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Titus Oates.
Titus Oates.
This article is about Titus Oates the perjurer. For the Antarctic explorer, see Lawrence Oates. Captain Lawrence Edward Grace Oates ( 17 March 1880 – 16 March 1912) was an English Antarctic

Titus Oates (September 15, 1649 – July 12/13, 1705) was a 17th century perjurer who fabricated the "Popish Plot", a supposed Catholic conspiracy to kill King Charles II. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1705 ( MDCCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Perjury, also known as forswearing, is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under Oath or Affirmation in a The Popish Plot was a fictitious conspiracy concocted by Titus Oates which gripped England in Anti-Catholic hysteria from 1678 until 1681. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Contents

Early life

Titus Oates was born in Oakham. Oakham is the County town of Rutland, England. It lies east from Leicester, and has a His father, Samuel, was the rector of Marsham in Norfolk[1] before becoming an Anabaptist during the Puritan Revolution[2] and rejoining the Church of England at the Restoration. The name Marsham might refer to Joan Marsham Robert Marsham Thomas Marsham Rabbi Sholom Mordechai Norfolk (ˈnɔrfək is a low-lying county in East Anglia, England, United Kingdom. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored [3] Titus was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and St John's College, Cambridge. Merchant Taylors' School ( MTS) is a British boys' independent, Day school, originally located in the City of London, and since Gonville and Caius College Cambridge is a constituent College of Cambridge University, one of the world's most academically respected institutions St John's College, an institution known formally as The Master Fellows and Scholars of the College of St John the Evangelist in the University of Cambridge is a He was known as a less than astute student, and was ejected from both colleges. [4][5] A few months later, he became an Anglican priest and Vicar of the parish of Bobbing in Kent. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities In the broadest sense a vicar (from the Latin Vicarius) is a representative anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior Bobbing is a village and Civil parish in the Swale district of Kent, England, about a mile north-west of Sittingbourne, and forming KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format During this time Oates was charged with perjury having accused a schoolmaster in Hastings of sodomy. Oates was put in jail, but escaped and fled to London. [3]

In 1677 he got himself appointed as a chaplain of the ship Adventurer in the English navy. A chaplain is typically a Priest, Pastor, ordained Deacon, Rabbi, Imam or other member of the Clergy serving a group of The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) He was soon accused of buggery (i. The Buggery Act of 1533 (25 Hen VIII c 6 was a Sodomy law adopted in England in 1534 during the reign of Henry VIII, and was the first civil e. , sodomy, which was a capital offence in England at the time) and spared only because of his clergyman's status. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

After the navy he joined the household of the Catholic Duke of Norfolk as an Anglican chaplain. On Ash Wednesday, 1677 he was received into the Catholic church. [6] At the same time Titus agreed to co-author a series of anti-Catholic pamphlets with Israel Tonge, whom he had met through his father Samuel, who had once more reverted to the Baptist doctrine. Israel Tonge (aka Ezerel or Ezreel Tongue) ( 11 November 1621 &ndash 1680 was an English divine and a informer in the "Popish" [7]

Jesuits

Oates was involved with the Jesuit houses of St. Omer (in France) and the Royal English College at Valladolid, Spain (like many diocesan seminaries of the day, this was a Jesuit-run institution). ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. He later claimed that he had become a Catholic doctor of Divinity. And yet, when he returned to London, he rekindled his friendship with the fervent anti-Catholic clergyman Israel Tonge. Anti-Catholicism is a generic term for Discrimination, hostility or Prejudice directed at the Roman Catholic Church or its followers Oates' reasoning was that he had pretended to become a Catholic to learn about the secrets of the Jesuits and that, before leaving, he had heard about a planned Jesuit meeting in London

The "Popish" Plot

In August, 1678 King Charles was warned of plots against his life, first by the chemist Christopher Kirkby, and later by Tonge, whose complex claims included the Jesuits, the English Catholics and King Louis XIV of France. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent The king was unimpressed but made the mistake of handing the matter over to the anti-Catholic Earl of Danby, who was more willing to listen and who was introduced by Tonge to Oates. Thomas Osborne 1st Duke of Leeds ( February 20 1631 - July 26 1712) English statesman commonly known also by his earlier title of Earl

On September 6, 1678 Oates and Tonge approached Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, an Anglican magistrate. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey ( 23 December, 1621 – 12 October, 1678) was an English Magistrate whose mysterious death caused Oates claimed he had a proof of a Catholic plot to assassinate the King and replace him with his Catholic brother, James, the Duke of York (future James II). James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James Then all the leading Protestants would be killed.

The King's Council interrogated Oates. On September 28 he made 43 allegations against various members of Catholic religious orders — including 541 Jesuits — and numerous Catholic nobles. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion usually He accused Sir George Wakeman, the queen's physician, and Edward Colman, the secretary to the Duchess of York (Mary of Modena), of planning to assassinate the king. Sir George Wakeman was a Physician to Catherine of Braganza, Consort of Charles II of England. Edward Colman or Coleman (17 May 1636–1678 was a courtier who was Hanged drawn and quartered having been implicated by Titus Oates during the latters Duchess of York is a title held by the wife of the Duke of York since the first Duke of York in 1384 Mary of Modena (Mary Beatrice Eleanor Anne Margaret Isabel born Este later Queen Mary of England Scotland and Ireland 5 October 1658 &ndash 7 Although Oates probably selected the names randomly or with the help of the Earl of Danby, Coleman was found to have corresponded with a French Jesuit, which condemned him. Wakeman was later acquitted.

Others Oates accused included Dr William Fogarty, Archbishop Peter Talbot of Dublin, Samuel Pepys, and Lord Belasyse. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703 was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for John Belasyse 1st Baron Belasyse ( 24 June 1614 &ndash 10 September 1689) was an English nobleman soldier and MP notable for his With the help of the Earl of Danby the list grew to 81 accusations. Oates was given a squad of soldiers and he began to round up Jesuits, including those who had helped him in the past.

The Lord Chief Justice, Sir William Scroggs, began a trial against the "Popish Plot". The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales was historically the second-highest judge of the Courts of England and Wales, after the Lord Chancellor. Sir William Scroggs (c 1623 &ndash October 25, 1683) Lord Chief Justice of England, was the son of a butcher of sufficient means to give his son a university The Popish Plot was a fictitious conspiracy concocted by Titus Oates which gripped England in Anti-Catholic hysteria from 1678 until 1681. Edward Coleman was sentenced to death on December 3, 1678 for treason and was hanged, drawn and quartered. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French To be hanged drawn and quartered was the penalty once ordained in England for the crime of High treason.

On October 12, Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, the Anglican magistrate, disappeared for five days and then was found dead in Primrose Hill. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Primrose Hill is a hill of located on the north side of Regent's Park in North London, England, and also the name for the surrounding district He had been strangled and run through with his own sword. Oates exploited this incident to launch a public campaign against the "Papists" and spread a rumor that the murder had been the work of the Jesuits. Papist is a term usually disparaging or an Anti-Catholic slur referring to a member of the Catholic Church. King Charles heard about the unrest, returned to London and summoned Parliament. This article is a List of Parliaments of England Devolved English Parliament is about the debate on a devolved parliament for England

King Charles still did not believe in Titus's accusations. However, Parliament and public opinion forced him to order an investigation. The king's opponents, however, who disliked his "Catholic" court and his Catholic wife Catherine of Braganza, exploited the situation. Catherine Henrietta of Braganza (25 November 1638 &ndash 31 December 1705 was a Portuguese Infanta and the Queen consort of Charles II of One of the most prominent such opponents was Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury. Anthony Ashley-Cooper 1st Earl of Shaftesbury ( July 22, 1621 &ndash January 21, 1683) known as Sir Anthony Ashley-Cooper

Hysteria continued. Noblewomen carried firearms if they had to venture outdoors at night. Houses were searched for hidden guns, mostly without any significant result. Some Catholic widows tried to ensure their safety by marrying Anglican widowers. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs The House of Commons was searched — without result — in the expectation of a second Gunpowder Plot being perpetrated. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 or the Powder Treason, as it was known at the time was a failed Assassination attempt by a group of provincial English

Oates became more daring and accused five Catholic lords (including Arundel and Bellasyse) for involvement of the plot. Arundel is a Market town and Civil parish in the South Downs of West Sussex in the south of England. The King reputedly laughed at the accusations but the Earl of Shaftesbury had the lords arrested and sent to the Tower. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London Then Shaftesbury publicly demanded that the King's brother, James, should be excluded from the royal succession. An order of succession is a formula or algorithm that determines who inherits an office upon the death resignation or removal of its current occupant On November 5, 1678, people burned effigies of the Pope instead of those of Guy Fawkes. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Guy Fawkes ( 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606) sometimes known as Guido Fawkes, was a member of a group of English At the end of the year, the parliament passed a bill, a second Test Act, excluding Catholics from membership of both Houses (a law not repealed until 1829). The Test Acts were a series of English Penal laws that served as a Religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display

On November 24, Oates claimed the Queen was working with the King's physician to poison him and enlisted the aid of "Captain" William Bedloe, who was ready to say anything for money. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal William Bedloe ( 20 April 1650 - 20 August 1680) was a British fraudster and informer born at Chepstow. The King personally interrogated Oates, caught him out in a number of inaccuracies and lies, and ordered his arrest. However, a couple days later, Parliament forced Oates's release with the threat of constitutional crisis.

Anyone even suspected of being Catholic was driven out of London and forbidden to return within ten miles of the city. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Silk armour was produced for fashionable ladies and gentlemen. There was also a playing card set with key figures of the scandal as face cards.

Dr Oates discovers the plot
Dr Oates discovers the plot

Oates, in turn, received a state apartment in Whitehall and an annual allowance of £1,200. Whitehall is a road in Westminster in London, England. It is the main artery running north from Parliament Square, towards traditional He was not ready to stop, however, and soon presented new allegations. He claimed assassins intended to shoot the king with silver bullets so the wound would not heal. The public invented their own stories, including a tale that the sound of digging had been heard near the House of Commons and rumours of a French invasion in the Isle of Purbeck. The Isle of Purbeck, not a true island but a Peninsula, is in the county of Dorset, England. The "purge" spread to the countryside.

Oates was heaped with praise. He asked the College of Arms to check his lineage and produce a coat of arms for him. The College of Arms, or Heralds' College, is an office regulating Heraldry and granting new Armorial bearings for England, Wales A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people They gave him the arms of a family that had died out. There were even rumours that Oates was to be married to one of the Earl of Shaftesbury's daughters.

However, public opinion began to turn against Oates. Having had at least 15 probably-innocent men executed, the last Oliver Plunkett, Archbishop of Armagh, executed on July 1, 1681, Judge Scroggs began to declare people innocent. Saint Oliver Plunkett ( 1 November 1629 &ndash 1 July 1681) was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh The Archdiocese of Armagh ( Latin: Archidioecesis Ardmachana; Irish: Ard-Deoise Ard Mhacha) was founded by St "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. The King began to devise countermeasures.

On August 31, 1681, Oates was told to leave his apartments in Whitehall, but remained undeterred and denounced the King, the Duke of York, and just about anyone he regarded as an opponent. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne He was arrested for sedition, sentenced to a fine of £100,000 and thrown into prison. This is about the law term For other uses see Sedition (disambiguation Sedition is a term of Law which refers to covert conduct

Engraving of a pilloried Titus Oates
Engraving of a pilloried Titus Oates

When James II acceded to the throne, he had a score to settle. He had Oates retried and sentenced for perjury to annual pillory, loss of clerical dress, and imprisonment for life. Oates was taken out of his cell wearing a hat with the text "Titus Oates, convicted upon full evidence of two horrid perjuries" and put into the pillory at the gate of Westminster Hall where passers-by pelted him with eggs. The next day he was pilloried in London and a third day was stripped, tied to a cart, and whipped from Aldgate to Newgate. Aldgate was the easternmost gateway through London Wall leading from the City of London to Whitechapel and the East End. Newgate was a Gate in the west of London Wall round the City of London. The next day, the whipping resumed. The judge was Judge Jeffreys who stated that Oates was a "Shame to mankind". A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law George Jeffreys 1st Baron Jeffreys of Wem, PC ( May 15 1645 &ndash April 18 1689) also known as " The Hanging Judge

Oates spent the next three years in prison. At the accession of William of Orange and Mary in 1688, he was pardoned and granted a pension of £5 a week but his reputation did not significantly recover. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" Mary II (30 April 1662 &ndash 28 December 1694 reigned as Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until her death The pension was later suspended, but in 1698 was restored and increased to £300 a year. Titus Oates died on July 12 or July 13, 1705. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1705 ( MDCCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Trivia

References

  1. ^ Pollock, John (1903). The Popish Plot: A study in the history of the reign of Charles II. London: Duckworth and Co. p. 3. ISBN 1417965762
  2. ^ Pollock, John p. 5
  3. ^ a b Alan Marshall, ‘Oates, Titus (1649–1705)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
  4. ^ Pollock, John p. The Dictionary of National Biography ( DNB) is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history published from 1885 5
  5. ^ "Are these the 10 worst Britons?", The Independent, September 14, 2007. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. Retrieved on 2007-09-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.  
  6. ^   "Oates's Plot". Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.  
  7. ^ Alan Marshall, ‘Tonge, Israel (1621–1680)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
  8. ^ Robertson, Geoffrey. Crimes Agasint Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice. Chapter 1 The Human Rights Story, p. 4. 2nd ed. Penguin Books. 2003.
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