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Tilia
Tilia platyphyllos
Tilia platyphyllos
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Tilia
L.
Species

About 30; see text
A Tilia avenue in Alexandra Park, London
A Tilia avenue in Alexandra Park, London
Tilia leaf
Tilia leaf

Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is not native to western North America. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its Malvales is the name of an order of Flowering plants As circumscribed by APG II -system it includes about 6000 Species within nine Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of Flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2300 species Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Traditionally an avenue is a straight road with a line of Trees or large Shrubs running along each side which is used as its French source venir ("to Alexandra Park is a large (793 Ha) landscaped park in the London Borough of Haringey in Greater London. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or Northern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is North of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' Under the Cronquist classification system, this genus was placed in the family Tiliaceae, but genetic research by the APG has resulted in the incorporation of this family into the Malvaceae. A system of plant taxonomy, the Cronquist system is a scheme for the classification of flowering plants (or Angiosperms) Tiliaceae is a Botanical name for a family of Flowering plants. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to two international groups of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus view of the Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of Flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2300 species The trees are generally called lime in Britain and linden in North America.

Tilia species are large deciduous trees, reaching typically 20-40 m tall, with oblique-cordate leaves 6-20 cm across, and are found through the north temperate regions. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including The exact number of species is subject to considerable uncertainty, as many or most of the species will hybridise readily, both in the wild and in cultivation. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa.

Contents

Name

Lime is an altered form of Middle English lind, in the 16th century also line, from Old English feminine lind or linde, Proto-Germanic *lendā, cognate to Latin lentus "flexible" and Sanskrit latā "liana". Proto-Germanic, or Common Germanic, is the hypothetical common ancestor ( Proto-language) of all the Germanic languages such as modern English The liana is any of various long-stemmed usually woody vines that are rooted in the soil at ground level and use trees as well as other means of vertical support to climb up to Within Germanic, English lithe, German lind "lenient, yielding" are from the same root.

Linden was originally the adjective, "made from lime-wood", from the late 16th century also used as a noun, probably influenced by translations of German romance, as an adoption of Linden, the plural of German Linde (OED). The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English Neither the name nor the tree is related to the citrus fruit called "lime" (Citrus aurantifolia, family Rutaceae). Lime is a term referring to a number of different fruits (generally Citruses, both Species and hybrids, which are typically round green to yellow Rutaceae, commonly known as the Rue or Citrus family is a family of Plants usually placed in the order Sapindales. Another widely-used common name used in North America is Basswood, derived from bast, the name for the inner bark (see Uses, below). Tilia is a Genus of about 30 species of Trees native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest

Latin tilia is cognate to Greek πτελέᾱ "elm tree", τιλίαι "black poplar" (Hes.), ultimately from a PIE *ptel-ei̯ā with a meaning of "broad (feminine)", perhaps "broad-leaved" or similar (IEW). Elms are Deciduous and Semi-deciduous Trees comprising the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, found Black poplar ( Populus nigra) is a Species of Poplar in the Cottonwood ( Aegiros) section of the genus Populus, native Hesychius of Alexandria (῾Ησύχιος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς a Grammarian who flourished probably in the 5th century CE compiled the richest lexicon The Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch ( IEW, "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative

Species

The following list comprises those most widely accepted species.

Hybrids and cultivars

Leaves and trunk of common lime (Tilia × europaea)
Leaves and trunk of common lime (Tilia × europaea)

Description

The Linden's sturdy trunk stands like a pillar and the branches divide and subdivide into numerous ramifications on which the spray is small and thick. In summer this is profusely clothed with large leaves and the result is a dense head of abundant foliage. [1]

The leaves of all the lindens are one-sided, always heart-shaped, and the tiny fruit, looking like peas, always hangs attached to a curious, ribbon-like, greenish yellow bract, whose use seems to be to launch the ripened seed-clusters just a little beyond the parent tree. A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum The flowers of the European and American lindens are similar, except that the American bears a petal-like scale among its stamens and the European varieties are destitute of these appendages. All of the lindens may be propagated by cuttings and grafting as well as by seed. They grow rapidly in a rich soil, but are subject to the attacks of many insect enemies. [1]

Uses

Linden foliage in autumn colors from Ekoparken in Stockholm.
Linden foliage in autumn colors from Ekoparken in Stockholm. Ekoparken ("The Eco Park" is the world's first National City Park, established in 1995 in the municipalities of Stockholm, Solna and

The Linden is to be recommended as an ornamental tree when a mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired. [1] The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, Bee) is the maintenance of Honey bee colonies commonly in Hives Monofloral honey is a type of Honey which has a high value in the Marketplace because it has a distinctive flavor or other attribute due to its being predominantly The flowers are also used for herbal tea, and this infusion is particularly popular in Europe. An herbal tea, tisane, or ptisan is an Herbal Infusion made from anything other than the leaves of the Tea bush ( Camellia

T. cordata is the preferred species for medical use, having a high concentration of active compounds. It is said to be a nervine, used by herbalists in treating restlessness, hysteria, and headaches. Usually, the double-flowered lindens are used to make perfumes. The leaf buds and young leaves are also edible raw. Tilia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on Tilia. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. Limes ( Tilia spp are used as food plants by the Larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Monophagous Species

The timber of lime trees is soft, easily worked, and has very little grain, so it is a popular wood for model building and intricate carving. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Wood grain describes the alignment texture and appearance of the Wood fibres Ease of working and good acoustic properties also make it popular for electric guitar bodies and wind instruments such as recorders. It is also the wood of choice for the window-blinds and shutters industries. Real wood blinds are often made from this lightweight but strong and stable wood which is well suited to natural and stained finishes.

It is known in the trade as basswood, particularly in North America. This name originates from the inner fibrous bark of the tree, known as bast (Old English language). A very strong fibre was obtained from this, by peeling off the bark and soaking in water for a month; after which the inner fibres can be easily separated. Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. Bast obtained from the inside of the bark of the lime tree has been used by the Ainu people of Japan to weave their traditional clothing, the attus. ʔáinu (also called Ezo in historical texts are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin.

In the percussion industry, basswood is sometimes used as a material for drum shells, both to enhance their sound and their aesthetics. Basswood is also frequently used as a material for electric guitar bodies. An electric guitar is a type of Guitar that uses pickups to convert the vibration of its steel-cored strings into an electrical current which is made louder In the past, it was typically used (along with Agathis) for favoured for less-expensive models. The genus Agathis, commonly known as kauri or dammar, is a relatively small Genus of 21 species of Evergreen Trees in the However, due to its better resonance at mid and high frequency, and better sustain than alder, it is now more commonly in use with superstrats. Superstrat (sometimes spelled as super strat or super-strat) is a name for an Electric guitar design that resembles a Fender Stratocaster but It can also be used for the neck because of its excellent material integrity when bent and ability to produce consistent tone without any dead spots according to Parker Guitars.

Medicinal Uses

Most medicinal research has focused on Tilia cordata although other species are also used medicinally and somewhat interchangeably. Tilia cordata ( Small-leaved Lime, occasionally Small-leaved Linden is a species of Tilia native to much of Europe and western The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Limeflower tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers. The flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal (obtained from the wood) are used for medicinal purposes. Active ingredients in the lime flowers include flavonoids (which act as antioxidants), volatile oils, and mucilaginous constituents (which soothe and reduce inflammation). The term flavonoid (or bioflavonoid refers to a class of Plant Secondary metabolites According to the IUPAC nomenclature they can be classified into An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules The plant also contains tannins that can act as an astringent. [2]

Lime flowers are used in colds, cough, fever, infections, inflammation, high blood pressure, headache (particularly migraine), as a diuretic (increases urine production), antispasmodic (reduces smooth muscle spasm along the digestive tract), and sedative. [3] New evidence shows that the flowers may be hepatoprotective. Hepatoprotection or antihepatotoxicity is the ability to prevent damage to the Liver. [4] The flowers were added to baths to quell hysteria, and steeped as a tea to relieve anxiety-related indigestion, irregular heartbeat, and vomiting. The leaves are used to promote sweating to reduce fevers. The wood is used for liver and gallbladder disorders and cellulitis (inflammation of the skin and surrounding soft tissue). That wood burned to charcoal is ingested to treat intestinal disorders and used topically to treat edema or infection, such as cellulitis or ulcers of the lower leg. [2]

Bole of an ancient linden at Frankenbrunn, near Bad Kissingen, Bavaria
Bole of an ancient linden at Frankenbrunn, near Bad Kissingen, Bavaria

History

In Europe, Lime trees are known to have reached ages measured in centuries. Bad Kissingen is a Spa town in the Bavarian region of Lower Franconia and is the capital of the district Bad Kissingen. In the courtyard of the Imperial Castle at Nuremberg is a lime which tradition says was planted by the Empress Cunigunde, the wife of Henry II of Germany. This would make the tree about nine hundred years old (when it was described in Template:Asof). It looks ancient and infirm, but in 1900 was sending forth thrifty leaves on its two or three remaining branches and was of course cared for tenderly. The famous Lime of Neustadt on the Kocher in Würtemberg was computed to be one thousand years old when it fell. [1]. The Alte Linde tree of Naters, Switzerland, is already mentioned in a document in 1357 and described by the writer at that time as already "magnam" (huge). A plaque at its foot mentions that in 1155 a Lime tree was already on this spot.

Cultural significance

Further information: Trees in mythology

The lime tree is a national emblem of Slovakia, Slovenia and the Czech Republic, where it is called lipa (in Slovak, Polish, and Slovenian) and lípa (in Czech). Trees have played an important role in many of the world's mythologies and Religions and have been given deep and sacred meanings throughout the ages This article is about symbols of nations Many countries it can be used for is Chantal Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the The tree also has cultural and spiritual significance in Hungary, where it is called hars(fa). The Croatian currency, kuna, consists of 100 lipa, also meaning "linden". Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The lime tree is also the tree of legend of the Slavs. In the Slavic Orthodox Christian world, limewood was the preferred wood for panel icon painting. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity. The famous icons by the hand of Andrei Rublev, including the Holy Trinity (Hospitality of Abraham), and The Savior, now in the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, are painted on limewood. Andrei Rublev (Andrew Rublev Andrey Rublev Andrey Roublyov Russian: Андре́й Рублёв (c The Holy Trinity is an important subject of iconographic representation in Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Christ the Redeemer is an Icon discovered by accident in a dilapidated woodshed near Zvenigorod in 1919 The State Tretyakov Gallery (Государственная Третьяковская Галерея ГТГ in Moscow, Russia, is the foremost depository Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Limewood was chosen for its ability to be sanded very smooth, and for its resistance to warping once seasoned. Wood drying (also seasoning lumber or timber seasoning) refers to reducing the Moisture content of wood prior to its use

The national poet of Romania, Mihai Eminescu, was known to receive poetic inspiration from a linden tree in the Copou Gardens under which he would compose.

The most famous street in Berlin, Germany is called Unter den Linden or Under the lindens, named after the linden trees lining the boulevard. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Unter den Linden ("under the linden trees" is a Boulevard in the centre of Berlin, the capital of Germany. In German folklore, the linden tree is the "tree of lovers. "

Germanic mythology

The tilia was also a highly symbolic and hallowed tree to the Germanic peoples in their native pre-Christian Germanic mythology. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Germanic paganism refers to the religious beliefs of the Germanic peoples preceding Christianization.

Originally, local communities not only assembled to celebrate and dance under the lime-tree to hold their judicial thing meetings there in order to restore justice and peace. See also Medieval Scandinavian laws A thing or ting ( Old Norse, Old English and Icelandic: þing; other modern It was believed that the tree would help unearth the truth. Thus the tree became associated with jurisprudence even after Christianization, such as in the case of the Gerichtslinde, and verdicts in rural Germany were frequently returned sub tilia (under the lime-tree) until the Age of Enlightenment. Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature The historical phenomenon of Christianization (or Christianisation &mdash see spelling differences) the conversion of individuals to Christianity In the Holy Roman Empire, a de Gerichtslinde (German for "court linden doom linden" plural de -linden) was a Linden tree The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century

In the Nibelungenlied, a medieval German work ultimately based on oral tradition recounting events amongst the Germanic tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries, Siegfried gains his invulnerability by bathing in the blood of a dragon. The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem in Middle High German. While he did so, a single linden tree leaf sticks to him, leaving a spot on his body untouched by the blood and he thus has a single point of vulnerability.

Greek mythology

Homer, Horace, Virgil, and Pliny mention the lime-tree and mention its virtues. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author As Ovid tells the old story of Baucis and Philemon, she was changed into a linden and he into an oak when the time came for them both to die. Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including In Ovid 's moralizing fable ( Metamorphoses VIII which stands on the periphery of Greek mythology and Roman mythology, Baucis and Philemon The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin

Herodotus says:

The Scythian diviners take also the leaf of the lime-tree, which, dividing into three parts, they twine round their fingers; they then unbind it and exercise the art to which they pretend.

[1]

Romantic symbol

As Freya was also the goddess of love her tree was always considered a romantic symbol, even to the present day. For instance, a very famous mediaeval love poem by Walther von der Vogelweide (c. Walther von der Vogelweide (c 1170 - c 1230 is the most celebrated of the Middle High German lyric Poets Life history For all his fame Walther's 1170-c. 1230) starts with a reference to the lime-tree:

Under der linden
an der heide,
dâ unser zweier bette was,
dâ mugt ir vinden
schône beide
gebrochen bluomen unde gras.
vor dem wald in einem tal,
tandaradei,
schône sanc diu nahtegal.
Under the lime tree
on the open field,
where we two had our bed,
you still can see
lovely both
broken flowers and grass.
On the edge of the woods in a vale,
tandaradei,
sweetly sang the nightingale.

Linden-trees play a significant motif in a number of poems written by the most famous Romanian romantic poet Mihai Eminescu. In a Narrative, such as a novel or a film motifs are recurring structures contrasts or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania An excerpt from his poem Mai am un singur dor (One Wish Alone Have I):

Pătrunză talanga
Al serii rece vânt,
Deasupră-mi teiul sfânt
Să-şi scuture creanga.
While softly rings
The evening's cool wind
Above me the holy lime
Shakes its branch. (translation: M. G. Jiva)

Romantic symbols in music

The trees have also become more famous from O-Zone's Dragostea Din Tei (Love From Linden Trees). O-Zone was a Moldovan Pop music trio that gained global popularity for their song Dragostea din tei. " Dragostea din tei " ( pronounced /ˈdragoste̯a din tei̯/ is the most successful single by the Moldovan pop group O-Zone.

Vrei sa pleci dar nu ma nu ma iei,
nu ma nu ma iei,
nu ma nu ma nu ma iei.
Chipul tau si Dragostea din tei
mi-amintesc de ochii tai.
You want to leave, but you can't take me,
you can't take me,
you can't take me, you can't take me.
The image of your face and the love from linden trees
remind me of your eyes.

Other Literary References

The lime tree is an important symbol in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison," (written 1797; first published 1800). Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher

The linden tree is featured as a symbol of supernatural dread in Hannah Crafts' The Bondwoman's Narrative. The Bondwoman's Narrative is a 2002 Bestselling novel written by Hannah Crafts, a self-proclaimed runaway Slave from North Carolina.

A road lined with linden trees is cursed by the narrator of the famous censored poem, "Ich was ein chint so wolgetan" (I was such a lovely child), from the Carmina Burana. Carmina Burana (ˈkarmɪna buˈraːna also known as the Burana Codex, is a Manuscript collection found in 1803 in the Bavarian monastery of

A poem from Wilhelm Müller's cycle of poems, Winterreise, is called "Der Lindenbaum. Wilhelm Müller ( October 7, 1794 - September 30, 1827) German lyric Poet, was born at Dessau, the son Winterreise ( Winter Journey) is a cycle of 24 Poems by Wilhelm Müller, best known as the Song cycle set for male voice and piano by " The cycle was later set to music by Franz Schubert.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Keeler, Harriet L. " Dragostea din tei " ( pronounced /ˈdragoste̯a din tei̯/ is the most successful single by the Moldovan pop group O-Zone. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed Unter den Linden ("under the linden trees" is a Boulevard in the centre of Berlin, the capital of Germany. Traditionally an avenue is a straight road with a line of Trees or large Shrubs running along each side which is used as its French source venir ("to Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 24-31.  
  2. ^ a b Bradley P. , ed. (1992). British Herbal Compendium. Vol. 1: 142-144. British Herbal Medicine Association, Dorset (Great Britain)
  3. ^ Coleta, M. , Campos, M. G. , Cotrim, M. D. , et al. (2001). Comparative evaluation of Melissa officinalis L. , Tilia europaea L. , Passiflora edulis Sims. and Hypericum perforatum L. in the elevated plus maze anxiety test. Pharmacopsychiatry 34 (suppl 1): S20–1
  4. ^ Matsuda. H. , Ninomiya, K. , Shimoda, H. , & Yoshikawa, M. (2002). Hepatoprotective principles from the flowers of Tilia argentea (linden): structure requirements of tiliroside and mechanisms of action. Bioorg Med Chem. 10 (30): 707-712.
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