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| Name, Symbol, Number | thulium, Tm, 69 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | lanthanides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | n/a, 6, f | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery gray |
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| Standard atomic weight | 168.93421(2) g·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f13 6s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 9. Erbium (ˈɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Er and Atomic number 68 Mendelevium (ˌmɛndəˈlɛviəm is a Synthetic element with the symbol Md (formerly Mv) and the Atomic number 101 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The f-block of the Periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which in the The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 32 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 8. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 56 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1818 K (1545 °C, 2813 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 2223 K (1950 °C, 3542 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 16. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 84 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 247 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 27. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 03 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 3 (basic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 25 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 596. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 7 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1160 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 2285 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 175 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 222 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Magnetic ordering | no data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (r.t.) (poly) 676 nΩ·m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 16. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 9 W·m−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (r.t.) (poly) 13. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 3 µm/(m·K) |
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| Young's modulus | 74. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 0 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 30. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 5 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 44. 5 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 213 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 520 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 471 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-30-4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selected isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Thulium (pronounced /ˈθjuːliəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton A lanthanide element, thulium is the least abundant of the rare earths. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster and can be cut by a knife. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across It has some corrosion resistance in dry air and good ductility. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without Naturally occurring thulium is made entirely of the stable isotope Tm-169. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge
Contents |
Applications
- Thulium has been used to create laser light but high production costs have prevented other commercial uses from being developed.
- High temperature superconductors use thulium as a better cathode than yttrium. High-temperature superconductors (abbreviated high Tc or HTS) are a family of superconducting Ceramic materials largely A cathode is an Electrode through which (positive Electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39
- When stable, thulium (Tm-169) is bombarded in a nuclear reactor it can later serve as a radiation source in portable X-ray devices. This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power. A nuclear reactor is a device in which Nuclear chain reactions are initiated controlled Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation.
- The unstable isotope Tm-171 could possibly be used as an energy source.
- Tm-169 has potential use in ceramic magnetic materials called ferrites, which are used in microwave equipment. Ferrites are a class of Chemical compounds with the formula AB2O4 where A and B represent various metal Cations usually including Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with Wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m or frequencies between 0
History
Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements (this was the same method Carl Gustaf Mosander earlier used to discover some other rare earth elements). Per Teodor Cleve ( Stockholm February 10, 1840 &ndash Uppsala June 18, 1905) was a Swedish Chemist Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Carl Gustaf Mosander ( Kalmar 10 September 1797 &ndash Lovö, Stockholm County 15 October, 1858) was a Cleve started by removing all of the known contaminants of erbia (Er2O3) and upon additional processing, obtained two new substances; one brown and one green. Erbium(III oxide, a pink solid is a compound of Erbium sometimes used as a colouring for Glasses and a dopant for optical fibres and optical amplifiers Erbium (ˈɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Er and Atomic number 68 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The brown substance turned out to be the oxide of the element holmium and was named holmia by Cleve and the green substance was the oxide of an unknown element. Holmium (ˈhoʊlmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ho and Atomic number 67 Holmia is the oxide of the element Holmium.It is used as a selective emitter for Thermophotovoltaic power systems Cleve named the oxide thulia and its element thulium after Thule, Scandinavia. Thulium(III oxide is a pale green solid compound with the formula Tm 2 O 3 Thule (ˈθuːli; Greek Θούλη Thoulē; also called Thile, Tile, Tilla, Toolee, or Tylen) is in
Thulium was so rare that none of the early workers had enough of it to purify sufficiently to actually see the green color; they had to be content with observing the strengthening of the two characteristic absorption bands, as erbium was progressively removed. The first researcher to obtain thulium nearly pure was the British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham NH: Charles James. In 1911, he reported his results, having used his discovered method of bromate fractional crystallization to do the purification. He famously needed 15,000 "operations" to establish that the material was homogeneous. [1]
High purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950's, as a result of the adoption of ion-exchange separation technology. Lindsay Chemical Division of American Potash & Chemical Corporation offered it in grades of 99% and 99. 9% purity, priced at US $850 or $900, respectively, per pound as of January 1959. This was the same price being asked for comparable grades of europium or terbium oxide; only lutetium oxide cost more (among the rare earths). The minimum order was one gram (at $4. 50 or $5. 00, depending on purity).
Occurrence
The element is never found in nature in pure form, but it is found in small quantities in minerals with other rare earths. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific It is principally extracted from monazite (~0. In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium 007% thulium) ores found in river sands through ion-exchange. Ion exchange is an exchange of Ions between two Electrolytes or between an electrolyte Solution and a complex. Newer ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to easier separation of the rare earths, which has yielded much lower costs for thulium production. The principal source today are the ion adsorption clays of southern China. In the versions of these, where about two-thirds of the total rare earth content is yttrium, thulium is about 0. 5% (or about tied with lutetium for rarity). The metal can be isolated through reduction of its oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction in a closed container. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Lanthanum (ˈlænθənəm is a Chemical element with the symbol La and Atomic number 57 Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 None of thulium's natural compounds are commercially important. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass.
Thulium is a rare element used to power portable X-ray machines.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring thulium is composed of 1 stable isotope, Tm-169 (100% natural abundance). Naturally occurring Thulium ( Tm) is composed of 1 stable Isotope, Tm-169 (100% Natural abundance) Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet 31 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Tm-171 with a half-life of 1. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 92 years, Tm-170 with a half-life of 128. 6 days, Tm-168 with a half-life of 93. 1 days, and Tm-167 with a half-life of 9. 25 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 64 hours, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 2 minutes. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. This element also has 14 meta states, with the most stable being Tm-164m (t½ 5. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 1 minutes), Tm-160m (t½ 74. 5 seconds) and Tm-155m (t½ 45 seconds).
The isotopes of thulium range in atomic weight from 145. The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 966 u (Tm-146) to 176. The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express 949 u (Tm-177). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, Tm-169, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products before Tm-169 are element 68 (erbium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 70 (ytterbium) isotopes. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Erbium (ˈɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Er and Atomic number 68
Precautions
Thulium has a low-to-moderate degree of acute toxicity and should be handled with care. Metallic thulium in dust form presents a fire and explosion hazard.
Fiction
Thulium is used as interstellar money in the book Illegal Aliens (authors Nick Polotta and Phil Foglio), due to its rarity and lack of other uses. Philip "Phil" Foglio (b 1956 is a Cartoonist and Comic book artist best known for his humorous Science fiction and Fantasy work
See also
- Ytterby
- Thulium compounds. Ytterby is a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, in Vaxholm Municipality in the Stockholm archipelago.
References
- ^ James, Charles (1911). "Thulium I". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 33 (8): 1332-1344.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division: Periodic Table – Thulium
- Guide to the Elements – Revised Edition, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1
- It's Elemental – Thulium
External links
- WebElements.com – Thulium (also used as a reference)
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