Thurgood Marshall
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
In office June 13, 1967 – June 28, 1991
Nominated by	Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded by	Tom C. Clark
Succeeded by	Clarence Thomas
Born	July 2, 1908(1908-07-02) Baltimore, Maryland
Died	January 24, 1993 (aged 84) Bethesda, Maryland
Spouse	Vivian "Buster" Burey, Cecilia Suyat
Religion	Episcopalian

Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Thomas Campbell Clark ( September 23, 1899 – June 13, 1977) was United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 and an Associate Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American Jurist. He has been serving as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Bethesda is an Unincorporated area in southern Montgomery County Maryland, just Northwest of Washington D Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The United States of America —commonly referred to as the JURIST is an online legal news service hosted by the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, written by founder Professor Bernard Hibbitts and a staff of more than African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Before becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954 was a Landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier

Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 2, 1908. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year His original name was Thoroughgood but he shortened it to Thurgood in second grade. His father, William Marshall, instilled in him an appreciation for the Constitution of the United States and the rule of law. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. The rule of law, in its most basic form is the principle that no one is above the law ^[1] Additionally, as a child, he was punished for his school misbehavior by being forced to read the Constitution, which he later said piqued his interest in the document. Marshall was a descendant of slaves. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another ^[2]

Marshall was married twice; to Vivian "Buster" Burey from 1929 until her death in February 1955 and to Cecilia Suyat from December 1955 until his own death in 1993. He had two sons from his second marriage;^[3] Thurgood Marshall, Jr., who is a former top aide to President Bill Clinton, and John W. Marshall, who is a former United States Marshals Service Director and since 2002 has served as Virginia Secretary of Public Safety under Governors Mark Warner and Tim Kaine. Thurgood Marshall Jr is an American lawyer and son of the late Supreme Court of the United States Justice Thurgood Marshall. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States John W Marshall is currently Secretary of Public Safety in the Cabinet of Virginia Governor Tim Kaine, and was reappointed to the post in January 2006 after serving in the The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Mark Robert Warner (born December 15, 1954) is an American politician and businessman from the U Timothy Michael "Tim" Kaine (born February 26, 1958) is an American politician and the current Governor of Virginia.

Education

Marshall graduated from Lincoln University in Pennsylvania in 1930. Lincoln University ( LU) is America's first degree granting historically black university located in southern Chester County, Pennsylvania Afterward, Marshall wanted to apply to his hometown law school, the University of Maryland School of Law, but the dean told him that he would not be accepted due to the school's segregation policy. The University of Maryland School of Law is the third-oldest Law school in the United States by date of first classes and second-oldest by date of establishment but its Later, as a civil rights litigator, he successfully sued the school for this policy in the case of Murray v. Pearson. Murray v Pearson (aka Murray v Maryland was a Maryland Court of Appeals decision which found "the state has undertaken the function of education in the law but has omitted Instead, Marshall sought admission and was accepted at Howard University. Howard University is a private, Coeducational Nonsectarian University located in Washington D He was influenced by its new dean, Charles Hamilton Houston, who instilled in his students the desire to apply the tenets of the Constitution to all Americans. Charles Hamilton Houston ( September 3, 1895 – April 22, 1950) was an African American Lawyer, Dean of Howard University Marshall was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate Black Greek-letter fraternity, established by African American students in 1906. Alpha Phi Alpha ( ΑΦΑ) is the first intercollegiate fraternity established by African Americans Founded on December 4 1906 on the campus of The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early Fraternities and sororities (from the Latin words la frater and la soror, meaning "brother" and "sister" respectively are fraternal African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa

Law career

Main article: Murray v. Pearson

Marshall received his law degree from Howard in 1933, and set up a private practice in Baltimore. Murray v Pearson (aka Murray v Maryland was a Maryland Court of Appeals decision which found "the state has undertaken the function of education in the law but has omitted Howard University is a private, Coeducational Nonsectarian University located in Washington D The following year, he began working with the Baltimore NAACP. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential Civil rights organizations He won his first major civil rights case, Murray v. Pearson, 169 Md. 478 (1936). Murray v Pearson (aka Murray v Maryland was a Maryland Court of Appeals decision which found "the state has undertaken the function of education in the law but has omitted Case citation is the system used in many countries to identify the decisions in past Court cases either in special series of books called reporters Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This involved the first attempt to chip away at Plessy v. Ferguson, a plan created by his co-counsel on the case Charles Hamilton Houston. Charles Hamilton Houston ( September 3, 1895 – April 22, 1950) was an African American Lawyer, Dean of Howard University Marshall represented Donald Gaines Murray, a black Amherst College graduate with excellent credentials who had been denied admission to the University of Maryland Law School because of its separate but equal policies. Amherst College is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. University of Maryland Baltimore, (also known as UMB) was founded in 1807 This policy required black students to accept one of three options, attend: Morgan College, the Princess Anne Academy, or out-of-state black institutions. Morgan State University, formerly Centenary Biblical Institute (1867-1890 Morgan College (1890-1938 Morgan State College University of Maryland Eastern Shore, located on 776 acres (2 In 1935, Thurgood Marshall argued the case for Murray, showing that neither of the in-state institutions offered a law school and that such schools were entirely unequal to the University of Maryland. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Marshall and Houston expected to lose and intended to appeal to the federal courts. However, the Maryland Court of Appeals ruled against the state of Maryland and its Attorney General, who represented the University of Maryland, stating "Compliance with the Constitution cannot be deferred at the will of the state. The Maryland Court of Appeals is the supreme court of the US state of Maryland. The Attorney General of Maryland is the chief legal officer of the State of Maryland in the United States and is elected by the people every four years with no term The University of Maryland School of Law is the third-oldest Law school in the United States by date of first classes and second-oldest by date of establishment but its Whatever system is adopted for legal education now must furnish equality of treatment now". While it was a moral victory, the ruling had no real authority outside the state of Maryland.

George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James Nabrit, congratulating each other, following Supreme Court decision declaring segregation in public education unconstitutional

Chief Counsel for the NAACP

Marshall won his very first U.S. Supreme Court case, Chambers v. Florida, 309 U. George Edward Chalmers Hayes ( July 1, 1894 &ndash December 20, 1968) was a Washington DC lawyer who defended Annie Lee James Nabrit III (1932- is an African American civil rights attorney who won several important decisions before the U The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Chambers v Florida, 309 US 227 (1940 was an important United States Supreme Court case that dealt with the extent that police pressure resulting in S. 227 (1940). Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. At the age of 32, that same year, he was appointed Chief Counsel for the NAACP. He argued many other cases before the Supreme Court, most of them successfully, including Smith v. Allwright, 321 U. Smith v Allwright, 321 US 649 ( 1944) was an important decision of the United States Supreme Court with regard to Voting rights S. 649 (1944); Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Shelley v Kraemer, 334 US 1, ( 1948) is a United States Supreme Court decision involving the enforceability of Restrictive covenants S. 1 (1948); Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sweatt v Painter,, was a US Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the " Separate but equal " doctrine of Racial segregation S. 629 (1950); and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. McLaurin v Oklahoma State Regents, 339 US 637 ( 1950) was a United States Supreme Court case that reversed a lower court decision upholding S. 637 (1950). Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His most famous case as a lawyer was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U. Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954 was a Landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier Topeka ( Kansa: Tó Ppí Kˀé ˌto ˈpːi ˌkˀeɪ Ioway: Dó Pí Kˀé ˌto ˈpʰi ˌkˀeɪ S. 483 (1954), the case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" public education was unconstitutional because it could never be truly equal. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Separate But Equal is a 1991 American Television movie depicting the landmark Supreme Court Desegregation case In total, Marshall won 29 out of the 32 cases he argued before the Supreme Court.

During the 1950s, Thurgood Marshall developed a friendly relationship with J. Edgar Hoover, the director the Federal Bureau of Investigation. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Postnominal initials In 1956, for example, he privately praised Hoover's campaign to discredit T.R.M. Howard, a maverick civil rights leader from Mississippi. Theodore Roosevelt Mason Howard (b March 4 1908, Murray Kentucky - d During a national speaking tour, Howard had criticized the FBI's failure to seriously investigate cases such as the 1955 killers of George W. Lee and Emmett Till. George W Lee (1904 – May 7, 1955) was an African American Civil rights leader minister, and Entrepreneur. Emmett Louis "Bobo" Till ( July 25 1941 August 28 1955) was a black fourteen year old from Chicago, Illinois Ironically, two years earlier Howard had arranged for Marshall to deliver a well-received speech at a rally of his Regional Council of Negro Leadership in Mound Bayou, Mississippi only days before the Brown decision. The Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL was a society founded by T Mound Bayou is a city in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States.

President John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 1961. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A group of Democratic Party Senators led by Mississippi's James Eastland held up his confirmation, so he served for the first several months under a recess appointment. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. James Oliver Eastland ( November 28, 1904 – February 19, 1986) was an American politician from Mississippi who served A recess appointment occurs when the President of the United States fills a vacant federal position during a recess of the United States Senate. Marshall remained on that court until 1965, when President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him Solicitor General. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States

U. S. Supreme Court

On June 13, 1967, President Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court following the retirement of Justice Tom C. Clark, saying that this was "the right thing to do, the right time to do it, the right man and the right place. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Thomas Campbell Clark ( September 23, 1899 – June 13, 1977) was United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 and an Associate " He was the 96th person to hold the position, and the first African-American. President Johnson confidently predicted to one biographer, Doris Kearns Goodwin, that a lot of black baby boys would be named "Thurgood" in honor of this choice (in fact, Kearns's research of birth records in New York and Boston indicates that Johnson's prophecy did not come true). Doris Kearns Goodwin (born January 4, 1943 in Brooklyn New York) is an award-winning American Author and Historian. ^[4]

Marshall served on the Court for the next twenty-four years, compiling a liberal record that included strong support for Constitutional protection of individual rights, especially the rights of criminal suspects against the government. His most frequent ally on the Court (indeed, the pair rarely voted at odds) was Justice William Brennan, who consistently joined him in supporting abortion rights and opposing the death penalty. William Joseph Brennan Jr ( April 25, 1906 &ndash July 24, 1997) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Brennan and Marshall concluded in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty was, in all circumstances, unconstitutional, and never accepted the legitimacy of Gregg v. Georgia, which ruled four years later that the death penalty was constitutional in some circumstances. Furman v Georgia, was a United States Supreme Court decision that ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty Gregg v Georgia, Proffitt v Florida, Jurek v Texas, Woodson v Thereafter, Brennan or Marshall dissented from every denial of certiorari in a capital case and from every decision upholding a sentence of death.

Although he is best remembered for his jurisprudence in the fields of civil rights and criminal procedure, Marshall made significant contributions to other areas of the law as well. Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated Criminal law. In Teamsters v. Terry he held that the Seventh Amendment entitled the plaintiff to a jury trial in a suit against a labor union for breach of duty of fair representation. Chauffeurs Teamsters and Helpers Local No 391 v Terry, 494 US A plaintiff ( Π in Legal shorthand) also known as a claimant or complainant, is the party who initiates a Lawsuit A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming In TSC Industries, Inc. v. Northway, Inc. he articulated a formulation for the standard of materiality in United States securities law that is still applied and used today. TSC Industries Inc v Northway Inc, 426 US 438 ( 1976) was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States articulated the requirement Materiality is a legal term which can have different meanings depending on context Securities regulation in the United States is the field of US In Cottage Savings Association v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, he weighed in on the income tax consequences of the Savings and Loan crisis, permitting a savings and loan association to deduct a loss from an exchange of mortgage participation interests. Cottage Savings Association v Commissioner, 499 US 554 (1991 was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the exchange of different The The savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and 1990s (commonly referred to as the S&L crisis) was the failure of 747 Savings and loan associations (S&Ls in the A savings and loan association, also known as a thrift, is a Financial institution that specializes in accepting Savings deposits and making Mortgage

Among his many law clerks were Chief Judge Douglas Ginsburg of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Ralph Winter of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, well-known law professors Cass Sunstein, Eben Moglen, Susan Low Bloch, Martha Minow, and Mark Tushnet, Dean Richard Revesz of New York University School of Law, and Dean Elena Kagan of Harvard Law School. A law clerk or a judicial clerk is a person who provides assistance to a Judge in researching issues before the Court and in writing opinions Douglas Howard Ginsburg (born May 25, 1946) is a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, known informally as the D Cass R Sunstein (born 1954 is an American preeminent legal scholar particularly in the fields of constitutional law administrative law environmental law and Eben Moglen is a professor of law and legal history at Columbia University, and is the founder Director-Counsel and Chairman of Software Freedom Law Center, Mark V Tushnet (born 1945) is the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. Richard "Ricky" Revesz is dean of the New York University School of Law. See also New York Law School The New York University School of Law ( NYU Law) is the Elena Kagan (born April 28, 1960) is the dean of Harvard Law School and the Charles Hamilton Houston Professor of Law at Harvard University Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional Graduate schools of Harvard University.

Death

Marshall died of heart failure at the age of 84. Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply He died at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, at 2:58 p. The National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda Maryland, United States, also known as the Bethesda Naval Hospital, is considered the flagship of the Bethesda is an Unincorporated area in southern Montgomery County Maryland, just Northwest of Washington D m. on January 24, 1993. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War His second wife and their two sons survived him. Marshall left all of his personal papers and notes to the Library of Congress. The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress The Librarian of Congress, James Billington, opened Marshall's papers for immediate use by scholars, journalists and the public, insisting that this was Marshall's intent. The Marshall family and several of his close associates disputed this claim. ^[5] There are numerous memorials to Justice Marshall. One is near the Maryland State House. The Maryland State House is located in Annapolis and is the oldest state capitol in continuous legislative use dating to 1772 The primary office building for the federal court system, located on Capitol Hill in Washington D.C., is named in honor of Justice Marshall and contains a statue of him in the atrium. Capitol Hill, aside from being a Metonym for the United States Congress, is the largest historic residential Neighborhood in Washington D The major airport serving Baltimore and the Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC, was renamed the Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport on October 1, 2005. Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport serves the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area ( U

Timeline of Marshall's life

Marshall in 1957

1930 - Thurgood graduates with honors from Lincoln University, PA (cum laude). Lincoln University ( LU) is America's first degree granting historically black university located in southern Chester County, Pennsylvania Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an Academic degree was earned

1934 - Thurgood receives law degree from Howard University (magna cum laude); begins private practice in Baltimore, Maryland. Howard University is a private, Coeducational Nonsectarian University located in Washington D Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an Academic degree was earned

1934 - Begins to work for Baltimore branch of NAACP. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential Civil rights organizations

1935 - Worked with Charles Houston, wins first major civil rights case, Murray v. Pearson. Murray v Pearson (aka Murray v Maryland was a Maryland Court of Appeals decision which found "the state has undertaken the function of education in the law but has omitted

1936 - Becomes assistant special council for NAACP in New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

1940 - Wins Chambers v. Florida, the first of twenty-nine Supreme Court victories. Chambers v Florida, 309 US 227 (1940 was an important United States Supreme Court case that dealt with the extent that police pressure resulting in

1943 - Won case for integration of schools in Hillburn, New York.

1944 - Successfully argues Smith v. Allwright, overthrowing the South's "white primary". Smith v Allwright, 321 US 649 ( 1944) was an important decision of the United States Supreme Court with regard to Voting rights White primaries were Primary elections in the Southern States of the United States of America in which any non-White voter was prohibited from participating

1946 -Thurgood Marshall received a medal from the NAACP.

1948 - Wins Shelley v. Kraemer, in which Supreme Court strikes down legality of racially restrictive covenants. Shelley v Kraemer, 334 US 1, ( 1948) is a United States Supreme Court decision involving the enforceability of Restrictive covenants

1950 - Wins Supreme Court victories in two graduate-school integration cases, Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents. Sweatt v Painter,, was a US Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the " Separate but equal " doctrine of Racial segregation McLaurin v Oklahoma State Regents, 339 US 637 ( 1950) was a United States Supreme Court case that reversed a lower court decision upholding

1951 - Visits South Korea and Japan to investigate charges of racism in U. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. S. armed forces. He reported that the general practice was one of "rigid segregation. "

1954 - Wins Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, landmark case that demolishes legal basis for segregation in America. Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954 was a Landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier

1956 - Wins Browder v. Gayle, ending the practice of segregation on buses and ending the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Browder v Gayle, 142 F Supp 707 (1956 was a case heard before the U

1961 - Defends civil rights demonstrators, winning Supreme Court victory in Garner v. Louisiana; nominated to Second Circuit Court of Appeals by President J.F. Kennedy. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of

1961 - Appointed circuit judge, makes 112 rulings, none of them reversed on certiorari by Supreme Court (1961-1965). Certiorari (ˌsɚʃioʊ('rɛri 'rɑri is a legal term in Roman, English, Philippine and American law referring to a type of Writ

1965 - Appointed United States Solicitor General by President Lyndon B. Johnson; wins 14 of the 19 cases he argues for the government (1965-1967). The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States

1967 - Becomes first African American elevated to U. S. Supreme Court (1967-1991).

1991 - Retires from the Supreme Court.

1992 - Receives the Liberty Medal recognizing Marshall's long history of protecting individual rights under the Constitution. The Liberty Medal is an annual award administered by the National Constitution Center of the United States to recognize leadership in the pursuit of freedom

1993 - Dies at age 84 in Bethesda, Maryland, near Washington, D.C.

For more, see Bradley C. Bethesda is an Unincorporated area in southern Montgomery County Maryland, just Northwest of Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D S. Watson, "The Jurisprudence of William Joseph Brennan, Jr. , and Thurgood Marshall" in History of American Political Thought.

References

• Juan Williams, Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary (1998 book). Juan Williams (b April 1954 is an American Journalist, Author and Radio and Television correspondent Promotional site for book
• David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, T. R. M. Howard: Pragmatism over Strict Integrationist Ideology in the Mississippi Delta, 1942-1954 in Glenn Feldman, ed. , Before Brown: Civil Rights and White Backlash in the Modern South (2004 book), 68-95.

Notes