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Thurii – Greek: Θούριοι, called also by some Latin writers and by Ptolemy, Thurium (Θούριον, Ptol. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca ), for a time also Copia and Copiae and sometimes written as Turios; Italian: Thurio – was a city of Magna Graecia, situated on the Tarentine gulf, within a short distance of the site of Sybaris, of which it may be considered as having taken the place. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The Gulf of Taranto ( Italian: Golfo di Taranto, Latin: Sinus Tarentinus) is a gulf of the Ionian Sea, in southern Italy Sybaris ( Greek:) was a celebrated city of Magna Graecia on the western shore of the Gulf of Taranto. Its location is in the frazione of Thurio, comune of Corigliano Calabro, in the Province of Cosenza, Calabria region, Italy. A frazione, in Italy, is the name given in administrative law to a type of territorial subdivision of a Comune; for other Administrative Thurii &ndash Greek:, called also by some Latin writers and by Ptolemy, Thurium ( Ptol In Italy, the comune, (plural comuni) is the basic Administrative division of both provinces and regions and may be properly approximated in Corigliano Calabro is a Comune and town located in the Province of Cosenza, in Calabria, southern Italy The Province of Cosenza (Provincia di Cosenza is a province in the Calabria region of Italy. Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

History

Thurii was one of the latest of all the Greek colonies in this part of Italy, not having been founded until nearly 70 years after the fall of Sybaris. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The site of that city had remained desolate for a period of 58 years after its destruction by the Crotoniats; when at length, in 452 BC, a number of the Sybarite exiles and their descendants made an attempt to establish themselves again on the spot, under the guidance of some leaders of Thessalian origin; and the new colony rose so rapidly to prosperity that it excited the jealousy of the Crotoniats, who, in consequence, expelled the new settlers a little more than 5 years after the establishment of the colony. Croton may also refer to a plant genus See Croton (genus. Or to the NY village Croton-on-Hudson. Events Births Deaths Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. (Diod. xi. 90, xii. 10. ) The fugitive Sybarites first appealed for support to Sparta, but without success: their application to the Athenians was more successful, and that people determined to send out a fresh colony, at the same time that they reinstated the settlers who had been lately expelled from thence. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's A body of Athenian colonists was accordingly sent out by Pericles, under the command of Lampon and Xenocritus; but the number of Athenian citizens was small, the greater part of those who took part in the colony being collected from various parts of Greece. Pericles (also spelled Perikles) (c 495 – 429 BC Greek:, meaning "surrounded by glory" was a prominent and influential Statesman, orator Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Among them were two celebrated names – Herodotus the historian, and the orator Lysias, both of whom appear to have formed part of the original colony. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Lysias (Greek Λυσίας (born ca 445 BC died ca 380 BC was an Attic orator. (Diod. xii. 10; Strabo vi. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. p. 263; Dionys. Lys. p. 453; Vit. X. Orat. p. 835; Plut. Peric. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c 11, Nic. 5. ) The laws of the new colony were established by the sophist Protagoras at the request of Pericles[1]. Protagoras ( Greek:) (ca 490&ndash 420 BC was a pre-Socratic Greek Philosopher and is numbered as one of the Sophists by

The new colonists at first established themselves on the site of the deserted Sybaris, but shortly afterwards removed (apparently in obedience to an oracle) to a spot at a short distance from thence, where there was a fountain named "Thuria", from whence the new city derived its name of Thurii. (Diod. l. c. ; Strab l. c. ) The foundation of Thurii is assigned by Diodorus to the year 446 BC; but other authorities place it three years later, 443 BC, and this seems to be the best authenticated date. Events By place Greece Achaea achieves its independence from Athens, while Euboea, crucial to Athenian control of Events By place Roman Republic No Consuls are elected in Rome, but rather military Tribunes with consular power are (Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p. 54. ) The protection of the Athenian name probably secured the rising colony from the assaults of the Crotoniats, at least we hear nothing of any obstacles to its progress from that quarter; but it was early disturbed by dissensions between the descendants of the original Sybarite settlers and the new colonists, the former laying claim not only to honorary distinctions, but to the exclusive possession of important political privileges. These disputes at length ended in a revolution, and the Sybarites were finally expelled from the city. They established themselves for a short time upon the river Traeis (modern Trionto)[2], but did not maintain their footing long, being dislodged and finally dispersed by the neighboring barbarians. (Diod. xii. 11, 22; Arist. Pol. v. 3. ) The Thurians meanwhile concluded a treaty of peace with Crotona, and the new city rose rapidly to prosperity. Fresh colonists poured in from all quarters, especially the Peloponnese; and though it continued to be generally regarded as an Athenian colony, the Athenians in fact formed but a small element of the population. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula The citizens were divided, as we learn from Diodorus, into ten tribes, the names of which sufficiently indicate their origin. They were: the Arcadian (from Arcadia), Achaean (from Achaea), Elean (from Elea), Boeotian (from Boeotia), Amphictyonic (from Amphictyonis), Dorian (from Doris), Ionian (from Ionia), Athenian (from Athens), Euboean (from Euboea), and Nesiotic (from the islands). Arcadia or Arkadía ( Greek Αρκαδία is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus. Achaea (Αχαΐα Achaïa, axaˈia in Polytonic orthography) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern Elea may refer to Velia (town, Italy Elea Kyrenia, Cyprus Elea Nicosia, Cyprus Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία - English biːˈoʊʃiə formerly Cadmeis was a region of Ancient Greece, north of the Amphictyonis in Greek mythology is a goddess of wine and friendship between nations a local form of Demeter. Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash (Diod. xii. 11. ) The form of government was democratic, and the city is said to have enjoyed the advantage of a well-ordered system of laws; but the statement of Diodorus, who represents this as owing to the legislation of Charondas, and that lawgiver himself as a citizen of Thurii, is certainly erroneous. Charondas ( Greek) a celebrated lawgiver of Catania in Sicily. The city itself was laid out with great regularity, being divided by four broad streets or plateae, each of which was crossed in like manner by three others. (Diod. xii. 10. )

Very shortly after its foundation, Thurii became involved in a war with Tarentum (modern Taranto). Not to be confused with Toronto. Taranto ( Ancient Greek: Tarās; Modern Greek: Tarantas) is a coastal city in The subject of this was the possession of the fertile district of the Siritis, about 50 km north of Thurii, to which the Athenians had a claim of long standing, which was naturally taken up by their colonists. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand The Spartan general, Cleandridas, who had been banished from Greece some years before, and taken up his abode at Thurii, became the general of the Thurians in this war, which, after various successes, was at length terminated by a compromise, both parties agreeing to the foundation of the new colony of Heracleia in the disputed territory. (Diod. xii. 23, 36, xiii. 106; Strab. vi. p. 264; Polyaen. Strat. ii. 10. )

Our knowledge of the history of Thurii is unfortunately very scanty and fragmentary. Fresh disputes arising between the Athenian citizens and the other colonists were at length allayed by the oracle of Delphi, which decided that the city had no other founder than Apollo. Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western (Diod. xii. 35. ) But the same difference appears again on occasion of the great Athenian expedition to Sicily, when the city was divided into two parties, the one desirous of favoring and supporting the Athenians, the other opposed to them. The Sicilian Expedition was an Athenian expedition to Sicily from 415 BC to 413 BC, during the Peloponnesian War. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. The latter faction at first prevailed, so far that the Thurians observed the same neutrality towards the Athenian fleet under Nicias and Alcibiades as the other cities of Italy (Thuc. vi. Nicias or Nikias (Νικίας (c470 BC-413 BC was an Athenian politician and general during the period of the Peloponnesian War. Alcibiades Cleiniou Scambonides (ˌælsɨˈbaɪədiːz (pronunciation Greek:, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs) meaning Alcibiades Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek 44). Thurii was, in fact, the city where Alcibiades escaped his Athenian captors who were taking him home for trial.

But two years afterwards (413 BC) the Athenian party had regained the ascendency; and when Demosthenes and Eurymedon touched at Thurii, the citizens afforded them every assistance, and even furnished an auxiliary force of 700 hoplites and 300 dartmen. Events By place Greece After suffering a defeat in which the Athenian commander Lamachus is killed Demosthenes suggests For the Athenian general see Demosthenes (general. For the ancient physician see Demosthenes Philalethes. Eurymedon (Εὐρυμέδων (d 414 BC was one of the Athenian generals ( Strategos) during the Peloponnesian War. (Id. vii. 33, 35. ) From this time we hear nothing of Thurii for a period of more than 20 years, though there is reason to believe that this was just the time of its greatest prosperity. In 390 BC we find that its territory was already beginning to suffer from the incursions of the Lucanians, a new and formidable enemy, for protection against whom all the cities of Magna Graecia had entered into a defensive league. Events By place Roman Republic July 18 - Brennus, a chieftain of the Senones of the Adriatic coast of The Lucani ( Lucanians) were an ancient people of Italy who spoke an Oscan language, a member of the Italic languages. But the Thurians were too impatient to wait for the support of their allies, and issued forth with an army of 14,000 foot and 1000 horse, with which they repulsed the attacks of the Lucanians; but having rashly followed them into their own territory, they were totally defeated, near Laüs, and above 10,000 of them cut to pieces (Diod. Laüs or Laus or Laos ( Greek: was an ancient city on the west coast of Lucania, at the mouth of the river of the same name, which xiv. 101).

This defeat must have inflicted a severe blow on the prosperity of Thurii, while the continually increasing power of the Lucanians and Bruttians, in their immediate neighborhood would prevent them from quickly recovering from its effects. The Bruttii ( Greek:, Italian: Bruzi were an ancient Italic people who inhabited the southern extremity of Italy, from the frontiers of The city continued also to be on hostile, or at least unfriendly, terms with Dionysius of Syracuse, and was in consequence chosen as a place of retirement or exile by his brother Leptines and his friend Philistus (Diod. Leptines was an Athenian Orator. He is known as the proposer of a Law that no Athenian whether citizen or resident alien (with the sole exception of the Philistus, ( c 432 BC - 356 BC son of Archomenidas was Greek historian of Sicily. xv. 7). The rise of the Bruttian people about 356 BC probably became the cause of the complete decline of Thurii, but the statement of Diodorus that the city was conquered by that people (xvi. Events By place Persian Empire Having blamed the defeats by Philip II in Thessaly and Chalcidice on his colleagues Chares is 15) must be received with considerable doubt. It reappears in history at a later period, when Corinthian soldiers en route to join Timoleon on his expedition to Syracuse are blockaded there by Carthaginian ships. Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. Timoleon ( Greek: Τιμολέων son of Timodemus of Corinth (ca Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers At this point it is still an independent Greek city, though much fallen from its former greatness. No mention of it is found during the wars of Alexander of Epirus in this part of Italy; but at a later period it was so hard pressed by the Lucanians that it had recourse to the alliance of Rome; and a Roman army was sent to its relief under C. Alexander I of Epirus (ca 370 BC - ca 331 BC also known as Alexander Molossus was a king of Epirus (350 BC-331 BC of the Aeacid dynasty. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Fabricius. That general defeated the Lucanians, who had actually laid siege to the city, in a pitched battle, and by several other successes to a great extent broke their power, and thus relieved the Thurians from all immediate danger from that quarter. (Livy Epit. Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome xi. ; Pliny xxxiv. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author 6. s. 15; Val. Max. i. 8. § 6. ) But shortly after they were attacked on the other side by the Tarentines, who are said to have taken and plundered their city (Appian, Samn. 7. § 1); and this aggression was one of the immediate causes of the war declared by the Romans against Tarentum in 282 BC. Events By place Asia Minor The city of Pergamum in Asia Minor ends its allegiance to Lysimachus.

Thurii now sunk completely into the condition of a dependent ally of Rome, and was protected by a Roman garrison. No mention is found of its name during the wars with Pyrrhus or the First Punic War, but it plays a considerable part in the Second Punic War with Hannibal. Pyrrhus (318-272 BC ( Greek: Πύρρος Aιακιδης Pyrros Aiakides was one of the most successful ancient Greek generals of the Hellenistic The First Punic War ( 264 to 241 BC) was the first of three major wars fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic. The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western Hannibal (Pronounced in Phoenician: Hanniba'al means " Ba'al is my grace " or " Ba'al has given me grace " 247 BC &ndash It was apparently one of the cities which revolted to the Carthaginians immediately after the battle of Cannae, though, in another passage, Livy seems to place its defection somewhat later. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers For the 11th century battle in the Byzantine conquest of the Mezzogiorno, see Battle of Cannae (1018. (Liv. xxii. 61, xxv. 1. ) But in 213 BC, the Thurians returned to their alliance with Rome, and received a Roman garrison into their city. Events By place Seleucid Empire In alliance with Attalus I of Pergamum, Antiochus III finally captures the rebel king (Id. xxv. 1. ) The very next year, however, after the fall of Tarentum, they changed sides again, and betrayed the Roman troops into the hands of the Carthaginian general Hanno. (Id. xxv. 15; Appian, Hann. 34. ) A few years later (210 BC), Hannibal, finding himself unable to protect his allies in Campania, removed the inhabitants of Atella who had survived the fall of their city to Thurii (Appian, Hann. Events By place Roman Republic Following the death of his father Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Campania is a region of Southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5 Atella was an ancient city of Campania, halfway between Naples and Capua; its ruins lie between the towns of Orta di Atella and Sant'Arpino 49); but it was not long before he was compelled to abandon the latter city also to its fate; and when he himself in 204 BC withdrew his forces into Bruttium, he removed to Crotona 3500 of the principal citizens of Thurii, while he gave up the city itself to the plunder of his troops. Events By place Carthage Having lost his alliance with the Numidian chief Masinissa, the Carthaginian general Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of (Appian, l. c. , 57. ) It is evident that Thurii was now sunk to the lowest state of decay; but the great fertility of its territory rendered it desirable to preserve it from utter desolation: hence in 194 BC, it was one of the places selected for the establishment of a Roman colony with Latin rights. Events By place Greece After checking the ambitions of the Spartan Tyrant, Nabis, the Roman forces under A Roman colonia (plural coloniae) was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it (Liv. xxxiv. 53; Strab. vi. p. 263. ) The number of colonists was small in proportion to the extent of land to be divided among them, but they amounted to 3000 foot and 300 knights. (Liv. xxxv. 9. ) Livy says merely that the colony was sent in Thurinum agrum, and does not mention anything of a change of name; but Strabo tells us that they gave to the new colony the name of Copiae, and this statement is confirmed both by Stephanus of Byzantium, and by the evidence of coins, on which, however, the name is written "COPIA" (Strab. Stephanus of Byzantium, also known as Stephanus Byzantinus ( Greek:; fl l. c. ; Steph. Byz. s. v. Θούριοι; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 164. ) But this new name did not continue long in use, and Thurii still continued to be known by its ancient appellation. It is mentioned as a municipal town on several occasions during the latter ages of the Roman Republic. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the In 72 BC it was taken by Spartacus, and subjected to heavy contributions, but not otherwise injured. Year 72 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Battle of Cabira — Lucius Lucullus Spartacus (c 109 BC-71 BC according to Roman historians was a Slave who became the leader (or possibly one of several leaders in the unsuccessful slave (Appian, B. C. i. 117. ) According to Suetonius, the Octavian family held some renown there, and Gaius Octavius (father of the future Caesar Augustus) defeated a Spartacist army near there; as a result, the future emperor was granted the surname Thurinus shortly after birth. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was At the outbreak of the Civil Wars it was deemed by Julius Caesar of sufficient importance to be secured with a garrison of Gaulish and Spanish horse; and it was there that M. The Roman civil war of 49 BC sometimes called Caesar's Civil War, is one of the last conflicts within the Roman Republic. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Coelius was put to death, after a vain attempt to excite an insurrection in this part of Italy. (Caes. B. C. iii. 21, 22. ) In 40 BC also it was attacked by Sextus Pompeius, who laid waste its territory, but was repulsed from the walls of the city. Year 40 BC was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. (Appian, B. C. v. 56, 58. )

It is certain therefore that Thurii was at this time still a place of some importance, and it is mentioned as a still existing town by Pliny and Ptolemy, as well as Strabo. (Strab. vi. p. 263; Plin. iii. 11. s. 15; Ptol. iii. 1. § 12. ) It was probably, indeed, the only place of any consideration remaining on the coast of the Tarentine gulf, between Crotona and Tarentum; both Metapontum and Heracleia having already fallen into almost complete decay. Metapontum or Metapontium ( Greek:: Thuc Strab and all Greek writers have this form the Latins almost universally Metapontum was an important city Its name is still found in the Itineraries (Itin. Ant. p. The Antonine Itinerary (in Latin: Antonini Itinerarium) is a register of the stations and distances along the various roads of the Roman empire, containing 114, where it is written Turios; Tab. Peut.); and it is noticed by Procopius as still existing in the 6th century. The Tabula Peutingeriana ( Peutinger table) is an Itinerarium showing the Cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire. Procopius of Caesarea ( Προκόπιος ο Καισαρεύς, c The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. (Procop. B. G. i. 15. ) The period of its final decay is uncertain; but it seems to have been abandoned during the Middle Ages, when the inhabitants took refuge at a place called Terranova (Terranova da Sibari), about 12 miles inland, on a hill on the left bank of the Crathis. The Crathis or Crater ( Greek:; Italian: Crati) is one of the most considerable rivers of Bruttium (modern Calabria)

The exact location of Greek Thurii is not known, but that of the Roman town, which probably though not certainly occupied the same site, is fixed by insignificant ruins as being 4 miles to the east of Terranova da Sibari, and as occupying an area some 4 miles in circuit. It is clear, from the statements both of Diodorus and Strabo, that Thurii occupied a site near to, but distinct from, that of Sybaris (Diod. xii. 10; Strab. l. c. ): hence the position suggested by some local topographers at the foot of the hill of Terranova, is probably too far inland. It is more likely that the true site is to be sought to the north of the Coscile (the ancient Sybaris), a few miles from the sea, where, according to Zannoni's map, ruins still exist, attributed by that geographer to Sybaris, but which are probably in reality those of Thurii. Swinburne, however, mentions Roman ruins as existing in the peninsula formed by the rivers Crathis and Sybaris near their junction, which may perhaps be those of Thurii. (Swinburne, Travels, vol. i. pp. 291, 292; Romanelli, vol. i. p. 236. )

Coinage

Thurii had an active mint in antiquity. The coins of Thurii are of great beauty; their number and variety indeed gives us a higher idea of the opulence and prosperity of the city than we should gather from the statements of ancient writers.

References

  1. ^ Barrett, Harold. The Sophists (Novato, CA: Chandler & Sharp Publishers, INC, 1987), 10.
  2. ^ Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), Map 46. Richard JA Talbert (born 1947 is a contemporary British-American ancient historian and classicist on the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World is a large-format atlas of ancient Europe, Asia, and North Africa, edited by Richard Talbert
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