A tipi (also teepee, tepee) is a conical tent originally made of animal skins or birch bark and popularized by the Native Americans of the Great Plains. A tent is a shelter consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped over or attached to a frame of poles or attached to a supporting rope Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada Tipis are stereotypically associated with Native Americans in general, but Native Americans from places other than the Great Plains used different types of dwellings. A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group "Habitation" redirects here For Habitation at Port-Royal see Habitation at Port-Royal. The term wigwam is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to a dwelling of this type. WigWam is a duo comprising Alex James, the Bassist from Blur and vocalist Betty Boo.
The tipi was durable, provided warmth and comfort in winter, was dry during heavy rains, and was cool in the heat of summer. Tipis could be disassembled and packed away quickly when a tribe decided to move, and could be reconstructed quickly when the tribe settled in a new area. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use This portability was important to those Plains Indians who had a nomadic lifestyle. The Plains Indians are the Indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that
Modern tipi covers are usually made of canvas. Canvas is an extremely heavy-duty plain-woven fabric used for making Sails Tents Marquees Backpacks and other functions Contemporary users of tipis include historical reenactors, back-to-the-land devotees, and Native American families attending Powwows or Encampments who wish to preserve and pass on a part of their heritage and tradition. "Reenactment" redirects here For the 1968 Romanian film see The Reenactment. The phrase " back-to-the-land movement " refers to a North American social phenomenon of the 1960s and 1970s
The word "tipi" comes into English from the Lakota language; the word thípi consists of two elements: the verb thí, meaning "to dwell," and a pluralizing enclitic (a suffix-like ending that marks the subject of the verb as plural), pi, and means "they dwell. Lakota (also Lakhota, Teton, Teton Sioux) is the largest of the three languages of the Sioux, of the Siouan family Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world In Linguistics, a clitic is a grammatically independent and phonologically dependent Word. " In Lakota, formal verbs can be used as nouns, and this is the case with thípi, which in practice just means "house. "
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Elements
Tipis consist of four elements: a set of ten to twenty sapling poles (depending on the size of the tipi), a canvas or hide cover (the outer shape familiar from photographs), an optional inner canvas or skin lining, and a canvas or skin door. There may also be an optional partial ceiling. This was called an ozan, however, it is now found that the word ozan refers to the liner. Ropes and pegs are required to bind the poles, close the cover, attach the lining and door, and anchor the resulting structure to the ground. Tipis are distinguished from other tents by two crucial innovations: the opening at the top and the smoke flaps, which allow the dweller to cook and heat themselves with an open fire, and the lining that is primarily used in the winter, which insulates while providing a source of fresh air to fire and dwellers. Tipis are designed to be easily set up to allow camps to be moved to follow game migrations, especially the bison. This is an article about an animal For other uses see Bison (disambiguation. The long poles could be used to construct a dog- or later horse-pulled travois. A travois ( Canadian French, from French travail, a frame for restraining horses also obsolete travoy or travoise) is a frame
Tipi covers are made by sewing together strips of canvas or hide and cutting out a semicircular shape from the resulting surface. In Mathematics (more specifically Geometry) a semicircle is a two-dimensional Geometric shape that forms Half of a Circle. Trimming this shape yields a door and the smoke flaps that allow the dwellers to control the chimney effect to expel smoke from their fires. A door is a panel or barrier usually hinged or sliding that is used to cover an opening in a Wall or partition going into a building or space Smoke flap Commercially a smoke flap can take the form of a metal tin or other Alloy and can be manipulatable by hand or lever and appears in home chimneys stoves A chimney is a system for venting hot Flue gases or Smoke from a Boiler, Stove, Furnace or Fireplace to the outside Old style traditional linings were hides, blankets, and retangular pieces of cloth hanging about four to five feet above the ground tied to the poles or a rope. Today's modern lining is the most difficult element to measure, since it consists of trapezoid-shaped strips of canvas assembled to form the shape of a truncated cone. An isosceles Trapezoid ( isosceles trapezium in British English) is a Quadrilateral with a line of Symmetry bisecting one pair The poles, made of peeled, polished and dried tapering saplings, are cut to measure about six feet more than the radius of the cover. Remote Authentication Dial In User Service ( RADIUS) is a networking protocol that provides centralized access authorization and accounting management for people or computers
Construction
The construction of a tipi starts with tying together three of the poles at the skin's radius from their bases using a tripod lashing. George Catlin ( July 26, 1796 &ndash December 23, 1872) was an American painter, author and traveler who specialized in Events and trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday. Remote Authentication Dial In User Service ( RADIUS) is a networking protocol that provides centralized access authorization and accounting management for people or computers A lashing is an arrangement of Rope used to secure two or more items together in a somewhat rigid manner One end of this lashing rope is left dangling from the tie-point, long enough to reach the base of the poles. A lashing is an arrangement of Rope used to secure two or more items together in a somewhat rigid manner These tripod poles are stood upright, with their unfastened ends spaced apart on the ground to form a triangle, each pole's base the skin's radius from its neighbors. A triangle is one of the basic Shapes of Geometry: a Polygon with three corners or vertices and three sides or edges which are Line A dozen more long poles are laid onto the three primary poles. Dozen is another word for the Number twelve. The dozen may be one of the earliest primitive groupings perhaps because there are approximately a dozen cycles of the Their upper ends rest on the lashing of the first three, and the lower ends are evenly spaced to form a circle on the ground which includes the original three poles. Circles are simple Shapes of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which are at a constant Distance, called the The lashing rope is then walked around the whole structure three times and pulled tight. This ties the placed poles to the tripod at the crown of the tipi. The canvas skin is tied to another pole, lifted up and the top of the pole is rested where all the poles meet. The skin is pulled around the pole framework. The overlap seam is closed with wooden lacing pins which are thin sticks about 10 inches long with one or both ends tapered. Sometimes a door is attached to one of the bottom lacing pins. In old tipis of hide or early cloth, the door was where the two sides came together in the front. A blanket, hide or cloth door was put over the opening to secure the entrance.
The base of the skin is pegged to the ground. Traditionally pegs were placed in slits at the bottom of the cover. As canvas or cloth came into use loops were sewn into the bottom or, in an emergency smooth pebbles were pushed into the cloth and a cord tied between the bulge of cloth and a wooden peg in the ground. A pebble is a clast of rock with a Particle size of 4 to 64 Millimeters based on the Krumbein phi scale of Sedimentology A gap can be allowed at ground level for airflow in warm seasons and the base is completely closed to the ground in cooler times. The bases of the non-tripod poles are moved in or out to tension the skin. Inside the tipi, a cord is wrapped from pole to pole above head height. An inner lining can be suspended from this cord and pushed back on the ground near the inside base of the poles. Bedding and personal items are pushed against the liner to keep it in place. The inner lining acts as a heat insulator and draft and pest excluder. An interior awning which prevents rain drops hitting bedding can be suspended at the top of the lining.
Decoration
Most tipis in a village would not be painted. Those that were, were typically painted in accordance with traditional tribal designs and often featured geometric portrayals of celestial bodies and animal designs. s are significant physical entities, associations or structures which current Science has confirmed to exist in Space. Sometimes tipis were painted to depict personal experiences, such as war or hunting. In the case of a dream or vision quest, “ceremonies and prayers were first offered, and then the dreamer recounted his dream to the priests and wise men of the community… Those known to be skilled painters were consulted, and the new design was made to fit anonymously within the traditional framework of [the tribe’s] painted tipis. A vision quest is a Rite of passage in some Native American cultures. ” [1]
While most tipis were not painted, many were decorated with pendants and colored medallions. Traditionally these were embroidered with dyed porcupine quills, more modern versions are often beaded. Buffalo horns and tails, tufts of buffalo and horse hair, bear claws and buckskin fringe were also used to decorate tipi covers. This is an article about an animal For other uses see Bison (disambiguation. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. These attachments are often referred to as “tipi ornaments”
Use
A small fire can be set in the center of the floor of the tipi for heat or cooking. Rainbow Gatherings are temporary Intentional communities, typically held in outdoor settings and espousing and practicing ideals of Peace, Love, harmony The smoke exits the top of the tipi which is guarded by two adjustable smoke flaps set at right angles to the wind to prevent a downdraft. A draft rising between the cover and the lining adds to the chimney effect and helps carry the smoke up and out. A chimney is a system for venting hot Flue gases or Smoke from a Boiler, Stove, Furnace or Fireplace to the outside The liner does add insulation in very cold weather when stuffed with grass and can direct the draft upwards and away from the occupants while still admitting fresh air. Air for combustion can be ducted to the fire through a buried pipe when the tipi is closed tightly against inclement weather.
In most weather the lining may not be used, and the cover can be rolled up on very hot days a few feet on one or two sides allowing any small breeze to create ventilation. Ventilation is the intentional movement of Air from outside a building to the inside
A structure that requires a hole in the middle of the roof may not be the best shelter in times of intense rain, but there are strategies to reduce the problem. A hide or fabric ceiling can protect against dripping precipitation and reduce drafts. This ceiling, when used, typically only covers the back half of the tipi and is slanted slightly upwards to the front, draining water to the rear and allowing smoke from the fire to vent out of the top of the tipi. Small sticks between the lining rope and the poles can create a gap for rainwater running down the poles to reach the ground without being caught by and dripping off of the lining rope. Contemporary tipi-dwellers may tie a bucket beneath the crown, or install rubber barriers on the poles and a canvas rain-catcher which drains from the crown to the outside, to collect rain dripping off the crown of the poles. A fabric or hide rain cap can be placed over the top of the tipi if the poles are not too long but can cause damage in high winds. Historically these type of coverings were not used.
In strong winds the lashing rope is pegged to the ground behind the fire. This helps to keep the tipi poles from “walking”, lifting up under the force of the wind on the skin and coming down in a new position. In extreme winds the bases of the poles can be individually lashed to pegs. A tipi which is pegged and has had its lashing rope tied down is a remarkably wind-resistant cone.
See also
References
- Laubin, Reginald, Gladys Laubin, (Tatanka Wanjila na Wiyaka Wastewin) and Stanley Vestal, "The Indian tipi : its history, construction, and use". A hogan (hoʊˈgɑːn from Navajo hooghan, hoːɣan is the primary traditional home of the Navajo people. A humpy is a small temporary shelter made from bark and tree branches traditionally used by Australian Aborigines, with a standing tree usually used as the main support An igloo ( Inuit language: iglu, Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒡᓗ "house" plural iglooit or igluit, but in English Lavvu (or lávvu kååvas láávuumpilaavu lavvo or sametelt and kåta is a temporary dwelling used by the Sami people of northern Scandinavia In Archaeology and Anthropology, a long house or longhouse is a type of long narrow single-room building built by peoples in various parts of the world The Sibley tent was a tent invented by Henry Hopkins Sibley and patented in 1856 (U WigWam is a duo comprising Alex James, the Bassist from Blur and vocalist Betty Boo. Yaranga is a Tent -like Traditional mobile home of some Nomadic Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, such as Chukchi and Siberian A yurt is a portable Felt -covered wood lattice -framed dwelling structure used by Nomads in the Steppes of Central Asia. The " Wigwams quot known as the Wigwam Motel, are distinctive landmarks 2nd ed. , Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1957. LCCN 57005958 ISBN 0-8061-2236-6
- Holley, Linda A. , Tipis | Tepees | Teepees: History, design, and evolution of the cloth tipi. Gibbs Smith, 2007 ISBN 978-1-58685-511-6
- Goble, Paul, "Tipi: Home of the Nomadic Buffalo Hunters". Paul Goble ( September 271933- is an award winning author and illustrator of children's books mostly Native American stories “Tipi Home of the Nomadic Buffalo Hunters” is a Illustrated, Non-fiction, Young adult book by Caldecott winning author and illustrator Paul Goble World Wisdom, 2007. World Wisdom is an independent Publishing company established in 1980 in Bloomington Indiana. ISBN 193331639X
External links and references
- History, construction, and evolution of tipis plus Photos and drawings
- Simply Differently.org: Tipi, tipi building resource, how-to manuals and online calculator for canvas lanes
- Tipi Instructions, a PDF document detailing the construction of a tipi.
Notes
- ^ Goble, Paul (2007). Paul Goble ( September 271933- is an award winning author and illustrator of children's books mostly Native American stories Tipi: Home of the Nomadic Buffalo Hunters. USA: World Wisdom Books, 42. ISBN ISBN 193331639X.
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