Titus
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Bust of Emperor Titus
Reign	24 June 79 – 13 September 81
Full name	Titus Flavius Vespasianus Caesar Augustus
Born	30 December 39(39-12-30)
Birthplace	Rome
Died	13 September 81 (aged 41)
Place of death	Rome
Buried	Rome
Predecessor	Vespasian
Successor	Domitian
Consort to	Arrecina Tertulla (about 62)
Wives	Marcia Furnilla (64)
Issue	Julia Flavia
Dynasty	Flavian dynasty
Father	Vespasian
Mother	Domitilla

Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus (December 30, 39 – September 13, 81), was a Roman Emperor who briefly reigned from 79 until his death in 81. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 81 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 39 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 81 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian ( November 17 9 &ndash June 23 79) was a Roman Emperor who Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death Arrecina Tertulla was a Roman woman that lived in the 1st century. Marcia Furnilla was a Roman woman that lived in the 1st century. See other meanings of Flavia. Flavia Julia Titi ( 17 September 64 – 91 was daughter and only child to the Emperor Titus The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96 AD encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69&ndash79 Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian ( November 17 9 &ndash June 23 79) was a Roman Emperor who Flavia Domitilla Major ( Major, Latin for the elder) Flavia Domitilla the Elder or Domitilla the Elder (died before 69 was the wife of the Roman Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 39 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 81 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 81 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Titus was the second emperor of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96, encompassing the reigns of Titus's father Vespasian (69–79), Titus himself (79–81) and his younger brother Domitian (81–96). The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96 AD encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69&ndash79 The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial 69 (sex position & book by Ryu Murakami are -- already linked by "" with other meanings Year 96 was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian ( November 17 9 &ndash June 23 79) was a Roman Emperor who Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death

Prior to becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a military commander, serving under his father in Judaea during the First Jewish-Roman War, which was fought between 67 and 70. Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Year 67 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The campaign came to a brief halt with the death of emperor Nero on June 9, 68, launching Vespasian's bid for the imperial power during the Year of the Four Emperors. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 68 was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69 in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession When Vespasian was declared emperor on December 21, 69, Titus was left in charge of ending the Jewish rebellion, which he did in 70, successfully besieging and destroying the city and the Temple of Jerusalem. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian 69 (sex position & book by Ryu Murakami are -- already linked by "" with other meanings Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 The Second Temple (בית המקדש romanized 'Beit HaMikdash' meaning 'Holy House' was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BCE and 70 CE Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the For this achievement Titus was awarded a triumph; the Arch of Titus commemorates his victory to this day. A Roman triumph ( la [[wikttriumphus triumphus]], Old Latin la triumpus, attested as the exclamation la TRIVMPE in the Carmen Arvale; via The Arch of Titus is a Pentelic marble Triumphal arch with a single arched opening located on the Via Sacra just to the south-east of the Forum

Under the rule of his father, Titus gained infamy in Rome serving as prefect of the Roman imperial bodyguard, known as the Praetorian Guard, and for carrying on a controversial relationship with the Jewish queen Berenice. Praetorian prefect (Latin Praefectus praetorio) was the constant title of a high office in the Roman state that changed fundamentally in nature A bodyguard (or "close protection officer" is a type of Security guard or government agent who protects a person—usually a famous wealthy or politically The Praetorian Guard ( Latin: PRÆTORIANI was a special force of Guards used by Roman Emperors Before being appropriated Berenice of Cilicia, also known as Julia Berenice and sometimes spelled Bernice (28 AD &ndash ? was a Jewish client queen of the Roman Empire Despite concerns over his character, however, Titus ruled to great acclaim following the death of Vespasian on June 23, 79, and was considered a good emperor by Suetonius and other contemporary historians. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. In this role he is best known for his public building program in Rome—completing the Flavian Amphitheatre, otherwise known as the Colosseum— and for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the Mount Vesuvius eruption of 79 and the fire of Rome of 80. The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio Mount Vesuvius (in Italian Monte Vesuvio and in Latin Mons Vesuvius) is an active Stratovolcano east of Naples Year 80 was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. After barely two years in office, Titus died of a fever on September 13, 81. Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 81 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. He was deified by the Roman Senate and succeeded by his younger brother Domitian. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death

Early life

Titus was born in Rome, probably on 30 December 39, as the eldest son of Titus Flavius Vespasianus—commonly known as Vespasian—and Domitilla the Elder. The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96 AD encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69&ndash79 Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian ( November 17 9 &ndash June 23 79) was a Roman Emperor who Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death Flavia Domitilla the Younger or Flavia Domitilla Minor (c 45 &ndash c See other meanings of Flavia. Flavia Julia Titi ( 17 September 64 – 91 was daughter and only child to the Emperor Titus Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 39 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian ( November 17 9 &ndash June 23 79) was a Roman Emperor who Flavia Domitilla Major ( Major, Latin for the elder) Flavia Domitilla the Elder or Domitilla the Elder (died before 69 was the wife of the Roman ^[1] He had one older sister, Domitilla the Younger (b. Flavia Domitilla the Younger or Flavia Domitilla Minor (c 45 &ndash c 39), and one younger brother, also named Titus Flavius Domitianus (b. Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death 51), but commonly referred to as Domitian.

Decades of civil war during the 1st century BC had contributed greatly to the demise of the old artistocracy of Rome, which was gradually replaced in prominence by a new provincial nobility during the early part of the 1st century. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. ^[2] One such family was the gens Flavia, which rose from relative obscurity to prominence in just four generations, acquiring wealth and status under the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Flavius was the name of a Gens in Ancient Rome, meaning "blond" The Julio-Claudian Dynasty refers to the first five Roman Emperors: Augustus (Octavian Tiberius, Caligula (Gaius Claudius, and Titus's great-grandfather, Titus Flavius Petro, had served as a centurion under Pompey during Caesar's civil war. Titus Flavius Petro (flourished 1st century BC) was the paternal grandfather of the Roman Emperor Vespasian. Centurion redirects here This article is about the Roman soldier Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation The Roman civil war of 49 BC sometimes called Caesar's Civil War, is one of the last conflicts within the Roman Republic. His military career ended in disgrace when he fled the battlefield at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC. The Battle of Pharsalus was a decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. Year 48 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Gaius Julius Caesar, ^[3] Nevertheless, Petro managed to improve his status by marrying the extremely wealthy Tertulla, whose fortune guaranteed the upwards mobility of Petro's son Titus Flavius Sabinus I, Titus's grandfather. See also Titus Flavius Sabinus for other men of this name Titus Flavius Sabinus, (lived 1st century BC to 1st century) was the son of ^[4] Sabinus himself amassed further wealth and possible equestrian status through his services as tax collector in Asia and banker in Helvetia. A tax collector is a person who collects unpaid Taxes from other people or corporations Helvetia is the Roman name for an ancient region of central Europe occupying a plateau between the Alps and the Jura Mountains. By marrying Vespasia Polla he allied himself to the more prestigious patrician gens Vespasia, ensuring the elevation of his sons Titus Flavius Sabinus II and Vespasian to the senatorial rank. Vespasia Polla (also known as Vespasia Pollio, flourished 1st century) was the mother of the Roman Emperor Vespasian, grandmother to Emperors The term " patrician " originally referred to a group of elite families in Ancient Rome, including both their natural and See also Titus Flavius Sabinus for other men of this name Titus Flavius Sabinus was the elder son of Titus Flavius Sabinus and Vespasia Polla Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian ( November 17 9 &ndash June 23 79) was a Roman Emperor who The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. ^[4]

The political career of Vespasian included the offices of quaestor, aedile and praetor, and culminated with a consulship in 51, the year Domitian was born. The cursus honorum ( Latin: "course of honors" or "honors race" was the sequential order of Public offices held by aspiring Quaestors were originally appointed by the Consuls to investigate criminal acts and determine if the consul needed to take public action Aedile ( Aedilis, from aedes aedis "temple" "building" was an office of the Roman Republic. Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities the commander of an Army, either before Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected Political office of the Roman Republic and the Empire. Year 51 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. As a military commander, he gained early renown by participating in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43. This page refers to the conquest begun in AD 43 For other Roman invasions see Caesar's invasions of Britain and Carausian Revolt. Year 43 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. ^[5] What little is known of Titus's early life has been handed down to us by Suetonius, who records that he was brought up at the imperial court in the company of Britannicus,^[6] the son of emperor Claudius, who would be murdered by Nero in 55. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. For the 1669 Tragedy by French Dramatist Jean Racine, see Britannicus (play. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Year 55 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The story was even told that Titus was reclining next to Britannicus, the night he was murdered, and sipped of the poison that was handed to him. In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by ^[6] Further details on his education are scarce, but it seems he showed early promise in the military arts and was a skilled poet and orator both in Greek and Latin. Military Science is the process of translating National defence policy to produce Military capability by employing Military scientists including Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. ^[7]

Military career

From c. 57 to 59 he was a military tribune in Germania. Year 57 was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 59 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Byzantine Greek form τριβούνος) was a title shared by 2–3 elected magistracies in the Germania was the Latin Exonym for He also served in Britannia, perhaps arriving c. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 60 with reinforcements needed after the revolt of Boudica. Year 60 was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Boudica (also spelled Boudicca, formerly known as Boadicea, and known in Welsh culture and legends as "Buddug" (d In c. 63 he returned to Rome and married Arrecina Tertulla, daughter of a former Prefect of the Praetorian Guard. Year 63 was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Praetorian prefect (Latin Praefectus praetorio) was the constant title of a high office in the Roman state that changed fundamentally in nature She died c. 65. Year 65 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. ^[8] Titus then took a new wife of a much more distinguished family, Marcia Furnilla. However, Marcia's family was closely linked to the opposition to Nero. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Her uncle Barea Soranus and his daughter Servilia were among those who perished after the failed Pisonian conspiracy of 65. Quintus Marcius Barea Servilius Soranus was a Roman Senator in the 1st century. Marcia Servilia Sorana or commonly known as Sevilia (40s- 66) was the daughter of Roman Senator Quintus Marcius Barea Servilius Soranus and by The conspiracy of Gaius Calpurnius Piso in 65 represented one of the major turning points in the reign of the Roman emperor Nero (54&ndash68 Year 65 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. ^[9] Some modern historians theorize that Titus divorced his wife because of her family's connection to the conspiracy. ^[10][11] He never re-married. Titus appears to have had multiple daughters,^[12] at least one of them by Marcia Furnilla. ^[13] The only one known to have survived to adulthood was Julia Flavia, perhaps Titus's child by Arrecina, whose mother was also named Julia. See other meanings of Flavia. Flavia Julia Titi ( 17 September 64 – 91 was daughter and only child to the Emperor Titus ^[14] During this period Titus also practiced law and attained the rank of quaestor. Quaestors were originally appointed by the Consuls to investigate criminal acts and determine if the consul needed to take public action ^[13]

Judaean campaigns

Further information: First Jewish-Roman War

The province of Judaea during the 1st Century. Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar.

In 66 the Jews of the Judaea Province revolted against the Roman Empire. Year 66 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Cestius Gallus, the legate of Syria, was defeated at the battle of Beth-Horon and forced to retreat from Jerusalem. Gaius Cestius Gallus (d 67 AD was the son of a Consul in Ancient Rome and himself a suffect consul in 42 History of Bahrein, AND COMPARE THE TRUE IMPORTANCE OF THE TWO STATES The Battle of Beth Horon was a battle fought in 66 CE between Roman and Jewish forces and was one of the decisive battles in the First Jewish-Roman War. Bethoron (also transliterated Beth-Horon) was the name for two adjacent towns Bethoron Elyon ("Upper Bethoron" and Bethoron Tahton ("Lower Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the ^[15] The pro-Roman king Agrippa II and his sister Berenice fled the city to Galilee where they later gave themselves up to the Romans. For other with this name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Agrippa II (b Berenice of Cilicia, also known as Julia Berenice and sometimes spelled Bernice (28 AD &ndash ? was a Jewish client queen of the Roman Empire "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Nero appointed Vespasian to put down the rebellion, who was dispatched to the region at once with the fifth and tenth legions. Legio V Macedonica ("Macedonian" was a Roman legion. It was probably originally levied by Consul Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Legio X Fretensis (Latin "Tenth legion of the sea strait " was a Roman legion levied by Augustus in 41 / 40 BC ^[16] He was later joined by Titus at Ptolemais, bringing with him the fifteenth legion. Legio XV Apollinaris ("devoted to Apollo " was a Roman legion. ^[17] With a strength of 60,000 professional soldiers, the Romans prepared to sweep across Galilee and march on Jerusalem. ^[17]

The history of the war was covered in dramatic detail by the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus in his work The Wars of the Jews. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus The Wars of the Jews (or The History of the Josephus served as a commander in the city of Jotapata when the Roman army invaded Galilee in 67. Jotapata (also Yodfat Yodefat Tel Yodfat Iotapata Jodeptah Yotvah Tell Jafat Yotapatha or Jotbah was an ancient fortified Jewish village in the Galilee, north of Year 67 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. After an exhausting siege which lasted 47 days, the city fell, with an estimated 40,000 killed and the remaining Jewish resistance committing suicide. ^[18] Josephus himself surrendered to Vespasian, became a prisoner and provided the Romans with intelligence on the ongoing revolt. ^[19] By 68, the entire coast and the north of Judaea were subjugated by the Roman army, with decisive victories won at Taricheae and Gamala, where Titus distinguished himself as a skilled general. Year 68 was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Magdala ( Aramaic מגדלא Magdala or Hebrew מגדל Migdal, meaning "tower" is the name of at least two places Gamla ( Hebrew גמלא Gamla or Gamala) a site inhabited since the Early Bronze Age, became the capital of the Jewish Golan ^[13][20]

Year of the Four Emperors

Map of the Roman Empire during the Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD). The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69 in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession Blue areas indicate provinces loyal to Vespasian and Gaius Licinius Mucianus. Gaius Licinius Mucianus (fl 1st century AD was a general statesman and writer of Ancient Rome.

The last and most significant fortress of Jewish resistance was Jerusalem. However the campaign came to a sudden halt when news arrived of Nero's death. ^[21] Almost simultaneously, the Roman Senate had declared Galba, then governor of Hispania, as Emperor of Rome. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. Servius Sulpicius Galba ( December 24, 3 BC &ndash January 15, 69) also called Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Vespasian decided to await further orders, and sent Titus to greet the new princeps. The Latin word Princeps (plural principes) means exactly 'a prime' ^[22] Before reaching Italy, Titus learnt that Galba had been murdered and replaced by Otho, governor of Lusitania, and that Vitellius and his armies in Germania were preparing to march on the capital, intent on overthrowing Otho. For other uses see Otho (disambiguation. Marcus Salvius Otho ( April 25, 32 – April 16, 69) also called Marcus This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, born Aulus Vitellius and commonly known as Vitellius ( 24 September, 15 &ndash 22 December, 69 Germania was the Latin Exonym for Not wanting to risk being taken hostage by one side or the other, he abandoned the journey to Rome and rejoined his father in Judaea. ^[23] Meanwhile, Otho was defeated in the First Battle of Bedriacum and committed suicide. The Battle of Bedriacum refers to two battles fought during the Year of the four emperors ( 69) near the village of Bedriacum (now Calvatone ^[24] When the news spread across the armies in Judaea and Ægyptus, they took matters into their own hands and declared Vespasian emperor on July 1, 69. Ægyptus redirects here See Egypt Province for the province of the Ottoman Empire "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. 69 (sex position & book by Ryu Murakami are -- already linked by "" with other meanings ^[25] Vespasian accepted, and through negotiations by Titus joined forces with Gaius Licinius Mucianus, governor of Syria. Gaius Licinius Mucianus (fl 1st century AD was a general statesman and writer of Ancient Rome. ^[26] A strong force drawn from the Judaean and Syrian legions marched on Rome under the command of Mucianus, while Vespasian himself travelled to Alexandria, leaving Titus in charge to end the Jewish rebellion. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια ^[27][28] By the end of 69 the forces of Vitellius had been beaten, and Vespasian was officially declared emperor by the Senate on December 21, thus ending the Year of the Four Emperors. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69 in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession ^[29]

Siege of Jerusalem

Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem, Francesco Hayez, oil on canvas, 1867. Francesco Hayez ( February 10, 1791 - December 21, 1882) was an Italian painter the leading artist of Romanticism Depicting the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army.

Meanwhile the Jews had become embroiled in a civil conflict of their own, splitting the resistance in the city among two factions; the Sicarii led by Simon Bar Giora, and the Zealots led by John of Gischala. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state Sicarii (Latin plural of Sicarius 'dagger-' or later contract- killer is a term applied in the decades immediately preceding the destruction of Jerusalem in Simon Bar Giora (alternatively known as Simeon Bar Giora or Simon Ben Giora or Shimon Bar Giora) was a leader of the Sicarii faction during the John of Giscala ( Yohanan me-Gush Halav) (יוחנן מגוש חלב or Johannes ben Levi (birth date unknown death date after 70) was a leader of the ^[30] Titus seized the opportunity to begin the assault on Jerusalem. The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 The Roman army was joined by the twelfth legion, which was previously defeated under Cestius Gallus, and from Alexandria Vespasian sent Tiberius Julius Alexander, governor of Ægyptus, to act as Titus's second in command. Legio XII Fulminata ("wielder of the thunderbolt" also known as Paterna, Victrix, Antiqua, Certa Constans, and Galliena Gaius Cestius Gallus (d 67 AD was the son of a Consul in Ancient Rome and himself a suffect consul in 42 Tiberius Julius Alexander ( fl 1st century was an equestrian governor and general in the Roman Empire. ^[31] Titus surrounded the city, with three legions (Vth, XIIth and XVth) on the western side and one (Xth) on the Mount of Olives to the east. The Mount of Olives (also Mount Olivet, جبل الزيتون الطور Jebel az-Zeitun הר הזיתים Har HaZeitim; is a mountain ridge in east He put pressure on the food and water supplies of the inhabitants by allowing pilgrims to enter the city to celebrate Passover, and then refusing them egress. A pilgrim is one who undertakes a Pilgrimage, literally 'far afield' Passover ( Hebrew, Yiddish: פֶּסַח Pesach, Tiberian: pɛsaħ Israeli: Pesah, Pesakh, Yiddish Jewish raids continuously harassed the Roman army, one of which nearly resulted in Titus being captured by the enemy. ^[32]

After attempts by Josephus to negotiate a surrender had failed, the Romans resumed hostilities and quickly breached the first and second walls of the city. ^[33] To intimidate the resistance, Titus ordered deserters from the Jewish side to be crucified around the city wall. In Military terminology desertion is the Abandonment of a " Duty " or post without permission from one's Government or superior Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from ^[34] By this time the Jews had been thoroughly exhausted by famine, and when the weak third wall was breached bitter street fighting ensued. A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation ^[35] The Romans finally captured the Antonia Fortress and began a frontal assault on the gates of the Temple. The Antonia Fortress was a military barracks built by Herod the Great in Jerusalem on the site of an earlier Hasmonean stronghold named after Herod's patron The Second Temple (בית המקדש romanized 'Beit HaMikdash' meaning 'Holy House' was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BCE and 70 CE ^[36] According to Josephus, Titus had ordered that the Temple itself should not be destroyed,^[37] but while the fighting around the gates continued a soldier hurled a torch inside one of the windows, which quickly set the entire building ablaze. ^[38] The later Christian chronicler Sulpicius Severus, possibly drawing on a lost portion of Tacitus' Histories, claims that Titus favoured destruction of the Temple. Sulpicius Severus (c 363 &ndash between 420 and 425 wrote the earliest Biography of Saint Martin of Tours. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. Histories ( Latin: Historiae) is a book by Tacitus, written c ^[39] Whatever the case, the Temple was completely demolished, after which Titus's soldiers proclaimed him imperator in honor of the victory. The Latin word Imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. ^[40] Jerusalem was sacked and much of the population killed or dispersed. The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 Josephus claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege, of which a majority were Jewish. ^[41] 97,000 were captured and enslaved, including Simon Bar Giora and John of Gischala. ^[41] Many fled to areas around the Mediterranean. Titus reportedly refused to accept a wreath of victory, as there is "no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their own God". A wreath is a ring made of Flowers leaves and sometimes Fruits that can be used as an ornament hanging on a wall or door or resting ^[42]

Heir to Vespasian

Titus' triumph after the First Jewish-Roman War was celebrated with the Arch of Titus in Rome, which shows the treasures taken from the Temple in Jerusalem, including the Menorah. A Roman triumph ( la [[wikttriumphus triumphus]], Old Latin la triumpus, attested as the exclamation la TRIVMPE in the Carmen Arvale; via The Arch of Titus is a Pentelic marble Triumphal arch with a single arched opening located on the Via Sacra just to the south-east of the Forum Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name Pekiin tabletjpg|thumb|right|151px| Second Temple period stone tablet from a Synagogue in Peki'in, Israel.

Unable to sail to Italy during the winter, Titus celebrated elaborate games at Caesarea Maritima and Berytus, then travelled to Zeugma on the Euphrates, where he was presented with a crown by Vologases I of Parthia. Caesarea Maritima (Greek παράλιος Καισάρεια called Caesarea Palaestina from 133 CE onwards was a city and Harbor built by Herod the Great Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 This article is about Zeugma in Commagene for the ancient city called Zeugma in Seleucis Syria see Samandağı (city. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Vologases I of Parthia (in Persian Balash or Valakhsh ruled the Parthian Empire from about 51 to 78 While visiting Antioch he confirmed the traditional rights of the Jews in that city. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also ^[43] On his way to Alexandria, he stopped in Memphis to consecrate the sacred bull Apis. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Memphis was the ancient capitol of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and According to Suetonius, this caused consternation; the ceremony required Titus to wear a diadem, which the Romans associated with kingship, and the partisanship of Titus's legions had already led to fears that he might rebel against his father. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. A diadem is a type of crown, specifically an ornamental headband worn by Eastern monarchs and others as a badge of royalty Titus returned quickly to Rome – hoping, says Suetonius, to allay any suspicions about his conduct. ^[44]

Upon his arrival in the city in 71, Titus was awarded a triumph. Year 71 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. A Roman triumph ( la [[wikttriumphus triumphus]], Old Latin la triumpus, attested as the exclamation la TRIVMPE in the Carmen Arvale; via ^[45] Accompanied by Vespasian and Domitian he rode into the city, enthusiastically saluted by the Roman populace and preceded by a lavish parade containing treasures and captives from the war. Josephus describes a procession with large amounts of gold and silver carried along the route, followed by elaborate re-enactments of the war, Jewish prisoners, and finally the treasures taken from the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. Pekiin tabletjpg|thumb|right|151px| Second Temple period stone tablet from a Synagogue in Peki'in, Israel. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to ^[46] Simon Bar Giora was executed in the Forum, after which the procession closed with religious sacrifices at the Temple of Jupiter. This page refers to the main forum in the center of Rome See Imperial forums or Other forums in Rome (below for other forums in Rome and See Temple of Jupiter for temples to him in other places The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus ("Jupiter greatest and best" also known ^[47] The triumphal Arch of Titus, which stands at one entrance to the Forum, memorializes the victory of Titus. A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental Archway, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war actually used to celebrate a ruler The Arch of Titus is a Pentelic marble Triumphal arch with a single arched opening located on the Via Sacra just to the south-east of the Forum

The Arch of Titus, located on the Via Sacra, just to the south-east of the Forum Romanum in Rome. The Arch of Titus is a Pentelic marble Triumphal arch with a single arched opening located on the Via Sacra just to the south-east of the Forum The Via Sacra (Sacred Road is the Main street of Ancient Rome, leading from the top of the Capitoline Hill, through some of the most important This page refers to the main forum in the center of Rome See Imperial forums or Other forums in Rome (below for other forums in Rome and

With Vespasian declared emperor, Titus and his brother Domitian likewise received the title of Caesar from the Senate. ^[48] In addition to sharing tribunician power with his father, Titus held seven consulships during Vespasian's reign^[49] and acted as his secretary, appearing in the Senate on his behalf. Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Byzantine Greek form τριβούνος) was a title shared by 2–3 elected magistracies in the Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire ^[49] More crucially, he was appointed commander of the Praetorian Guard, ensuring their loyalty to the emperor and further solidifying Vespasian's position as a legitimate ruler. Praetorian prefect (Latin Praefectus praetorio) was the constant title of a high office in the Roman state that changed fundamentally in nature ^[49] In this capacity he achieved considerable notoriety in Rome for his violent actions, frequently ordering the execution of suspected traitors on the spot. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. ^[49] When in 79, a plot by Aulus Caecina Alienus and Eprius Marcellus to overthrow Vespasian was uncovered, Titus invited Alienus to dinner and ordered him to be stabbed before he had even left the room. Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Aulus Caecina Alienus, Roman general was Quaestor of Hispania Baetica (southern Iberia) in AD 68. ^[49][50]

During the Jewish wars, Titus had begun a love affair with Berenice, sister of Agrippa II. Berenice of Cilicia, also known as Julia Berenice and sometimes spelled Bernice (28 AD &ndash ? was a Jewish client queen of the Roman Empire For other with this name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Agrippa II (b ^[23] The Herodians had collaborated with the Romans during the rebellion, and Berenice herself had supported Vespasian upon his campaign to become emperor. The Herodian Dynasty was a Jewish Dynasty of Idumean descent who ruled Iudaea Province between 37 BC - AD 92 ^[51] In 75, she returned to Titus and openly lived with him in the palace as his promised wife. Year 75 was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Romans were wary of the Eastern Queen and disapproved of their relationship. When the pair was publicly denounced by Cynics in the theatre, Titus caved in to the pressure and sent her away,^[52] but his reputation further suffered. The Cynics (Κυνικοί Cynici were an influential group of Philosophers from the ancient school of Cynicism

Emperor

Succession

Roman denarius depicting Titus, c. The Roman Currency system included the denarius (plural denarii) after 211 BC a small Silver coin, 79. The reverse commemorates his triumph in the Judaean wars, representing a Jewish captive kneeling in front of a trophy of arms. A Roman triumph ( la [[wikttriumphus triumphus]], Old Latin la triumpus, attested as the exclamation la TRIVMPE in the Carmen Arvale; via

Vespasian died of an infection on June 23 79 AD,^[53] and was immediately succeeded by his son Titus. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. ^[54] Because of his many alleged vices, many Romans feared at this point that he would be another Nero. The software program VICE (all caps standing for V ersat' I' le C ommodore E mulator, is an Emulator for Commodore ^[55] Against these expectations, however, Titus proved to be an effective emperor and was well-loved by the population, who praised him highly when they found that he possessed the greatest virtues instead of vices. Virtue ( Latin virtus; Greek) is moral Excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics valued as promoting individual ^[55] One of his first acts as an emperor was to publicly order a halt to trials based on treason charges,^[56] which had long plagued the principate. The Principate is the first period of the Roman Empire, extending from the beginning of the reign of Caesar Augustus to the Crisis of the Third Century, The law of treason, or maiestas law, was originally intended to prosecute those who had corruptly 'impaired the people and majesty of Rome' by any revolutionary action. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. The Law of Majestas, or lex maiestas, refers to any one of several ancient Roman laws ( leges maiestatis) throughout the republican and Imperial periods dealing with A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively ^[57] Under Augustus, however, this custom had been revived and applied to cover slander or libellous writings as well,^[57] eventually leading to a long cycle of trials and executions under such emperors as Tiberius, Caligula and Nero, spawning entire networks of informers that terrorized Rome's political system for decades. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor Delator (plural Delatores is Latin for a denouncer ie who indicates to a court another as having committed a punishable deed ^[56] Titus put an end to this practice, against himself or anyone else, declaring:

"It is impossible for me to be insulted or abused in any way. For I do naught that deserves censure, and I care not for what is reported falsely. As for the emperors who are dead and gone, they will avenge themselves in case anyone does them a wrong, if in very truth they are demigods and possess any power. "^[58]

Consequently, no senators were put to death during his reign;^[58] he thus kept to his promise that he would assume the office of Pontifex Maximus "for the purpose of keeping his hands unstained". A senate is a Deliberative body, often the Upper house or chamber of a Legislature or Parliament. The Pontifex Maximus was the high priest of the Ancient Roman College of Pontiffs. Ritual purification is a feature of many Religions The aim of these Rituals is to remove specifically defined uncleanliness prior to a particular type ^[59] The informants were publicly punished and banished from the city, and Titus further prevented abuses by introducing legislation that made it unlawful for persons to be tried under different laws for the same offense. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Double jeopardy (non bis in idem is a Procedural defense (and in many countries such as the United States, Canada, Mexico and India ^[56] Finally, when Berenice returned to Rome, he sent her away. ^[55]

As emperor he became known for his generosity, and Suetonius states that upon realising he had brought no benefit to anyone during a whole day he remarked, "Friends, I have lost a day. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. "^[56]

Challenges

The 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius completely destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum. Mount Vesuvius (in Italian Monte Vesuvio and in Latin Mons Vesuvius) is an active Stratovolcano east of Naples Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in Herculaneum (in modern Italian Ercolano) is an ancient Roman town located in the territory of the current commune of Ercolano. Today plaster casts of actual victims found during excavations are on display in some of the ruins.

Although his administration was marked by a relative absence of major military or political conflicts, Titus faced a number of major disasters during his brief reign. On August 24, 79, barely two months after his accession, Mount Vesuvius erupted,^[60] resulting in the almost complete destruction of life and property in the cities and resort communities around the Bay of Naples. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Mount Vesuvius (in Italian Monte Vesuvio and in Latin Mons Vesuvius) is an active Stratovolcano east of Naples The Gulf of Naples is located in the south western coast of Italy ( Province of Naples, Campania region The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried under metres of stone and lava,^[61] killing thousands of citizens. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in Herculaneum (in modern Italian Ercolano) is an ancient Roman town located in the territory of the current commune of Ercolano. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures ^[62] Titus appointed two ex-consuls to organise and coordinate the relief effort, while personally donating large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano. Humanitarian aid (also called succour) is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes typically in response to humanitarian crises ^[56] Additionally, he visited Pompeii once after the eruption and again the following year. ^[63]

During the second visit a fire broke out in Rome which lasted for three days. ^[56][63] Although the extent of the damage was not as disastrous as during the Great Fire of 64—crucially sparing the many districts of insulae—Cassius Dio records a long list of important public buildings that were destroyed, including Agrippa's Pantheon, the Temple of Jupiter, the Diribitorium, parts of Pompey's Theatre and the Saepta Julia among others. According to the historian Tacitus, the Great Fire of Rome started on the night of 18 July in the year AD 64, among the shops clustered around the Year 64 was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. In Roman architecture, insulae (singular Insula) were large Apartment buildings where the lower and middle classes of Romans (the Plebs Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites See Temple of Jupiter for temples to him in other places The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus ("Jupiter greatest and best" also known The diribitorium was a public Voting hall situated on the Campus Martius in Ancient Rome. The Theatre of Pompey (Latin Theatrum Pompeium, Italian Teatro di Pompeo) is an ancient building of the Roman Republic era begun in 61 BC The Saepta Julia was a building in Ancient Rome where citizens gathered to cast votes ^[63] Once again, Titus personally compensated for the damaged regions. ^[63] According to Suetonius, a plague similarly struck during the fire. ^[56] The nature of the disease, however, or the death toll are unknown. This is a list of wars and human-made disasters by death toll.

Meanwhile war had resumed in Britannia, where Gnaeus Julius Agricola pushed further into Caledonia and managed to establish several forts there. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 Gnaeus Julius Agricola ( June 13, 40 &ndash August 23, 93) was a Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Caledonia is the Latin name given by the Roman Empire to a northern area of the island of Great Britain. ^[64] As a result of his actions, Titus received the title of Imperator for the fifteenth time. The Latin word Imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. ^[65]

His reign also saw the rebellion led by Terentius Maximus, one of several false Neros who continued to appear throughout the 70s. Terentius Maximus was a Roman also known as the Pseudo-Nero who rebelled during the reign of Titus, but was suppressed Note Sometimes the ' 70s is used as shorthand for the 1970s, the 1870s, or other such decades in other centuries Events and ^[66] Although Nero was primarily known as a universally hated tyrant—there is evidence that for much of his reign, he remained highly popular in the eastern provinces. In modern usage a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute power over a State or within an Organization. Reports that Nero had in fact survived the assassination attempts were fueled by the vague circumstances surrounding his death and several prophecies foretelling his return. Prophecy, generally describes the disclosing of Information that is not known to the Prophet by any ordinary means ^[67] According to Cassius Dio, Terentius Maximus resembled Nero in voice and appearance and, like him, sang to the lyre. The lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity and later ^[58] Terentius established a following in Asia minor but was soon forced to flee beyond the Euphrates, taking refuge with the Parthians. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת ^[58][66] In addition, sources state that Titus discovered that his brother Domitian was plotting against him but refused to have him killed or banished. ^[59][68]

Public works

The Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the Colosseum, was completed during the reign of Titus and inaugurated with spectacular games that lasted for 100 days. See Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre. The inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre were held in AD  80 on the orders of the Roman Emperor Titus, to celebrate the completion of the

Construction of the Flavian Amphitheatre, presently better known as the Colosseum, was begun in 70 under Vespasian and finally completed in 80 under Titus. The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian ( November 17 9 &ndash June 23 79) was a Roman Emperor who Year 80 was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. ^[69] In addition to providing spectacular entertainments to the Roman populace, the building was also conceived as a gigantic triumphal monument to commemorate the military achievements of the Flavians during the Jewish wars. ^[70] The inaugural games lasted for a hundred days and were said to be extremely elaborate, including gladiatorial combat, fights between wild animals (elephants and cranes), mock naval battles for which the theatre was flooded, horse races and chariot races. The inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre were held in AD  80 on the orders of the Roman Emperor Titus, to celebrate the completion of the Gladiators (gladiatores "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword" from la ''gladius'' "sword" were professional fighters in Ancient Rome who fought Elephants ( family: Elephantidae) are large land Mammals of the order Proboscidea. Cranes are large long-legged and long-necked Birds of the order Gruiformes, and family Gruidae. A naval battle is a Battle fought using Ships or other waterborne vessels This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Chariot racing (ἁρματοδρομία/armatodromia was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine Sports Chariot ^[71] During the games, wooden balls were dropped into the audience, inscribed with various prizes (clothing, gold, or even slaves), which could then be traded for the designated item. Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Slavery as an institution in Mediterranean cultures of the ancient world comprised a mixture of Debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime and ^[71]

Adjacent to the amphitheatre, within the precinct of Nero's Golden House, Titus had also ordered the construction of a new public bath-house, which was to bear his name. The Domus Aurea ( Latin for "Golden House" was a large landscaped portico Villa, designed to take advantage of artificially created landscapes This page is on buildings used for Roman bathing For the activity in general see Ancient Roman bathing. The Baths of Titus were Public baths ( Thermae) built in Rome in 81 by Emperor Titus. ^[71] Construction of this building was hastily finished to coincide with the completion of the Flavian Amphitheatre. ^[55]

Practice of the imperial cult was revived by Titus, though apparently it met with some difficulty as Vespasian was not deified until six months after his death. The Imperial cult in Ancient Rome was the worship of a few select emperors as gods once they were deceased the only emperor to ^[72] To further honor and glorify the Flavian dynasty, foundations were laid for what would later become the Temple of Vespasian and Titus, which was finished by Domitian. The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96 AD encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69&ndash79 The Temple of Vespasian and Titus (Latin - templum divi Vespasiani) is located in Rome at the western end of the Roman Forum between the Temple of ^[73][74]

Death

At the closing of the games, Titus officially dedicated the amphitheatre and the baths, which was to be his final recorded act as an emperor. ^[68] He set out for the Sabine territories but fell ill at the first posting station^[75] where he died of a fever, reportedly in the same farm-house as his father. The Sabines ( Latin Sabini, Singular Sabinus) were an Italic tribe that lived in ancient Italy, inhabiting Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris ^[76] Allegedly, the last words he uttered before passing away were: "I have made but one mistake". ^[75][68] Titus had ruled the Roman Empire for just over two years, from the death of his father in 79 to his own on September 13, 81. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 81 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. ^[68] He was succeeded by Domitian, whose first act as emperor was to deify his brother. ^[77]

Historians have speculated on the exact nature of his death, and to which mistake Titus alluded in his final words. Philostratus writes that he was poisoned by Domitian with a sea hare, and that his death had been foretold to him by Apollonius of Tyana. Philostratus, was the name of four Greek Sophists of the Roman imperial period: (c Sea hares ( Aplysia species and related genera are very large sea Slugs with a soft internal shell made of protein ^[78] Suetonius and Cassius Dio maintain he died of natural causes, but both accuse Domitian of having left the ailing Titus for dead. ^[77][68] Consequently, Dio believes Titus's mistake refers to his failure to have his brother executed when he was found to be openly plotting against him. ^[68]

According to the Babylonian Talmud (Gittin 56b), an insect flew into Titus's nose and picked at his brain for seven years. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described He noticed that the sound of a blacksmith hammering caused the ensuing pain to abate, so he paid for blacksmiths to hammer nearby him; however, the effect wore off and the insect resumed its gnawing. When he died, they opened his skull and found the insect had grown to the size of a bird. The Talmud gives this as the cause of his death and interprets it as divine retribution for his wicked actions. ^[79]

Legacy

Historiography

Colossal head of Titus (Glyptothek). The Glyptothek is a museum in Munich, Germany, which was commissioned by the Bavarian King Ludwig I to house his collection of Greek and

Titus's record among ancient historians stands as one of the most exemplary of any emperor. All the surviving accounts from this period, many of them written by his own contemporaries, present a highly favourable view towards Titus. His character has especially prospered in comparison with that of his brother Domitian.

The Wars of the Jews offers a first-hand, eye-witness account on the Jewish rebellion and the character of Titus. The Wars of the Jews (or The History of the A witness is someone who has firsthand knowledge about a Crime or dramatic event through their Senses (e The neutrality of Josephus' writings has come into question however as he was heavily indebted to the Flavians. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96 AD encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69&ndash79 In 71, he arrived in Rome in the entourage of Titus, became a Roman citizen and took on the Roman nomen Flavius and praenomen Titus from his patrons. Year 71 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Citizenship in the time of Ancient Rome was a privileged status afforded to certain individuals with respect to laws property and governance By the Republican era and throughout the Imperial era, a Name in Ancient Rome for a male citizen consisted of three parts ( tria See Praenomen (Ancient Egypt for the pharaonic throne name In Roman naming conventions, the praenomen (literally forename He received an annual pension and lived in the palace. ^[80] It was while in Rome, and under Flavian patronage, that Josephus wrote all of his known works. Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization The War of the Jews is heavily slanted against the leaders of the revolt, portraying the rebellion as weak and unorganized, and even blaming the Jews for causing the war. ^[81] The credibility of Josephus as a historian has subsequently come under fire. ^[82]

Another contemporary of Titus was Publius Cornelius Tacitus, who started his public career in 80 or 81 and credits the Flavian dynasty with his elevation. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. ^[83] The Histories—his account of this period—was published during the reign of Trajan. Histories ( Latin: Historiae) is a book by Tacitus, written c Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Unfortunately only the first five books from this work have survived until the present day, with the text on Titus's and Domitian's reign entirely lost.

Suetonius Tranquilius gives a short but highly favourable account on Titus's reign in The Lives of Twelve Caesars,^[84] emphasizing his military achievements and his generosity as Emperor, in short describing him as follows:

Titus, of the same surname as his father, was the delight and darling of the human race; such surpassing ability had he, by nature, art, or good fortune, to win the affections of all men, and that, too, which is no easy task, while he was emperor. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. ^[84]

Finally, Cassius Dio wrote his Roman History over a hundred years after the death of Titus. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was He shares a similar outlook as Suetonius, possibly even using the latter as a source, but is more reserved, noting:

His satisfactory record may also have been due to the fact that he survived his accession but a very short time, for he was thus given no opportunity for wrongdoing. For he lived after this only two years, two months and twenty days — in addition to the thirty-nine years, five months and twenty-five days he had already lived at that time. In this respect, indeed, he is regarded as having equalled the long reign of Augustus, since it is maintained that Augustus would never have been loved had he lived a shorter time, nor Titus had he lived longer. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was For Augustus, though at the outset he showed himself rather harsh because of the wars and the factional strife, was later able, in the course of time, to achieve a brilliant reputation for his kindly deeds; Titus, on the other hand, ruled with mildness and died at the height of his glory, whereas, if he had lived a long time, it might have been shown that he owes his present fame more to good fortune than to merit. ^[54]

Pliny the Elder, who later died during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius,^[85] dedicated his Naturalis Historia to Titus. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. ^[86]

In contrast to the ideal portrayal of Titus in Roman histories, in Jewish memory "Titus the Wicked" is remembered as an evil opressor and destroyer of the Temple. For example, one legend in the Babylonian Talmud describes Titus as having had sex with a whore on a Torah scroll inside the Temple during its destruction. ^[87]

Titus in later arts

The Triumph of Titus, by Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1885). Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, OM, RA ( January 8, 1836, Dronrijp, the Netherlands. The composition suggests a love affair between Titus and Domitian's wife Domitia Longina (see below). Domitia Longina (c 53 &ndash c 130 was an Empress and wife to the Roman Emperor Domitian.

The war in Judaea and the life of Titus, particularly his relationship with Berenice, have inspired writers and artists through the centuries. The bas-relief in the Arch of Titus has been influential in the depiction of the destruction of Jerusalem, with the Menorah frequently being used to symbolise the looting of the Second Temple. A bas-relief (baʁəljɛf in French; French for "low relief" derived from the Italian basso rilievo) or low relief is a Sculpture The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 Pekiin tabletjpg|thumb|right|151px| Second Temple period stone tablet from a Synagogue in Peki'in, Israel. The Second Temple (בית המקדש romanized 'Beit HaMikdash' meaning 'Holy House' was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BCE and 70 CE

Literature

• Bérénice, a play by Jean Racine (1670) which focuses on the love affair between Titus and Berenice. Bérénice is a five-act Tragedy by the French 17th-century playwright Jean Racine. Jean Racine ( ( December 22, 1639 &ndash April 21, 1699) was a French Dramatist, one of the "big three" of
• Tite et Bérénice, a play by Pierre Corneille which was in competition with Racine the same year, and concerns the same subject matter. Tite et Bérénice is a tragedy by the 17th-century French playwright Pierre Corneille. Pierre Corneille ( June 6, 1606 – October 1, 1684) was a French tragedian who was one of the three great seventeenth Century French
• La clemenza di Tito, an opera by Mozart, about a fictional romance between Emperor Titus and Vitellia, daughter of Vitellius. La clemenza di Tito (The Clemency of Titus K 621 is an Opera seria composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with text after Metastasio Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, born Aulus Vitellius and commonly known as Vitellius ( 24 September, 15 &ndash 22 December, 69
• The Josephus Trilogy, novels by Lion Feuchtwanger, about the life of Flavius Josephus and his relation with the Flavian dynasty. Lion Feuchtwanger (pseudonym JL Wetcheek) ( 7 July 1884 - 21 December 1958) was a German - Jewish Novelist Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus
  • Der jüdische Krieg (Josephus), 1932
  • Die Söhne (The Jews of Rome), 1935
  • Der Tag wird kommen (The day will come, Josephus and the Emperor), 1942
• The Marcus Didius Falco novels, which take place during the reign of Vespasian. Marcus Didius Falco is the central character and narrator in a series of Novels by Lindsey Davis.
• The Roman Mysteries, a series of children's books which take place during the reign of Titus. The Roman Mysteries is a series of Historical novels for children by Caroline Lawrence.
• The High School Latin textbook series Ecce Romani takes place during the reign of Titus. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Ecce Romani (or Look! The Romans!) is a series of Latin Textbooks It teaches the language through a series of stories beginning

Paintings

• The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus by Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1846). Wilhelm von Kaulbach ( October 15, 1805 &ndash April 7, 1874) was a German painter from Bad Arolsen, Waldeck For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Oil on canvas, 585 x 705 cm. Neue Pinakothek, Munich. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. An allegorical depiction of the destruction of Jerusalem, dramatically centered around the figure of Titus. The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73
• The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem by Nicolas Poussin (1637). Nicolas Poussin (15 June 1594 – 19 November 1665 was a French painter in the classical style Oil on canvas, 147 x 198,5 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Depicts the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army led by Titus.
• The Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem by Francesco Hayez (1867). Francesco Hayez ( February 10, 1791 - December 21, 1882) was an Italian painter the leading artist of Romanticism Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Oil on canvas, 183 x 252 cm. Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Venice. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Depicts the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army.
• The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A.D. 70 by David Roberts (1850). David Roberts is the name of David Roberts (painter (1796-1864 Scottish painter David Roberts (engineer (1859-1928 invented the caterpillar For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Oil on canvas, 136 x 197 cm. Private collection. Depicts the burning and looting of Jerusalem by the Roman army under Titus.
• The Triumph of Titus and Vespasian by Giulio Romano (1540). Giulio Romano (c 1499 &ndash November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter and architect. Oil on wood, 170 x 120 cm. Louvre, Paris. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Depicts Titus and Vespasian as they ride into Rome on a triumphal chariot, preceded by a parade carrying spoils from the war in Judaea. The painting anachronistically features the Arch of Titus, which was not completed until the reign of Domitian. An anachronism (from the Greek "ana" " ανά " "against anti-" and "chronos" " χρόνος "
• The Triumph of Titus by Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1885). Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, OM, RA ( January 8, 1836, Dronrijp, the Netherlands. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Oil on canvas. Private collection. This painting depicts the triumphal procession of Titus and his family. Alma-Tadema was known for his meticulous historical research on the ancient world. ^[88] Vespasian, dressed as Pontifex Maximus, walks at the head of his family, followed by Domitian and his first wife Domitia Longina, who he had only recently married. The Pontifex Maximus was the high priest of the Ancient Roman College of Pontiffs. Domitia Longina (c 53 &ndash c 130 was an Empress and wife to the Roman Emperor Domitian. Behind Domitian follows Titus, dressed in religious regalia. An exchange of glances between Titus and Domitia suggests an affair which historians have speculated upon. ^[75][68]

Notes

References

• Jones, Brian W. (1992). The Emperor Domitian. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10195-6.  
• Brian Jones; and Robert Milns (2002). Suetonius: The Flavian Emperors: A Historical Commentary. London: Bristol Classical Press, p. 91. ISBN 1-85399-613-0.  

Further reading

Primary sources

• Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Titus, Latin text with English translation
• Cassius Dio, Roman History, Books 65 and 66, English translation
• Josephus, The War of the Jews, English translation
• Tacitus, Histories, Books 2, 4 and 5, English translation

Secondary material

• Coinage of Titus at Wildwinds.com
• Biography of Titus at roman-emperors.org