The Tianjin Massacre (Chinese: 天津教案; Pinyin: Tiānjīn Jiào'àn) occurred in Tianjin in 1870. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. It is considered to be one of the archetypal and most important jiao'an or missionary cases of the late Qing Dynasty. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The incident marked the end of the comparative cooperation between foreign powers and the Tongzhi court, and adversely affected the ongoing renegotiation of the Treaties of Tianjin of 1858. The Tongzhi Emperor, born Zaichun ( April 27, 1856 &ndash January 12, 1875) was the ninth emperor of the Manchu Several documents titled " Treaty of Tien-tsin " ( Traditional Chinese: 天津條約 Simplified Chinese: 天津条约 Pinyin: Tiānjīn Tiáoyuē
In June of 1870, kidnappings (or rumours thereof) spread throughout central China, with the blame frequently being attached to the Catholic missions. Local Catholic nuns had been active in bringing children into their orphanages, sometimes with the inducement of payment to their family. During 1870, the already high number of deaths at these orphanages increased through outbreaks of disease. On June 18, a kidnapper was arrested in Tianjin who claimed to have sold children to the janitor of the orphanage, which seriously raised tensions. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. Missionaries and foreign officials blamed local officials and gentry for stoking the tensions.
Chinese officials met with their French counterparts, who had assumed responsibility for the Catholic missions to China since the Arrow War, which led to some reduction in tensions. The Second Opium War, the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war of the United Kingdom However, in a disputed sequenced of events on June 19, the French consul Fontanier forced his way into the yamen of the local magistrate. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. An angry crowd gathered, and the consul appears to have ordered his guards to fire on the magistrate. The incited crowd rioted, killing the consul and his advisor. Catholic institutions were attacked and ransacked, with 30-40 local converts and 21 foreigners killed.
French gunboats were sent to Tianjin. Reparations and reprisals were demanded by the French government. Chinese negotiations to mitigate the damage were led by the aging statesman Zeng Guofan. Zeng Guofan ( Pinyin: Zēng Guófán Wade-Giles: Tseng Kuo-fan Styled Bóhán 伯函 and variably Díshēng 滌生 Posthumous 16 Chinese were executed, though little evidence was adduced to their participation in the massacre.
A Chinese mission of apology later sailed for France, formally apologising to the provisional French Head of State Adolphe Thiers in November 1871. Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian.
See also
References
- Cohen, Paul A. The Yangzhou riot of August 22 - 23, 1868 was a brief crisis in Anglo-Chinese relations during the late Qing Dynasty. , China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Anti-Foreignism, 1860-1870. (Harvard University Press, Cambridge: 1963)
- Fairbank, John King. John King Fairbank ( 24 May, 1907 - 14 September 1991) was among the most prominent American scholars of East Asia "Patterns Behind the Tientsin Massacre. " Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 20, no. 3/4 (1957): 480-511.
- Barend J. ter Haar, Telling Stories: Witchcraft and Scapegoating in Chinese History, (Brill, Leiden: 2006) chap. 4, ‘Westerners as Scapegoats’ pp. 154-201.
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