Thurstan, or Turstin (c. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Thomas (died 24 February 1114 was a medieval Archbishop of York. Waltheof, Waldeve or Waldef may also refer to Waltheof I Earl of Northumbria (died after 1006 Earl of Northumberland 963–995 Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Pontefract is a Market town in West Yorkshire, England near the A1 (or Great North Road the M62 motorway, and Castleford. Pontefract is a Market town in West Yorkshire, England near the A1 (or Great North Road the M62 motorway, and Castleford. 1070–February 6, 1140) was a medieval Archbishop of York. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The son of a priest, he served King William II of England and King Henry I of England before his election to the see of York in 1114. William II (c 1056 &ndash 2 August 1100) the third son of William I of England (William the Conqueror was King of England from 1087 Henry I (c 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first King of England after the Norman Once elected, his consecration was delayed for five years while he fought attempts by the Archbishop of Canterbury to assert authority over York. Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service usually religious Eventually, he was consecrated by the pope and allowed to return to England. While archbishop, he secured two new suffragan bishops for his province. A suffragan bishop is a Bishop subordinate to a Metropolitan bishop or Diocesan bishop. When King Henry I died, Thurstan supported Henry's nephew Stephen of Blois as king. Stephen often referred to in history as Stephen of Blois (c 1096 &ndash 25 October, 1154) was the last Norman King of England Thurstan also defended the northern part of England from invasion by the Scots, taking a leading part in organizing the English forces at the Battle of the Standard. The Battle of the Standard, sometimes called the Battle of Northallerton in which English forces repelled a Scottish army, took place on 22 August 1138 on Cowton Shortly before his death, Thurstan resigned from his see and took the habit of a Cluniac monk. The Abbey of Cluny (or Cluni, or Clugny, pronunciation klyˈni is an abbey in France.

Early life

Thurstan was the son of a canon of St Paul's in London named Anger or Auger who held the prebend of Cantlers. A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανωνικος 'relating to a rule' is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. A prebendary is a post connected to an Anglican or Catholic Cathedral or Collegiate church and is a type of canon. Another son of Anger, Audoen, was later Bishop of Évreux. Audoen (sometimes Audin or Ouen) was a medieval Bishop of Évreux in Normandy. ^[1][2][3] Thurstan was born sometime about 1070 in the Bessin region of Normandy. The Bessin is an area in Normandy, France, corresponding to the territory of the Bajocasse tribe of Celts who also gave their name to the city Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Before 1104 the father was given the prebend of Cantlers by Maurice, bishop of London, and the family moved to England. The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. ^[4]

The Abbey of Cluny, where Thurstan visited and vowed to become a monk at some point in his life.

Early in his career, Thurstan held the prebendary of Consumpta in the diocese of London,^[5] and served both King William II and King Henry I as a royal clerk. The Diocese of London forms part of the Province of Canterbury in England. ^[6] At some point in Thurstan's early career, he visited Cluny, where he vowed to become a Cluniac monk later in his life. The town and commune of Cluny or Clugny lies in the modern-day département of Saône-et-Loire in the région MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective ^[4] Thurstan also served Henry as almoner,^[7] and it was Henry who obtained Thurstan's election as archbishop of York in August 1114. In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. ^[8] He was ordained a deacon in December of 1114 and ordained a priest on June 6, 1115^[6] by Ranulf Flambard, who was Bishop of Durham. Deacon is a role in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind but which varies among theological and denominational traditions The ministerial orders of the Catholic Church includes both the orders of bishops and presbyters, which in Latin is sacerdos. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Ranulf Flambard, also known as Ralph Flambard or Ranulph Flambard and sometimes Ranulf Passiflamme, (c See also List of Bishops of Durham The Bishop of Durham is the Anglican Bishop responsible for the Diocese of Durham in ^[9]

Controversy and exile

Henry I of England, from Cassell's History of England c. 1902

The Archbishop of Canterbury, Ralph d'Escures, refused to consecrate Thurstan unless the archbishop-elect made a profession of obedience to the southern see. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Ralph (died 20 October 1122 also known as Ralph d'Escures from the family estate Escures near Séez in Normandy, was a medieval Abbot of Séez Thurstan refused to do this^[10] and asked the king for permission to go to Rome to consult Pope Paschal II. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Paschal II, born Ranierius, (died January 21, 1118) was Pope from August 13, 1099 until his death Henry I refused to allow him to make the journey, but even without a personal appeal from Thurstan, Paschal decided against Canterbury. At the Council of Salisbury in 1116 the English king ordered Thurstan to submit to Canterbury, but instead Thurstan publicly resigned the archibishopric. ^[11] On his way to the Council, Thurstan had received letters from Paschall II that supported York, and commanded that he should be consecrated without a profession. Similar letters had gone to Ralph d'Escures from the pope, ordering Ralph, as Archbishop of Canterbury, to consecrate Thurstan. After the news of the letters became public, nothing happened about Thurstan's resignation, and he continued to be considered the archbishop-elect. ^[2]

Over the next three years, the new popes, Gelasius II and Calixtus II, championed Thurstan's case, and on October 19, 1119 he was consecrated by Calixtus at Reims. Gelasius II (died January 29 1119) born Giovanni Coniulo, was Pope from January 24 1118 to January 29 1119 Blessed Pope Callixtus II (or Calistus II) (died December 13 1124) born Guy de Vienne, the fourth son of William I Count of Burgundy Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern ^[12][6] Calixtus had earlier promised Henry that he would not consecrate Thurstan without the king's permission, which had still not been granted. ^[12] Enraged at this, the king refused to allow the newly consecrated archbishop to enter England, and Thurstan remained for some time on the continent in the company of the pope. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland ^[10] While he was traveling with the pope, he also visited Adela of Blois, King Henry's sister, who was also Thurstan's spiritual daughter. also Adelaide of Normandy sister of William I of England. Adela of Normandy also known as Adela of Blois and Adela of At about this same time, Calixtus issued two bulls in Thurstan's favor, one that released York from Canterbury's supremacy forever, and the other demanded the king allow Thurstan to return to York. The pope threatened an interdict on England as a punishment if the papal bull was not obeyed. In the Roman Catholic Church, the word interdict (in’tér-dikt usually refers to an Ecclesiastical penalty ^[12] At length, Thurstan's friends, including Adela, succeeded in reconciling him with Henry, and he rejoined the king in Normandy. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. He was recalled to England in early 1121. ^[11]

Archbishop

One of the main weaknesses of the see of York was its lack of suffragan bishops. The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Thurstan managed to secure the resurrection of the Diocese of Galloway in the . The Bishop of Galloway, also called the Bishop of Whithorn, was the eccesiastical head of the Diocese of Galloway, said to have been founded by Saint Ninian It is possible that he compromised with Fergus of Galloway, who was the lord or sub-king of Galloway, in what is now Scotland. Fergus of Galloway was King or Lord of Galloway from an unknown date (probably in the 1110s until his death in 1161 Thurstan secured another suffragan, and Fergus gained a bishop in his lordship, where previously ecclesiastical matters in his subkingdom had been handled by Scottish bishops. The first bishop was the native Galwegian - Gilla Aldan. Galwegian Gaelic is an extinct Goidelic Dialect formerly spoken in South West Scotland. Gille Aldan or Gilla Aldan (Gaelic "Servant of Saint Aldwin" of Whithorn, was a native Galwegian who was the first Bishop of the ^[4] This provoked the wrath of Wimund, Bishop of the Isles, who had previously had jurisdiction over Galloway; but the new bishopric survived, and York had a new suffragan. Wimund was a Bishop who became a sea-faring war-lord adventurer in the years after 1147 The latter was an important step in the battle between York and Canterbury over the primacy, which was mainly a battle over the prestige of their respective sees. The number of bishops subject to either archbishop was an important factor in the reputation of each. ^[13] In 1133, Thurstan, who had received papal permission to found an entirely new diocese, consecrated Æthelwold as the first bishop of the new see of Carlisle. Athelwold (or Æthelwulf, Aethelwulf, Aldulf, Ethelwulf, or Adelulf) was the first Bishop of Carlisle. The Diocese of Carlisle was created in 1133 by Henry I out of part of the Diocese of Durham, although many people of Celtic descent in the area actually ^[4]

Thurstan refused to accept that the new archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, was his superior, and did not help with William's consecration. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the William de Corbeil or William of Corbeil ( c. 1070&ndash1136 was a medieval Archbishop of Canterbury. The dispute between the two continued, and both archbishops carried their complaints in person to Rome twice. In 1126, Pope Honorius II ruled in favor of York. See also Antipope Honorius II, otherwise known as Peter Cadalus ^[14] The pope based his decision on the fact that Canterbury's supporting documents had been forged. ^[15]

A monument at the site of the Battle of the Standard, where the troops Thurstan defeated the Scots.

Thurstan supported King Stephen after Henry I's death in 1135, and appeared at Stephen's first court at Easter held at Westminster. Stephen often referred to in history as Stephen of Blois (c 1096 &ndash 25 October, 1154) was the last Norman King of England Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. ^[16] Thurstan negotiated a truce at Roxburgh in 1138 between England and Scotland. The destroyed Royal burgh of Roxburgh (or Rosbroch) was an important trading Burgh in High Medieval to early modern Scotland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It was Thurstan who mustered the army which defeated the Scots at the Battle of the Standard on August 22, 1138 near Northallerton, Yorkshire. The Battle of the Standard, sometimes called the Battle of Northallerton in which English forces repelled a Scottish army, took place on 22 August 1138 on Cowton Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Northallerton (ɴɔːɵɑːlɜɾtʌn is a Market town in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England ^[17][18] Thurstan did not take direct part in the battle. , but he created the standard that gave the battle its name, by putting a ship's mast in a cart and hanging the banners of Saint Peter of York, Saint John of Beverley, and Saint Wilfrid of Ripon on the mast. Saint John of Beverley (died 7 May 721 was an Angle Bishop during the time of the kingdom of Northumbria. Wilfrid (c 634 - 24 April 709 was an English Bishop and Saint. The Scots had invaded attempting to aid the Empress Matilda, the daughter of Henry I and Stephen's rival for the throne. Matilda of England (sometimes Maud or Maude; 7 February 1102 &ndash 10 September 1167 was the daughter and dispossessed Heir of Henry I of England ^[19] On January 21, 1140 Thurstan resigned his see and entered the order of the Cluniacs at Pontefract^[6] and he died there on February 6, 1140. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Pontefract is a Market town in West Yorkshire, England near the A1 (or Great North Road the M62 motorway, and Castleford. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio ^[8] He was buried in the church at Pontefract. ^[4]

Legacy

Thurstan gave land to many of the churches of his diocese and founded several religious houses. In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. He founded the first nunnery in Yorkshire when he founded St Clement's between 1125 and 1133. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. ^[20] He also helped found the Cistercian Abbey of Fountains. Fountains Abbey in North Yorkshire, England, is a Ruined Cistercian Monastery, founded in 1132 ^[6] Thurstan helped the hermitess Christina of Markyate at several points in her career, and tried to persuade her to become the first prioress of his foundation of St. Christina of Markyate was born in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire c Clement's. ^[21] He was a sincere reformer, and opposed to the election of unfit men to the episocpacy. When Pope Innocent II asked Thurstan's opinion on the elevation of Anselm of St Saba, who was Abbot of Bury St. Edmunds, to become bishop of London, Thurstan replied "If we consider his life and reputation, it would be much more fitting to remove him from his abbacy than to promote him to be bishop of London. Anselm (or Anselm of St Saba) was a medieval Bishop of London elect as well as Abbot of Bury St Abbot of Bury St Edmunds was the title used by the head of the Benedictine Monastery Bury St The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. "^[22] Anselm was not confirmed as bishop. ^[22]

Notes

References

External links

• Thurstan at Britannia Biographies
• Thurstan at 1911 Britannica Encyclopedia Online