Timur
Khan of the Timurid Empire
Statue of Timur in Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan
Royal House	Timurid

Timur, also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur (Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr, "iron") (1336 – 19 February 1405), among his other names^[1], commonly called Tamerlane^[2] or Timur the Lame, was a 14th century Turco-Mongol^[3] conqueror of much of western and Central Asia, and founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty (1370–1405) in Central Asia, which survived until 1857 as the Mughal dynasty of India. The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty Shahrisabz or Shahr-e Sabz (Shahrisabz/Шахрисабз is a city in Uzbekistan located approximately 80 km south of Samarkand with the population of The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty The Chagatai language ( جغتای - Jaĝatāy; Uyghur: چاغاتاي Chaghatay; Uzbek: ﭼﯩﻐﻪتاي Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Altaic peoples are peoples who speak the Altaic languages. Their looks differ from east to west Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most ^[4][5]

Timur belonged to a family of Turkicized Barlas clan of Mongol origin. Turkification is a term used to describe a process of cultural change in which something or someone who is not a Turk becomes one voluntarily or by force The Barlas ( Chagatay / - Barlās; also Berlas or Birlas) were a Turkicized Mongolian ( Turko-Mongol) nomadic confederation He was Turkic in identity and language,^{[4][3][2][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]} and he aspired to restore the Mongol Empire. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire He was also steeped in Persian culture^[10] and in most of the territories which he incorporated, Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. To best understand Iran and its people one must first attempt to acquire an understanding of its ancient culture Thus the language of the settled diwan was in Persian and its scribes had to be adept in Persian culture, regardless of ethnicity. Dīvān or dīwān ( Persian دیوان was a high governmental body in a number of Islamic states or its chief official (see Diwan (title ^[13]. In addition to this, during his reign Turkic became a state and literary language, some of the greatest contributions to Turkic literature were made during the Timurid era. Turkic culture was restored from the Mongol expansion and flourished, major Turkic cultural sites like the Ahmad Yasavi shrine were constructed. Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi (Xoja Ahmad Yassivi also spelled Khoja Ahmad Yasawi, Ahmet Yasevi, Ahmed Yesevi or Ata Yesevi) born in Timur's short-lived empire consolidated the Turco-Persian cultural synthesis in Transoxiania: a literary form of Chaghatay Turkish was used alongside Persian as both cultural and official language^[14].

Timur was a military genius and his troops were essentially Turkic-speaking. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the ^[10][5] He wielded absolute power, yet never called himself more than an emir, and eventually ruled in the name of tamed Chingizid Khans, who were little more than political prisoners. Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Descent from Genghis Khan ( Mongolian: Алтан ураг meaning 'Golden lineage' is traceable primarily in Central Asia. A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity His heaviest blow was against the Mongol Golden Horde, which never recovered after his campaign against Tokhtamysh. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Tokhtamysh (d ca 1406 was the last khan of the White Horde, who unified the White Horde and Blue Horde subdivisions of the Golden Horde into Despite wanting to restore the Mongol Empire, Timur was more at home in a city than on a steppe as evidenced by his funding of construction in Samarkand. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of He thought of himself as a ghazi, but his biggest wars were against Muslim states. Ghazw or Ghazah (plural ghazawāt) (غزو was originally an Arabic term referring to the battles in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad personally Part of the List of wars series Battles of the Rashidun Caliphate Ridda wars Battle of Yamama 632 A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion ^[15]

He died during the campaign against the Ming Dynasty, yet records indicate that for part of his life he was a surreptitious Ming vassal, and even his son Shah Rukh visited China in 1420. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ^[16] He ruled over an empire that, in modern times, extends from southeastern Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Kuwait and Iran, through Central Asia encompassing part of Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, North-Western India, and even approaching Kashgar in China. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Northern Iraq remained predominantly Assyrian Christian until the destructions of Timur. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. ^[17][18][19]

Timur's military talents were unique. He is known to have employed what is known nowadays as information warfare. Information warfare is the use and management of information in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent Timur's campaigns were preceded by spies whose task included collection of information and spreading of horrifying reports about cruelty, size and might of his armies - eventually weakening the morale of population and setting panic among the enemy forces.

Sources claim that when Timur conquered Persia, Iraq and Syria, the civilian population was decimated. In the city of Isfahan, he ordered the building of a pyramid of 70,000 human skulls, from those that his army had beheaded,^[20][21] and a pyramid of some 20,000 skulls was erected outside of Aleppo. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. ^[22] Timur herded thousands of citizens of Damascus into the Cathedral Mosque before setting it aflame,^[23] and had 70,000 people beheaded in Tikrit, and 90,000 more in Baghdad. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Tikrit (تكريت Tikrīt also transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit) is a town in Iraq, located Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous ^[19][24] As many as 17 million people may have died from his conquests. ^[25] Probably these numbers are inflated.

Timur is historically considered to be a contradictory and controversial figure, as was the case even during his lifetime. He was a patron of the arts, but also destroyed the great centres of learning during his conquests.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Military leader 3 Rise to power 4 Period of expansion 5 Indian Campaign 6 Last campaigns and death 7 Contributions to the arts 8 Legacy 9 Exhumation 10 Exchanges with the West 11 After death 12 Biographies 13 Fiction 13.1 Music 13.2 Literature 13.3 Film and television 13.4 Games 14 See also 15 Notes 16 External links

Early life

Timur was born in Transoxiana, near Kesh (an area now better known as Shahrisabz, 'the green city,'), situated some 50 miles south of Samarkand in modern Uzbekistan. Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود Shahrisabz or Shahr-e Sabz (Shahrisabz/Шахрисабз is a city in Uzbekistan located approximately 80 km south of Samarkand with the population of Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly His father Taraghay was the head of the Barlas, a nomadic Turkic-speaking tribe in the steppes of Central Asia. The Barlas ( Chagatay / - Barlās; also Berlas or Birlas) were a Turkicized Mongolian ( Turko-Mongol) nomadic confederation They were remnants of the original Mongol invaders of Genghis Khan of whom many had embraced Turkic or Iranian languages and customs. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. Timur means iron in the Mongolian language (Tomor) and Chagatai language. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of The Chagatai language ( جغتای - Jaĝatāy; Uyghur: چاغاتاي Chaghatay; Uzbek: ﭼﯩﻐﻪتاي

The spurious genealogy on his tombstone traces his descent back to Ali, cousin of the prophet Muhammad. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH He also constructed one of his finest buildings at the tomb of Ahmed Yesevi, an influential Turkic Sufi saint who worked to spread Sunni Islam among the nomads. Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi (Xoja Ahmad Yassivi also spelled Khoja Ahmad Yasawi, Ahmet Yasevi, Ahmed Yesevi or Ata Yesevi) born in A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic

In his memoirs Timur gave the following information about his ancestry:

My father told me that we were descendants from Abu-al-Atrak (father of the Turks) the son of Japhet. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family His fifth son, Aljeh Khan, had twin sons, Tatar and Mogul, who placed their feet on the paths of infidelity. Tumene Khan had a son Kabul, whose son, Munga Bahadur, was the father of Temujin, called Gengis Khan. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder Gengis Khan abandoned the duty of a conqueror by slaughtering the people, and plundering the dominions of God, and he put many thousands of Muslims to death. He bestowed Mawur-ulnaher on his son Zagatai, and appointed my ancestor, Karachar Nevian, to be his minister. Chagatai Khan (Цагадай Tsagadai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. "Karacher appointed the plain of Kesh for the residence of the tribe of Berlas (his own tribe), and he subdued the countries of Kashgar, Badakshan, and Andecan. Shahrisabz or Shahr-e Sabz (Shahrisabz/Шахрисабз is a city in Uzbekistan located approximately 80 km south of Samarkand with the population of He was succeeded by his son Ayettekuz as Sepah Salar (general). Then followed my grandfather, the Ameer Burkul, who retired from office, and contented himself with the government of his own tribe of Berlas. He possessed an incalculable number of sheep and goats, cattle and servants. On his death my father succeeded, but he also preferred seclusion, and the society of learned men. "^[26]

Military leader

In about 1360 Timur gained prominence as a military leader. The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty He took part in campaigns in Transoxania with the khan of Chagatai, a fellow descendant of Genghis Khan. Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود Chagatai Khan (Цагадай Tsagadai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol and later more Turko-Islamic in language and culture Khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan His career for the next 10 or 11 years may be thus briefly summarized from the Memoirs. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Kurgan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he was to invade Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen. Kurgan (курга́н is the Russian word (of Turkic origin for a Tumulus, a type of Burial mound or barrow heaped over a Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is an historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of Greater Khorasan (خراسان بزرگ (also written Khorasaan, Khurasan and Khurasaan) is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia This was the second military expedition which he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjection of Khwarizm and Urganj. Khwarezm were a series of States centered on the Amu Darya River delta of the Urgench ( Uzbek: Urganch / Урганч, Persian گرگانج Gorganch is a city (1999 pop

After the murder of Kurgan the disputes which arose among the many claimants to sovereign power were halted by the invasion of the energetic Jagataite Tughlugh Timur of Kashgar, another descendant of Genghis Khan. A Gold Sovereign is a Gold coin first issued in 1489 for Henry VII of England and still in production as of 2008 Tughlugh Timur (1329/30-1363 was the Khan of Moghulistan from c Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Timur was dispatched on a mission to the invader's camp, the result of which was his own appointment to the head of his own tribe, the Barlas, in place of its former leader, Hajji Beg. The Barlas ( Chagatay / - Barlās; also Berlas or Birlas) were a Turkicized Mongolian ( Turko-Mongol) nomadic confederation Hajji Beg Barlas (died 1361 was a leader of the Barlas tribe Hajji Beg is first mentioned in 1358 or 1359 when he participated in the overthrow of the Qara'unas

The exigencies of Timur's quasi-sovereign position compelled him to have recourse to his formidable patron, whose reappearance on the banks of the Syr Darya created a consternation not easily allayed. Syr Darya (Сырдария Сирдарё Sirdaryoسيردريا also transliterated Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a River in Central Asia The Barlas were taken from Timur and entrusted to a son of Tughluk, along with the rest of Mawarannahr; but he was defeated in battle by the bold warrior he had replaced at the head of a numerically far inferior force. Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود

Rise to power

Tughlugh's death facilitated the work of reconquest, and a few years of perseverance and energy sufficed for its accomplishment, as well as for the addition of a vast extent of territory. It was in this period that Timur reduced the Jagatai khans to the position of figureheads, who were deferred to in theory but in reality ignored, while Timur ruled in their name. The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol and later more Turko-Islamic in language and culture Khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan During this period Timur and his brother-in-law Husayn, at first fellow fugitives and wanderers in joint adventures full of interest and romance, became rivals and antagonists. At the close of 1369 Husayn was assassinated and Timur, having been formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh, mounted the throne at Samarkand, the capital of his dominions. Balkh ( - Balḫ) also known as Bactra, was once a major world city but was destroyed entirely by the Mongols. This event was recorded by Marlowe in his famous work Tamburlaine the Great:^[27]

Then shall my native city, Samarcanda. . .
Be famous through the furthest continents,
For there my palace-royal shall be placed,
Whose shining turrets shall dismay the heavens,
And cast the fame of Ilion's tower to hell.

It is notable that Timur never claimed for himself the title of khan, styling himself amir and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania. Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol and later more Turko-Islamic in language and culture Khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan Timur was a military genius but sometimes lacking in political sense. He tended not to leave a government apparatus behind in lands he conquered, and was often faced with the need to conquer such lands again after inevitable rebellions.

Period of expansion

Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions. This is a listing of lists of Wars, sorted by country date region and type of conflict He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwest led him among the Mongols of the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. The Ural (Урал Kazakh: Жайық, Jayıq or Zhayyq) known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at Iraqi Kurdistan Region ( Kurdish: هه رێمى كوردستان Herêmi Kurdistan, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق, Iqlĩm Kurdistãn

One of the most formidable of his opponents was Tokhtamysh who, after having been a refugee at the court, became ruler both of the eastern Kipchak and the Golden Horde and quarreled with him over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan. Tokhtamysh (d ca 1406 was the last khan of the White Horde, who unified the White Horde and Blue Horde subdivisions of the Golden Horde into This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Khiva ( Uzbek: Xiva, Хива; Хива Khiva; Persian: خیوه Khiveh) Alternative or historical names include Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Timur supported Tokhtamysh against Russians and Tokhtamysh, with armed support by Timur, invaded Russia and in 1382 captured Moscow. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanid Dynasty, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in the Persian Empire. Abu Sa'id ( June 2, 1305 Ujan &ndash December 1, 1335) also Abusaid Bahador Khan, Abu Sayed Behauder) was the ninth ruler The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia In 1383 Timur started the military conquest of Persia. He captured Herat, Khorasan and all eastern Persia by 1385 and massacred almost all inhabitants of Neishapur and other Iranian cities. area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot

In the meantime, Tokhtamysh, now khan of the Golden Horde, turned against his patron and invaded Azerbaijan in 1385. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South It was not until 1395, in the battle of Kur River, that Tokhtamysh's power was finally broken after a titanic struggle between the two monarchs. The Battle of the Terek River was the second major battle of Tokhtamysh-Timur War. In this war, Timur first led an army of over 100,000 men north for more than 700 miles into the uninhabited steppe, then west about 1000 miles, advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide. The Timurid army almost starved, and Timur organized a great hunt where the army encircled vast areas of steppe to get food. Tokhtamysh's army finally was cornered against the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed. Orenburg (Оренбу́рг is a city on the Ural River and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast in the Volga Federal District During this march, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days, causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers in such northern regions. The midnight sun is a phenomenon occurring in Latitudes north and nearby to the south of the Arctic Circle and south and nearby to the north of the Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Timur led a second campaign against Tokhtamysh via an easier route through the Caucasus. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Timur then destroyed Sarai and Astrakhan, and wrecked the Golden Horde's economy based on Silk Road trade. Sarai Batu ( Old Sarai, Sarai-al-Maqrus, also transcribed as Saraj or Saray) was a capital city of the Golden Horde and one of Astrakhan (А́страхань Ästerxan Persian: حاجی‌ترخان Haji-Tarkhan) is a major city in southern European Russia and The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the

Indian Campaign

Informed about civil war in India, Timur began a trek starting in 1398 to invade the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings The Tughlaq Dynasty ( Urdu: تغلق) of north India started in 1321 in Delhi when Ghazi Tughlaq assumed the throne under the Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population ^[28] He invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim Delhi Sultanate was too tolerant and soft toward its Hindu subjects. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical ^[29]

Timur crossed the Indus River at Attock on September 24. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Attock ( Urdu:) the headquarters of Attock District, is a city located in the northern border of the Punjab province of Pakistan Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. The capture of towns and villages was often followed by the looting, massacre of their inhabitants and raping of their women, as well as pillaging to support his massive army. Timur wrote many times in his memoirs of his specific disdain for the 'idolatrous' Hindus, although he also waged war against Muslim Indians during his campaign. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical

Timur's invasion did not go unopposed and he did meet some resistance during his march to Delhi, by the Governor of Meerut. An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Meerut ( Hindi: मेरठ Urdu: میرٹھ is a city and a Municipal corporation in Meerut district in the Indian Timur was able to continue his relentless approach to Delhi, arriving in 1398 to combat the armies of Sultan Mehmud, already weakened by an internal battle for ascension within the royal family.

The Sultan's army was easily defeated on December 17, 1398. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed more than 100,000 captives, mostly Hindus. ^[4][28]

Timur himself recorded the invasions in his memoirs, collectively known as Tuzk-e-Taimuri‎. Tuzk-e-Taimuri ( Persian: تزک تیموری) is considered by many as the autobiography of Amir Timur. ^[4][28][30] In them, he vividly described the massacre at Delhi:

In a short space of time all the people in the Delhi fort were put to the sword, and in the course of one hour the heads of 10,000 infidels were cut off. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population The sword of Islam was washed in the blood of the infidels, and all the goods and effects, the treasure and the grain which for many a long year had been stored in the fort became the spoil of my soldiers. They set fire to the houses and reduced them to ashes, and they razed the buildings and the fort to the ground. . . . All these infidel Hindus were slain, their women and children, and their property and goods became the spoil of the victors. I proclaimed throughout the camp that every man who had infidel prisoners should put them to death, and whoever neglected to do so should himself be executed and his property given to the informer. When this order became known to the ghazis of Islam, they drew their swords and put their prisoners to death.

One hundred thousand infidels, impious idolaters, were on that day slain. Maulana Nasiruddin Umar, a counselor and man of learning, who, in all his life, had never killed a sparrow, now, in execution of my order, slew with his sword fifteen idolatrous Hindus, who were his captives. . . . on the great day of battle these 100,000 prisoners could not be left with the baggage, and that it would be entirely opposed to the rules of war to set these idolaters and enemies of Islam at liberty. . . no other course remained but that of making them all food for the sword.

As per Malfuzat-i-Timuri,^[28] Timur targeted Hindus. In his own words, "Excepting the quarter of the saiyids, the 'ulama and the other Musalmans [sic], the whole city was sacked". In his descriptions of the Loni massacre he wrote, "Next day I gave orders that the Musalman prisoners should be separated and saved. "

During the ransacking of Delhi, almost all inhabitants not killed were captured and enslaved. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another

Timur left Delhi in approximately January 1399. In April he had returned to his own capital beyond the Oxus (Amu Darya). The Amu Darya (formerly Oxus River the Greeks (Ptolemeus called it Oxiana palus) is the longest river in Central Asia. Immense quantities of spoils were taken from India. According to Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, 90 captured elephants were employed merely to carry precious stones looted from his conquest, so as to erect a mosque at Samarkand — what historians today believe is the enormous Bibi-Khanym Mosque. Ruy González de Clavijo (? - April 2, 1412) Castilian traveler and writer Elephants ( family: Elephantidae) are large land Mammals of the order Proboscidea. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Bibi-Khanym Mosque (مسجد بی بی خانم is a famous historical Mosque in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, whose name comes from the wife of 14th-century Ironically, the mosque was constructed too quickly and suffered greatly from disrepair within a few decades of its construction.

Last campaigns and death

Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt. Bayezid I ( Ottoman: بايزيد الأول Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım (Ottoman ییلدیرم "the Thunderbolt" The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Turkmen and Muslim rulers in Anatolia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkmen rulers, they took refuge behind him. This article is about the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan. For the distinct group of Turk peoples of Iraq see Iraqi Turkmen. Timur invaded Syria, sacked Aleppo and captured Damascus after defeating the Mamluk army. For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand. This led to Timur's being publicly declared an enemy of Islam.

In 1400 Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia (see also Timur's invasions of Georgia). Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Georgia, a Christian kingdom in the Caucasus, was subjected between 1386 and 1404 to several disastrous invasions by the Turco-Mongol More than 60,000 people from the Caucasus were captured as slaves, and many districts were depopulated. This article deals with the various Ethnic groups inhabiting the Caucasus region ^[31]

He invaded Baghdad in June 1401. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens including Muslims were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him (many warriors were so scared they killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign just to ensure they had heads to present to Timur). According to the Random House Dictionary, the term warrior has two meanings After years of insulting letters passed between Timur and Bayezid, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on July 20, 1402. The Battle of Ankara or Battle of Angora, fought on July 20 or July 28 1402 took place northeast of Ankara at the field of Çubuk Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently died in captivity, initiating the 12-year Ottoman Interregnum period. The Ottoman Interregnum (also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate; Fetret Devri in Turkish) was a period in the beginning of the 15th Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority. The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black

By 1368, the Ming had driven the Mongols out of China. The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The first Ming Emperor Hongwu demanded, and received, homage from many Central Asian states paid to China as the political heirs to the former House of Kublai. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Early life Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 in Pei County Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province as the youngest of four sons Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it Timur more than once sent to the Ming Government gifts that could have passed as tribute, at first not daring to defy the economic and military might of the Middle Kingdom.

Timur wished to restore the Mongol Empire, and eventually planned to conquer China. Mongol khan Enkh sent his grandson Ulzitumur, also known as Buyanshir. Timur made an alliance with the Mongols and prepared all the way to Bukhara. In December 1404, Timur started military campaigns against the Ming Dynasty, but he was attacked by fever and plague when encamped on the farther side of the Sihon (Syr-Daria) and died at Atrar (Otrar) in mid-February 1405. Syr Darya (Сырдария Сирдарё Sirdaryoسيردريا also transliterated Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a River in Central Asia Otrar or Utrar (also called Farab) is a Central Asian Ghost town that was a city located along the Silk Road near the current town of Karatau ^[32] His scouts explored Mongolia before his death, and the writing they carved on trees in Mongolia's mountains could still be seen even in the 20th century. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East

Of Timur's four sons, two (Jahangir and Umar Shaykh) predeceased him. His third son, Miran Shah, died soon after Timur, leaving the youngest son, Shah Rukh. Miran Shah (1366-1408 (میران شاہ was a son of Timur, and a Timurid governor during his father's lifetime See Shahrukh Khan for the actor of that name Shāhrukh Mīrzā ( - Šāhrukh Mīrzā, also known as Shāhruh Although his designated successor was his grandson Pir Muhammad b. Pir Muhammad (c 1374 - 1407 was a grandson and appointed successor of Timur. Jahangir, Timur was ultimately succeeded in power by his son Shah Rukh. His most illustrious descendant Babur founded the Mughal Empire and ruled over most of North India. Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula Babur's descendants, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, expanded the Mughal Empire to most of the Indian subcontinent along with parts of modern Afghanistan. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Khushru-i-Giti Panah Abu'l-Fath Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi ''( September 20 Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that his body "was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried. Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of " His tomb, the Gur-e Amir, still stands in Samarkand. The Gur-e Amir (گور امیر is the Mausoleum of the Asian conqueror Tamerlane (also known as Timur) in Samarkand (now in Timur had carried his victorious arms on one side from the Irtish and the Volga to the Persian Gulf, and on the other from the Hellespont to the Ganges River. Irtysh (Иртыш; Kazakh: Ertis / Эртiс; Иртеш|İrteş; Chinese: Erqisi / 额尔齐斯河) a River in Siberia The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the See also Dardanelles Hellespont ( Turkish, Greek; ie "Sea of Helle" variously named in classical literature Hellespontium Pelagus The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent

Contributions to the arts

Timur became widely known as a patron to the arts. Much of the architecture he commissioned still stands in Samarqand, now in present-day Uzbekistan. Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly He was known to bring the most talented artisans from the lands he conquered back to Samarkand, and is credited with often giving them a wide latitude of artistic freedom to express themselves.

According to legend, Omar Aqta, Timur's court calligrapher, transcribed the Qur'an using letters so small that the entire text of the book fit on a signet ring. Islamic calligraphy, equally known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of writing and by extension of bookmaking The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran A seal can mean a wax seal bearing an impressed figure or an embossed figure in paper with the purpose of authenticating a document but the term can also mean any device for Omar also is said to have created a Qur'an so large that a wheelbarrow was required to transport it. A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle usually with just one Wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles to the rear or a sail Folios of what is probably this larger Qur'an have been found, written in gold lettering on huge pages. Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a Book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of Paper or other material

Timur was also said to have created Tamerlane Chess, a variant of shatranj (also known as medieval chess) played on a larger board with several additional pieces and an original method of pawn promotion. Tamerlane Chess is a strategic Board game related to Chess and derived from Shatranj. Shatranj is an old form of Chess, which has been popular in Persia and the Middle East for almost 1000 years Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players.

Timur's mandating of Kurash wrestling for his soldiers ensured for it a lasting and legendary legacy. Kurash is a form of upright jacket wrestling native to Uzbekistan, practiced since ancient times Kurash is now a popular international sport and part of the Asian Games. The Asian Games, also called the Asiad, is a Multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia.

Legacy

Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Persian, Indian and Turkic cities were sacked and destroyed, and millions of people were slaughtered. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arab, Persian and Indian societies. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south

Exhumation

Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb in 1941 by the Soviet anthropologist Mikhail M. Gerasimov. Burial, also called interment and inhumation, is the act of placing a person or object into the ground The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov (Михаи́л Миха́йлович Гера́симов ( September 2, 1907  &ndash July 21, 1970 He found that Timur's facial characteristics conformed to that of Mongoloid features, which he believed, in some part, supported Timur's notion that he was descended from Genghis Khan. The term " Mongoloid " is a variation of the word "Mongol" meaning "Mongol-like" Gerasimov was able to reconstruct the likeness of Timur from his skull.

Famously, a curse has been attached to opening Timur's tomb. ^[33] In the year of Timur's death, a sign was carved in his tomb warning that whoever would dare disturb the tomb would bring demons of war onto his land. Gerasimov's expedition opened the tomb on June 19, 1941. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany, began three days later. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Timur's skeleton and that of Ulugh Beg, his grandson, were reinterred with full Islamic burial rites in 1942. Ulugh Beg ( Chaghatay / - also Uluğ Bey, Ulugh Bek and Ulug Bek) (c On that same day, the Soviets won a major victory at Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad is a commonly used name in English sources for several large operations by Germany and its allies and Soviet forces conducted with the

Exchanges with the West

Timur had numerous epistolary exchanges with Western, especially French, rulers. The French archives preserve:

• A July 30th, 1402, letter from Timur to Charles VI, king of France, suggesting him to send traders to the Orient. Charles VI (3 December 1368 &ndash 21 October 1422 called the Well-loved (le Bien-Aimé and the Mad (French le Fol or le Fou) was the It was written in Persian. ^[34]
• A May 1403 letter. This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Amiza Miranchah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid, in Smyrna. Miran Shah (1366-1408 (میران شاہ was a son of Timur, and a Timurid governor during his father's lifetime Bayezid I ( Ottoman: بايزيد الأول Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım (Ottoman ییلدیرم "the Thunderbolt" This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day ^[35]

A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated June 15th, 1403. ^[36]

After death

Timur became a popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, not in the least because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan and the humiliations to which he is said to have subjected his prisoner Bayezid.

Timur was officially recognised as a national hero of newly independent Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly His monument in Tashkent takes the place where Marx's statue once stood. ^[37]

Biographies

Timur's generally recognized biographers are Ali Yazdi, commonly called Sharaf ud-Din, author of the Zafarnāma in Persian (ظفرنامه), translated by Petis de la Croix in 1722 , and from French into English by J. Zafarnama ( Persian: ظفرنامه) written by Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi is a book in Persian dedicated to the History of Timurid dynasty French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Darby in the following year; and Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abdallah, al-Dimashiqi, al-Ajami (commonly called Ahmad Ibn Arabshah) translated by the Dutch Orientalist Colitis in 1636. In the work of the former, as Sir William Jones remarks, "the Tatarian conqueror is represented as a liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince", in that of the latter he is "deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles. Sir William Jones ( September 28, 1746 &ndash April 27, 1794) was an English philologist and student of ancient India " But the favourable account was written under the personal supervision of Timur's grandson, Ibrahim, while the other was the production of his direst enemy.

Among less reputed biographies or materials for biography may be mentioned a second Zafarnāma, by Nizam al-Din Shami, stated to be the earliest known history of Timur, and the only one written in his lifetime. Zafarnama ( Persian: ظفرنامه) written by Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi is a book in Persian dedicated to the History of Timurid dynasty Timur's purported autobiography, the Tuzk-e-Taimuri ("Memoirs of Temur") is a later fabrication, although most of the historical facts are accurate. Tuzk-e-Taimuri ( Persian: تزک تیموری) is considered by many as the autobiography of Amir Timur. ^[4]

More recent biographies include Justin Marozzi's Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World (2006)^[38] and Roy Stier's Tamerlane: The Ultimate Warrior (1998)^[39]

Fiction

Music Timour the Tartar - popular Irish reel. Irish Music is the generic term for music that has been created in various genres on the entire island of Ireland, North and South of the border Tamerlano (1724) - opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 play Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet by Jacques Pradon. Tamerlano ( Tamerlane) (HWV 18 is an Opera in three acts with music by George Frideric Handel to an Italian text by Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Jacques Pradon, often called Nicolas Pradon, ( Rouen 1632 - Paris 1698 was a French playwright Bajazet (1735) - opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur Literature Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II - play by Christopher Marlowe (English, 1563-1594). Bajazet (pronounced bajazˌe; also called Il Tamerlano) is an Italian Opera composed by Antonio Vivaldi in 1735. Tamburlaine the Great is the name of a play in two parts by Christopher Marlowe. Tamerlane - first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe (American, 1809-1849). " Tamerlane " is an epic poem by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in the 1827 collection Tamerlane and Other Poems. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Lord of Samarcand - short story by Robert E. Howard (American, 1906-1936), with a fictional account of Timur's last campaign and death. Robert Ervin Howard ( January 22 1906 &ndash June 11 1936) was an American pulp writer of Fantasy, "T the Great" - poem by W. H. Auden (Anglo-American, 1907-1973), contrasting the terror inspired by Tamburlaine with the use of his name as a crossword anagram: a nubile tram. Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W The Years of Rice and Salt (2002) - alternate history novel by Kim Stanley Robinson, portrays a different outcome of Timur's last campaign. The Years of Rice and Salt ( 2002) is an alternate history Novel with major Buddhist and Islamic religious elements written Alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of Speculative fiction (or Science fiction) and Historical fiction A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Kim Stanley Robinson (born March 23 1952) is an American Science fiction Writer, probably best known for his award-winning

Film and television Day Watch (2006) - Russian fantasy film. Day Watch (Дневно́й дозо́р Dnevnoi Dozor, also known as Night Watch 2 The Chalk of Fate) is a Russian fantasy Fantasy films are films with fantastic themes usually involving magic, Supernatural events make-believe creatures or exotic Fantasy worlds History Bites (1998-2003) - television episode with Bob Bainborough portraying Tamerlane. History Bites was a Television series on the History Television network that ran from 1998 - 2003. Games Age of Empires II (1999) - computer game, Tamerlane only available in the "Map Editor". Age of Empires II The Age of Kings (often shortened to The Age of Kings or AoK) is a Real-time strategy (RTS Video game developed Eternal Darkness (2002) - video game, Pious Augustus quotes Tamerlane's line before the sacking of Damascus. Eternal Darkness Sanity's Requiem is a Psychological horror Video game originally planned for the Nintendo 64 but later released exclusively Medieval II: Total War (2007) - computer game, Timur the Lame. Medieval II Total War, the indirect sequel to 2002 's Medieval Total War and the fourth game in the critically acclaimed Total Unreal Tournament (2001) - video game, Tamerlane is an enemy bot. Unreal Tournament is a First-person shooter Video game co-developed by Epic Games and Digital Extremes. Hellgame (2003) - board game, Tamerlane is one of the lieutenants in Hell.

Preceded by -

Timurid dynasty 1370–1405

Succeeded by Pir Muhammad Miran Shah Khalil Sultan

See also

• Tokhtamysh-Timur war
• List of wars and disasters by death toll
• List of wars in the Muslim world
• List of the Muslim Empires
• Nomadic people
• Global Empire
• Genghis Khan
• Ahmad (Jalayirids)
• Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent

Notes

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

External links

• Timur's Life
• Towers of Terror
• The Battle of Ankara
• The rise of Timur-i-Leng
• The Timurid Dynasty
• The Names and Titles used by Timur
• Memoir of the Emperor Timur (Malfuzat-i Timuri) - Timur's memoirs on his invasion of India; describes in detail the massacre of Hindus, forced conversions to Islam and the plunder of the wealth of Hindustan (India). Compiled in the book: The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period, by Sir H. The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians The Muhammadan Period is a book with eight volumes written by H M. Elliot, Edited by John Dowson; London, Trubner Company; 1867–1877
• Tamburlaine the Great Part One
• Timur at Encyclopædia Britannica
• Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc D. 1403-6 - Full text at Google Book Search. Google Book Search is a tool from Google that searches the full text of books that Google scans OCRs, and stores in its digital database

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