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This article is about the metallic chemical element. For other uses, see Tin (disambiguation).
50 indium ← tin → antimony
Ge
↑
Sn
↓
Pb
General
Name, Symbol, Number tin, Sn, 50
Chemical series poor metals
Group, Period, Block 14, 5, p
Appearance silvery lustrous gray
Standard atomic weight 118. Indium (ˈɪndiəm is a Chemical element with chemical symbol In and Atomic number 49 Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic History Carbon, Tin, and Lead, are a few of the elements well known in the ancient world - together with Sulfur, Iron, A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 710(7)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d10 5s² 5p²
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) (white) 7. In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 365  g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.) (gray) 5. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 769  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 6. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 99  g·cm−3
Melting point 505. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 08 K
(231. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 93 °C, 449. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 47 °F)
Boiling point 2875 K
(2602 °C, 4716 °F)
Heat of fusion (white) 7. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 03  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization (white) 296. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 1  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) (white)
27. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 112  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1497 1657 1855 2107 2438 2893
Atomic properties
Crystal structure tetragonal
Oxidation states 4, 2
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 96 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  708. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 6  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1411. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 8  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2943. 0  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 145  pm
Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) 145  pm
Covalent radius 141  pm
Van der Waals radius 217 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (0 °C) 115 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 66. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 8  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 22. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 0  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (r.t.) (rolled) 2730  m·s−1
Young's modulus 50  GPa
Shear modulus 18  GPa
Bulk modulus 58  GPa
Poisson ratio 0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 36
Mohs hardness 1. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5
Brinell hardness 51  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-31-5
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of tin
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
112Sn 0. The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Tin ( Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten which is probably related to the fact that 50 is a " magic number " of Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide 97% 112Sn is stable with 62 neutrons
114Sn 0. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 66% 114Sn is stable with 64 neutrons
115Sn 0. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 34% 115Sn is stable with 65 neutrons
116Sn 14. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 54% 116Sn is stable with 66 neutrons
117Sn 7. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 68% 117Sn is stable with 67 neutrons
118Sn 24. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 22% 118Sn is stable with 68 neutrons
119Sn 8. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 59% 119Sn is stable with 69 neutrons
120Sn 32. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 58% 120Sn is stable with 70 neutrons
122Sn 4. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 63% 122Sn is stable with 72 neutrons
124Sn 5. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 79% 124Sn is stable with 74 neutrons
126Sn syn ~1 E5 y Beta- 0. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 380 126Sb
References
The alchemical symbol for tin
The alchemical symbol for tin
Tin ore
Tin ore

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (Latin: stannum) and atomic number 50. Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Alchemic symbols, originally devised as part of the Protoscience of Alchemy, were used to denote some elements and some compounds until the 18th century A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton This silvery, malleable poor metal that is not easily oxidized in air and resists corrosion, is found in many alloys and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as an oxide. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Cassiterite is a Tin Oxide Mineral, SnO2. It is generally opaque but is translucent in thin crystals An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element It can be alloyed with copper to make bronze. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Pewter alloys contain from 85% up to 99% tin. Pewter is a Metal Alloy, traditionally between 85 and 99 percent Tin, with the remainder consisting of Copper and Antimony, acting

Contents

Notable characteristics

Tin is a malleable, ductile, highly crystalline, silvery-white metal; when a bar of tin is bent, a strange crackling sound known as the tin cry can be heard due to the breaking of the crystals. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across A tin cry is the characteristic sound heard when a bar of Tin is bent This metal resists corrosion from distilled, sea and soft tap water, but can be attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and by acid salts. Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture Tap water ( running water) is part of indoor Plumbing, which became available in the late 19th century and common in the mid-20th century In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal Acid salts are a class of salts formed when a dibasic or tribasic Acid has been neutralized to some degree Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solution and helps accelerate chemical attack. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Tin forms the dioxide SnO2 when it is heated in the presence of air. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five SnO2, in turn, is feebly acidic and forms stannate (SnO32-) salts with basic oxides. In Chemistry, a basic oxide is an Oxide that either reacts with Water to have a proton transferred to it reacts with an Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals in order to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. This metal combines directly with chlorine and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Tin is malleable at ordinary temperatures but is brittle when it is cooled.

Allotropes

Tin's chemical properties fall between those of metals and non-metals, just as the semiconductors silicon and germanium do. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Tin has two allotropes at normal pressure and temperature: gray tin and white tin. Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different A third allotrope, called brittle tin, exists at temperatures above 161o C.

Below 13. 2 °C, it exists as gray or alpha tin, which has a cubic crystal structure similar to silicon and germanium. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Gray tin has no metallic properties at all, is a dull-gray powdery material, and has few uses, other than a few specialized semiconductor applications. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that

Although the transformation temperature is 13. 2°C, the change does not take place unless the metal is of high purity, and only when the exposure temperature is well below 0°C. [1] This process is known as tin disease or tin pest. Tin pest is an autocatalytic, allotropic transformation of the element Tin, which causes deterioration of tin objects at low temperatures Tin pest was a particular problem in northern Europe in the 18th century as organ pipes made of tin alloy would sometimes be affected during long cold winters. An organ pipe is a sound-producing element of the Pipe organ that resonates at a specific pitch when pressurized air (commonly referred to as wind Some sources also say that during Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812, the temperatures became so cold that the tin buttons on the soldiers' uniforms disintegrated, contributing to the defeat of the Grande Armée. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The veracity of this story is debatable, because the transformation to gray tin often takes a reasonably long time. [2] Commercial grades of tin (99. 8%) resist transformation because of the inhibiting effect of the small amounts of bismuth, antimony, lead, and silver present as impurities. Alloying elements such as copper, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, and silver increase its hardness. Tin tends rather easily to form hard, brittle intermetallic phases, which are often undesirable. It does not form wide solid solution ranges in other metals in general, and there are few elements that have appreciable solid solubility in tin. Simple eutectic systems,however, occur with bismuth, gallium, lead, thallium, and zinc. [3]

Applications

Tin bonds readily to iron, and has been used for coating lead or zinc and steel to prevent corrosion. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Tin-plated steel containers are widely used for food preservation, and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Food preservation is the process of treating and handling Food in a way that preserves its edibility and nutrition value Speakers of British English call them "tins"; Americans call them "cans" or "tin cans". Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container One thus-derived use of the slang term "tinnie" or "tinny" means "can of beer". The slang or colloquial term tinnie has a variety of meanings generally derived from some association with the metal Tin. The tin whistle is so called because it was first mass-produced in tin-plated steel. The tin whistle, also called the tinwhistle, whistle, pennywhistle or Irish whistle, is a simple six-holed Woodwind instrument

Other uses:

Tin becomes a superconductor below 3. Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance 72 K. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic In fact, tin was one of the first superconductors to be studied; the Meissner effect, one of the characteristic features of superconductors, was first discovered in superconducting tin crystals. The Meissner effect (also known as the Jared-Ochsenfeld effect) is the expulsion of a Magnetic field from a Superconductor. The niobium-tin compound Nb3Sn is commercially used as wires for superconducting magnets, due to the material's high critical temperature (18 K) and critical magnetic field (25 T). Niobium (naɪˈoʊbiəm or columbium (/kəˈlʌmbiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Nb and Atomic number 41 Niobium-tin ( Nb3Sn) or Triniobium-tin is a Metallic Chemical compound of Niobium (Nb and Tin (Sn used industrially as A superconducting magnet is an Electromagnet that is built using superconducting coils The critical temperature, Tc of a material is the Temperature above which distinct Liquid and Gas phases do not exist The tesla (symbol T) is the SI derived unit of Magnetic field B (which is also known as "magnetic flux density" and "magnetic A superconducting magnet weighing only a couple of kilograms is capable of producing magnetic fields comparable to a conventional electromagnet weighing tons. An electromagnet is a type of Magnet in which the Magnetic field is produced by the flow of an electric current.

History

Tin (Old English: tin, Old Latin: plumbum candidum ("white lead"), Old German: tsin, Late Latin: stannum) is one of the earliest metals known and was used as a component of bronze from antiquity. Old Latin (also called Early Latin or Archaic Latin) refers to the Latin language in the period before the age of Classical Latin; that is all Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Because of its hardening effect on copper, tin was used in bronze implements as early as 3,500 BC. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Events Civilization of Sumer (? Ggantija, Malta Mnajdra solar temple complex Malta A shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey dating to 1336 BC contains a shipment of tin, perhaps originating in Afghanistan. [6] European tin mining is believed to have started in Cornwall and Devon (esp. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name Dartmoor) in Classical times, and a thriving tin trade developed with the civilizations of the Mediterranean[7][8]. The Dartmoor tin mining industry is thought to have originated in pre- Roman times and continued right through to the 20th century Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean However the lone metal was not used until about 600 BC. The last Cornish Tin Mine, at South Crofty near Camborne closed in 1998 bringing 4,000 years of mining in Cornwall to an end, but as of 2007 increased demand from China may lead to its re-opening. South Crofty is a metalliferous mine in Cornwall, UK that has seen production for over 400 years Not to be confused with Cambourne in Cambridgeshire. Camborne (Kammbronn [9].

The word "tin" has cognates in many Germanic and Celtic languages. The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. The American Heritage Dictionary speculates that the word was borrowed from a pre-Indo-European language. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( AHD) is an American Dictionary of the English language published by The later name "stannum" and its Romance derivatives come from the lead-silver alloy of the same name for the finding of the latter in ores; the former "stagnum" was the word for a stale pool or puddle. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all

In modern times, the word "tin" is often improperly used as a generic phrase for any silvery metal that comes in sheets. Most everyday materials that are commonly called "tin", such as aluminium foil, beverage cans, corrugated building sheathing and tin cans, are actually made of steel or aluminium, although tin cans (tinned cans) do contain a thin coating of tin to inhibit rust. WikipediaManual of Style#National varieties of English --> Aluminium foil (known A beverage can (or drinks can) is most often an Aluminum Can manufactured to hold a single serving of a Beverage. A tin can, also called a tin (especially in British English) or a can, is an air-tight container for the distribution or storage of Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 WikipediaNaming Likewise, so-called "tin toys" are usually made of steel, and may or may not have a coating of tin to inhibit rust. This article is about playthings For other uses of the term see Toy (disambiguation. The original Ford Model T was known colloquially as the Tin Lizzy. The Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie and also the Flivver) was an Automobile produced by Henry Ford 's Ford

Occurrence

Tin output in 2005
Tin output in 2005

In 2007, the People's Republic of China was the largest producer of tin, with 43% of the world's share, followed by Indonesia and Peru, reports the USGS. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. [10]

Tin is produced by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining A reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process Furnace that isolates the material being processed from contact with the Fuel, but not from contact This metal is a relatively scarce element with an abundance in the Earth's crust of about 2 ppm, compared with 94 ppm for zinc, 63 ppm for copper, and 12 ppm for lead. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly Most of the world's tin is produced from placer deposits. Placer mining (pronounced "plass-er" refers to the mining of alluvial deposits for Minerals This may be done by open-pit (also called open-cast The only mineral of commercial importance as a source of tin is cassiterite (SnO2), although small quantities of tin are recovered from complex sulfides such as stannite, cylindrite, franckeite, canfieldite, and teallite. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Cassiterite is a Tin Oxide Mineral, SnO2. It is generally opaque but is translucent in thin crystals Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation Stannite is a mineral a Sulfide of Copper, Iron, and Tin. The chemical formula Cu 2 Fe[[tin Sn]] S 4 Cylindrite is a Sulfosalt mineral containing Tin, Lead, Antimony and Iron with formula Pb 3 Sn 4 Franckeite, chemical formula Pb5Sn3Sb2S14 belongs to a family of complex sulfide Minerals Franckeite is a Sulfosalt. Canfieldite is a rare Silver Tin Sulfide mineral with formula Ag8SnS6 Teallite is a Sulfide mineral of Tin and Lead with chemical formula Pb[[tin Sn]] S 2 Secondary, or scrap, tin is also an important source of the metal.

Tasmania hosts some deposits of historical importance, most notably Mount Bischoff and Renison Bell. Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass Mount Bischoff is a mountain in Tasmania, Australia near the town of Waratah. Renison Bell is an underground Tin mine and locality on the West Coast of Tasmania, Australia.

It is estimated that, at current consumption rates, the Earth will run out of tin in 40 years. [11] However Lester Brown has suggested tin could run out within 20 years based on an extremely conservative extrapolation of 2% growth per year. [12] However this is offset by the increased use of secondary, or scrap tin, as a readily available source of the metal.

See also Category:Tin minerals

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of tin

Tin is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten), which is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. Tin ( Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten which is probably related to the fact that 50 is a " magic number " of In Nuclear physics, a magic number is a number of Nucleons (either Protons or Neutrons such that they are arranged into complete shells 28 additional unstable isotopes are known, including the "doubly magic" tin-100 (100Sn) (discovered in 1994)[13]. In Nuclear physics, a magic number is a number of Nucleons (either Protons or Neutrons such that they are arranged into complete shells

Compounds

For discussion of Stannate compounds (SnO32−) see Stannate. The stannate Ion is Sn[[Oxygen O]]32&minus or Sn(O H)62&minus For Stannite (SnO2−) see Stannite. Stannite is a mineral a Sulfide of Copper, Iron, and Tin. The chemical formula Cu 2 Fe[[tin Sn]] S 4 See also Stannous hydroxide (Sn(OH)2), Stannic acid (Stannic Hydroxide - Sn(OH)4), Tin dioxide (Stannic Oxide - SnO2), Tin(II) oxide (Stannous Oxide - SnO), Tin(II) chloride (SnCl2), Tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4)

see also category:Tin compounds

See also

References

  1. ^ Mel Schwartz. Stannous hydroxide, Sn(OH2 is a chemical compound of tin in the +2 Oxidation state. Tin dioxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula SnO2 The mineral form of SnO2 is called Cassiterite, and this is the main Tin(II oxide (stannous oxide is a compound of tin and oxygen where tin has the oxidation state of +2 Tin(II chloride (stannous chloride is a white Crystalline solid with the formula 2 Tin(IV chloride, also known as tin tetrachloride or stannic chloride is a Chemical compound with the formula Sn[[chlorine Cl]]4 The International Tin Council was an organisation which acted on behalf of the principal Tin producers in Cornwall and Malaysia to buy up surplus tin stocks Tinning is the process of making Tinplate, which consists of sheets of Iron or Steel that have been thinly coated with Tin by being dipped in Cassiterides, meaning Tin Islands, (from the Greek word for tin Κασσίτερος /Kassiteros are in ancient geography the name of islands regarded Tin pest is an autocatalytic, allotropic transformation of the element Tin, which causes deterioration of tin objects at low temperatures Metal whiskering is a Crystalline metallurgical phenomenon involving the spontaneous growth of tiny filiform hairs from a Metallic surface Terne is an Alloy coating of Lead and Tin used to cover Steel, in the ratio of 20% tin and 80% lead Encyclopedia of Materials, Parts and Finishes, 2nd edition, section Tin and Alloys, Properties. CRC Press,2002. ISBN 1-56676-661-3
  2. ^ Le Coureur, Penny, and Jay Burreson. Napoleon's Buttons: 17 Molecules that Changed History. New York: Penguin Group USA, 2004.
  3. ^ Mel Schwartz. Encyclopedia of Materials, Parts and Finishes, 2nd edition, section Tin and Alloys, Properties. CRC Press,2002. ISBN 1-56676-661-3
  4. ^ "The State of Fluorides in Toothpastes. " (April 1989). Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Journal of Dentistry 17 (2): 47-54. PMID 2732364.  
  5. ^ "The clinical effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation, gingivitis and gingival bleeding: a six-month study. " (1995). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Journal of Clinical Dentistry 6 (Special Issue): 54-58. PMID 8593194.  
  6. ^ Martin Ewans. Afghanistan. Harper Collins, 2001. ISBN 0-06-050508-7
  7. ^ Wake, H. (2006-04-07). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Why Claudius invaded Britain (HTML) (English). Etrusia - Roman History. Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
  8. ^ McKeown, James (1999-01). The Romano-British Amphora Trade to 43 A.D: An Overview (HTML) (English). Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
  9. ^ Hickman, Leo (2007-11-30). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats The Return of Tin (HTML) (English). Retrieved on 2007-12-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song.
  10. ^ US Geological Survey - Mineral Commodity Summary - Tin 2008
  11. ^ "How Long Will it Last?" (May 26, 2007). Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Scientist 194 (2605): 38-39. ISSN 4079 0262 4079. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.  
  12. ^ Brown, Lester Plan B 2. 0, New York: W. W. Norton, 2006. p. 109
  13. ^ Phil Walker (1994). "Doubly Magic Discovery of Tin-100". PHYSICS WORLD 7 (June).  

External links

Dictionary

tin

-noun

  1. (uncountable, chemistry) A malleable, ductile, metallic element, resistant to corrosion, with atomic number 50 and symbol Sn.
  2. (UK, countable) An airtight container, made of tin or another metal, used to preserve food.
  3. (countable) A metal pan used for baking, roasting, etc.
  4. (countable, squash) The bottom part of the front wall, which is "out" if a player strikes it with the ball.

-adjective

  1. Made of tin.

-verb

  1. (transitive) To place into a tin in order to preserve.
  2. (transitive) To cover with tin.
  3. (transitive) To coat with solder in preparation for soldering.
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