Citizendia
Your Ad Here

The Tijāniyyah (Arabic: الطريقة التجانية, transliterated: Al-Ṭarīqah al-Tijāniyyah, or "The Tijānī Path") is a sufi ṭarīqah (order, path) originating in North Africa but now more widespread in West Africa, particularly in Senegal,The Gambia,Mauritania, Mali, and Northern Nigeria and Sudan. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Tariqah ( ar طريقه; pl طرق; Ṭuruq or Persian: Tarighat, Turkish: Tarikat) means "way" North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Its adherents are called Tijānī (spelled Tijaan or Tiijaan in Wolof, Tidiane or Tidjane in French). Tijānī attach a large importance to culture and education, and emphasize the individual adhesion of the disciple (murīd). DISCiPLE, Miles Gordon Technology 's first product was a Floppy disk interface for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computer Murid ( مريد) is a Sufi term meaning 'committed one' It refers to a person who is committed to a teacher in the spiritual path of Sufism To become a member of the order, one must receive the Tijānī wird, or a sequence of holy phrases to be repeated twice daily, from a muqaddam, or representative of the order.

Contents

History and spread of the order

Foundation of the order

Sīdī 'Aḥmad al-Tijānī (1737-1815), who was born in Algeria and died in Fez, Morocco, founded the Tijānī order around 1781 (see Triaud, 2000). Mawlana Ahmed ibn Mohammed Tijani al-Hassani al-Maghribi (1737-1815 in Arabic سيدي أحمد التجاني (Sidi Ahmed Tijani is the founder of the Ahmediya Mohammediya Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Tijānī Islam, an "Islam for the poor," reacted against the conservative, hierarchical Qadiriyyah brotherhood then dominant, focusing on social reform and grass-roots Islamic revival. Qadiriyyah ( Arabic: القادريه, Turkish: Kadirilik) (also Transliterated Kadri, Elkadry, Kadray For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

Expansion in West Africa

Although several other Sufi orders overshadow the Tijāniyyah in its birthplace of North Africa, the order has become the largest Sufi order in West Africa and continues to expand rapidly. It was brought to southern Mauritania around 1789 by Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ of the 'Idaw `Ali tribe, which was known for its many Islamic scholars and leaders and was predominantly Qādirī at the time. Nearly the entire tribe became Tijānī during Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ's lifetime, and the tribe's influence would facilitate the Tijāniyya's rapid expansion to sub-Saharan Africa.

Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ's disciple Mawlūd Vāl initiated the 19th-century Toucouleur leader Al-Ḥājj Omar Tall (Allaaji Omar Taal) and the Fulbe cleric `Abd al-Karīm an-Nāqil from Futa Jalon (modern Guinea) into the order. The Toucouleurs (or Haalpulaaren) are a Fula agricultural people who live primarily in the north of Senegal (where they comprise 10% of the population El Hadj Umar Tall, also Umar Tal, Umar Taal "Umar Futi" al-Hajj Umar ibn Sa'id Tal, or el-Hadj Omar ibn Sa'id Tal, (ca The Fula or Fulbe or Fulani (the latter being an Anglicisation of the word in their language Fulɓe) are an ethnic group of Fouta Djallon is a highland region in the center of Guinea, West Africa. Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea After receiving instruction from Muḥammad al-Ghālī from 1828 to 1830 in Makka, Omar Tall was appointed Khalīfa (successor or head representative) of Aḥmed at-Tijānī for all of the Western Sudan (Western sub-Saharan Africa). Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar Tall then led a holy war against what he saw as corrupt regimes in the area, resulting in a large but fleeting empire in Eastern Senegal and Mali. The Toucouleur Empire (also known as the Tijaniyya Jihad state) was founded in the Nineteenth century by El Hadj Umar Tall of the Toucouleur While Omar Tall's political empire soon gave way to French colonialism, the more long-standing result was to spread Islam and the Tijānī Order through much of what is now Senegal, Guinea, and Mali (see Robinson, 1985). French West Africa ( Afrique occidentale française, AOF) was a Federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa.

In Senegal's Wolof country, especially the northern regions of Kajoor and Jolof, the Tijānī Order was spread primarily by El-Hajj Malick Sy (spelled "El-Hadji Malick Sy" in French, "Allaaji Maalig Si" in Wolof), born in 1855 near Dagana. El-Hadji Malick Sy (Allaaji Maalig Si 1855-1922 was a Senegalese religious leader and teacher in the Tijaniyya Sufi brotherhood Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Dagana is a town in the Saint-Louis Region of Senegal and the capital of the Dagana Department. In 1902, he founded a zāwiya (religious center) in Tivaouane (Tiwaawan), which became a center for Islamic education and culture under his leadership. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Tivaouane is a city located in the Thiès Region of Senegal. History Tivaouane was part of the Wolof kingdom of Cayor, and was at Upon Malick Sy's death in 1922, his son Ababacar Sy (Abaabakar Sy) became the first Caliph (Xaliifa). Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Serigne Mansour Sy became the present Caliph in 1997, upon the death of Abdoul Aziz Sy. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The Gàmmu (Mawlid in Arabic, the celebration of the birth of Muḥammad) of Tivaouane gathers many followers each year. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics

The "house" or branch of Tivaouane is not the only branch of the Tijānī order in Senegal. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. The Tijānī order was spread to the south by another jihadist, Màbba Jaxu Ba, a contemporary of Umar Tall who founded a similar Islamic state in Senegal's Saalum area. Maba Diakhou Bâ (also Ma Ba Diakhu, Ma Ba Diakho Ba, Ma Ba Jaaxu, Màbba Jaxu Ba) (1809 - July 1867 born at Tavacaltou. The Kingdom of Saloum in Senegal is a traditional kingdom which was founded in the late 15th century by the "Gelwaar" or nobles from the Kingdom After Màbba's death, his state crumbled but the Tijāniyya remained the predominant Sufi order in the region, and Abdoulaye Niass (1840–1922) became the most important representative of the order in the Saalum, having immigrated southward from the Jolof and, after exile in Gambia due to tensions with the French, returned to establish a zāwiya in the city of Kaolack. Kaolack ( Kawlax in Wolof) is a town of 172305 people ( 2002 census on the north bank of the River Saloum and the N1 road in

The branch founded by Abdoulaye Niass's son, Al-Hadj Ibrahima Niass (Allaaji Ibrayima Ñas, often called "Baye" or "Baay", which is "father" in Wolof), in the Kaolack suburb of Medina Baye in 1930, has become by far the largest and most visible Tijānī branch around the world today. Ibrāhīm Niass (1900-1975—also written Ibrahima Niasse in French, Ibrayima Ñas in Wolof Ibrahima Niass's teaching that all disciples, and not only specialists, can attain a direct mystical knowledge of God through tarbiyyah rūhiyyah (mystical education) has struck a chord with millions worldwide. This branch, known as the Tijāniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah or the Fayḍah ("Flood"), is most concentrated in Senegal, Nigeria, Niger, and Mauritania, and has a growing presence in the United States and Europe. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Most Tijānī web sites and international organizations are part of this movement. Niass's grandson and current Imam of Medina Baye, Shaykh Hassan Cisse, has thousands of American disciples and has founded a large educational and developmental organization, the African American Islamic Institute, in Medina Baye with branches in other parts of the world. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community Shaykh Hassan Cisse (1945 - 2008 also written Cheikh Assane Cissé or Shaykh Hasan Cisse (also Sise or Seesay was an Islamic scholar Sufi shaykh and humanitarian activist

Another Senegalese "house," in Medina-Gounass, Senegal (to the east of the Niokolo Koba park) was created by Mamadou Saidou Ba.

Still another in Thienaba, near Thies, was founded by the disciple of a famous marabout of Fouta, Amadou Sekhou. Thiès (pronounced “chess" Wolof: Cès) is the third largest city in Senegal with a population officially estimated at 320000 in 2005 A marabout (مَربوط or مُرابِط, one who is attached/garrisoned) is an Islamic religious leader and teacher in West Africa, and (historically A Fouta, also known as a Foutanké is a breed of

The Hamawiyyah branch, founded by Shaykh Hamallah, is centered in Nioro, Mali, and is also present in Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, and Niger. Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a Burkina Faso (bɚˌkiːnəˈfɑːsoʊ burr-KEE-na FAH-soh) also known by its short-form name Burkina, is a Landlocked nation in West Africa Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. One of its most prominent members is the novelist and historian Amadou Hampâté Bâ, who preserved and advocated the teachings of Thierno Bokar (Cerno Bokar), the "Sage of Banjagara". Amadou Hampâté Bâ (January or February 1900 or 1901 in Bandiagara, Mali &ndash May 15, 1991 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (See Brenner, 2000. )

Also another scholar and sufi of the tariqa tijani was CHERNO ALIEU DEM of Njai Kunda[koalack] Senegal. He was well known for his work when he performs 'wirrda' 1000 Salatul Fatiha for each grain of maize. Cherno Alieu Dem's work was later reveal in the next generation by his grandson Shieck Ahmad Tijan Dem of 'casaville' Kaolack Senegal. The Tariqa Tijani was giving to Cherno Momodou Jallow by Alhajie Omar Futi Tall directly. It was Cherno Momodou Jallow that spread the Tariqa in the Senegambian region. He past it on to many scholars of the region like Mam Mass Kah who's grand son Imam Cherno Kah is the current Imam of Banjul. Cherno Momodou Jallow's work was also revealed by his grandson Cherno Baba Jallow of Kerr Cherno in Nuimi The Gambia.

Tijaniyah jihad states

While the term "Jihad State" (a territory that was established by political and religious Muslim leaders, often fittingly titled Emir, who conquer a region by offensive war, invoking Jihad bin saif in the sense of holy war to establish an Islamic rule in accordance with Koranic injuctions) most often refers to Fulbe jihad states in and around Nigeria, the order also gave rise to a few elsewhere in Western Africa, notably in present Mali. Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) The Fula or Fulani jihads, were a series of independent but loosely connected events across West Africa between the late 17th century and European colonization in

Practices

Members of the Tijānī order distinguish themselves by a number of practices. Upon entering the order, one receives the Tijānī wird from a muqaddam or representative of the order. The muqaddam explains to the initiate the duties of the order, which include keeping the basic tenets of Islam (including the five pillars of Islam), to honor and respect one's parents, and not to follow another Sufi order in addition to the Tijāniyya. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. Initiates are to pronounce the Tijānī wird (a process that usually takes ten to fifteen minutes) every morning and afternoon. The wird is a formula that includes repetitions of "Lā 'ilāha 'ilā Llāh" ("There is no God but Allah"), "Astaghfiru Llāh" ("I ask God for forgiveness"), and a prayer for Muḥammad called the Ṣalātu l-Fātiḥ (Prayer of the Opener). They are also to participate in the Waẓīfah, a similar formula that is chanted as a group, often at a mosque, after the sundown prayer (maghrib), as well as in the Ḥaḍarat al-Jumʿah, another formula chanted among other disciples on Friday afternoon. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Maghrib (مَغْرِب is the fourth daily Salat in Islam, offered at sunset

Additionally, disciples in many areas organize regular meetings, often on Thursday evenings or before or after Waẓīfa and Ḥaḍarat al-Jumʿah, to engage in dhikr Allāh, or mentioning God. Community organizing is a process by which people living in proximity to each other are brought together by an organizationto act in their common self-interest (at least as per the views Dhikr ذکر Plural اذكار Adhkaar ( Zikir in Turkish and Malay, Zikr in Urdu, Jikir in Bengali and Zekr God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. This consists in repeating the phrase "Lā 'ilāha 'ilā Llāh" or simply "Allāh" as a group. In such meetings, poems praising God, Muḥammad, Aḥmed at-Tijānī, or another religious leader may be interspersed with the dhikr. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Such meetings may involve simple repetition as a group or call-response, in which one or more leaders lead the chant and others repeat or otherwise respond.

Occasionally, a group of disciples (known in Senegal as a daayira, from Arabic dā'irah, or "circle") may organize a religious conference, where they will invite one or more well known speakers or chanters to speak on a given theme, such as the life of Muḥammad or another religious leader, a particular religious obligation such as fasting during Ramadan, or the nature of God. Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all Food, Drink, or both for a period of time Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic

The most important communal event of the year for most Tijānī groups is the Mawlid an-nabawī (known in Wolof as the Gàmmu, spelled Gamou in French), or the celebration of the birth of Muḥammad, which falls on the night of the 12th of the Islamic month of Rabīʿ al-'Awwal (which means the night before the 12th, as Islamic dates start at sundown and not at midnight). Mawlid ( Eid Milad an Nabi ( Turkish:Mevlid ( Qur'anic مَوْلِدُ آلنَبِيِّ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, “Birth of the Prophet” Most major Tijānī religious centers organize a large Mawlid event once a year, and hundreds of thousands of disciples attend the largest ones (in Tivaouane, Kaolack, Kano, etc. ) Throughout the year, local communities organize smaller Mawlid celebrations. These meetings usually go from about midnight until shortly after dawn and include hours of dhikr and poetry chanting and speeches about the life of Muḥammad.

See also

Sources and references

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic