| Thrombosis Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | I80.-I82. |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 437.6, 453, 671.5, 671.9 |
| MeSH | D013927 |
Thrombosis is the formation of a clot or thrombus inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings I00-I99 - Diseases of the Circulatory system (I00-I02 Acute rheumatic fever ( Rheumatic fever without mention of Heart I00-I99 - Diseases of the Circulatory system (I00-I02 Acute rheumatic fever ( Rheumatic fever without mention of Heart The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books A thrombus, or blood clot, is the final product of the Blood coagulation step in Hemostasis. A thrombus, or blood clot, is the final product of the Blood coagulation step in Hemostasis. The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells €”such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Thromboembolism is a general term describing both thrombosis and its main complication which is embolisation. In Medicine, an embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli) migrates from one part of the Body (through circulation
Contents |
Causes
In classical terms, thrombosis is caused by abnormalities in one or more of the following (Virchow's triad):
- The composition of the blood (hypercoagulability)
- Quality of the vessel wall (endothelial cell injury)
- Nature of the blood flow (hemostasis)
The formation of a thrombus is usually caused by Virchow's triad. Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow ( 13 October 1821 &ndash 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, public health To elaborate, the pathogenesis includes: an injury to the vessel's wall (such as by trauma, infection, or turbulent flow at bifurcations); by the slowing or stagnation of blood flow past the point of injury (which may occur after long periods of sedentary behavior - for example, sitting on a long airplane flight); by a blood state of hypercoagulability (caused for example, by genetic deficiencies or autoimmune disorders).
High altitude has also been known to induce thrombosis [1][2]. Occasionally, abnormalities in coagulation are to blame. Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby Intravascular coagulation follows, forming a structureless mass of red blood cells, leukocytes, and fibrin. Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a Protein involved in the clotting of blood
Classification
There are two distinct forms of thrombosis:
Venous thrombosis
- Deep venous thrombosis (with or without pulmonary embolism; together classified as venous thromboembolism/VTE)
- Portal vein thrombosis
- Renal vein thrombosis
- Hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome)
- Paget-Schroetter disease (upper extremity vein)
- Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
- Thoracic outlet syndrome (the cause of most Subclavian Vein Thrombosis unrelated to trauma)
Arterial thrombosis
- Stroke (either thrombotic or embolic)
- Myocardial infarction (usually coronary thrombosis due to rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque)
- Thoracic outlet syndrome (may precipitate arterial thrombosis as well as venous)
Embolisation
If a bacterial infection is present at the site of thrombosis, the thrombus may break down, spreading particles of infected material throughout the circulatory system (pyemia, septic embolus) and setting up metastatic abscesses wherever they come to rest. A venous thrombosis is a Blood clot that forms within a Vein. In Medicine, deep vein thrombosis (also known as deep-vein thrombosis or deep venous thrombosis and usually abbreviated as DVT) is the formation Pulmonary embolism (PE is a blockage of the Pulmonary artery or one of its branches usually occurring when a venous Thrombus (blood clot from a vein Portal vein thrombosis is a form of Venous thrombosis affecting the Hepatic portal vein, which can lead to Portal hypertension and reduction in the blood Renal vein thrombosis (RVT is the formation of a Clot or Thrombus obstructing the Renal vein, leading to a reduction in drainage of the Kidney In Medicine ( Gastroenterology and Hepatology) Budd-Chiari syndrome is the clinical picture caused by Occlusion of the Hepatic vein Paget-Schroetter disease ( Paget-von Schrötter disease) refers to Deep vein thrombosis of an upper extremity vein including the Axillary vein or Subclavian Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis ( CVST) is a rare form of Stroke that results from Thrombosis (a blood clot of the Dural venous sinuses, which Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS consists of a group of distinct disorders that affect the Brachial plexus (nerves that pass into the Arms from the Neck A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Coronary thrombosis is a form of Thrombosis affecting the Coronary circulation. Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS consists of a group of distinct disorders that affect the Brachial plexus (nerves that pass into the Arms from the Neck This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Pyaemia (or pyemia) is a type of septicaemia that leads to widespread Abscesses of a metastatic nature A septic embolism is a type of Embolism that is infected with Bacteria, resulting in the formation of Pus. Without an infection, the thrombus may become detached and enter circulation as an embolus, finally lodging in and completely obstructing a blood vessel (an infarction). In Medicine, an embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli) migrates from one part of the Body (through circulation In Medicine, an infarction is the process resulting in a Macroscopic area of necrotic tissue in some organ caused by loss of adequate Blood supply The effects of an infarction depend on where it occurs.
Most thrombi, however, become organized into fibrous tissue, and the thrombosed vessel is gradually recanalized. Fibrinolysis is the process wherein a Fibrin clot, the product of Coagulation, is broken down
Prevention
Thrombosis and embolism can be partially prevented with anticoagulants in those deemed at risk. Generally, a risk-benefit analysis is required, as all anticoagulants lead to a small increase in the risk of major bleeding. In atrial fibrillation, for instance, the risk of stroke (calculated on the basis of additional risk factors, such as advanced age and high blood pressure) needs to outweigh the small but known risk of major bleeding associated with the use of warfarin. Atrial fibrillation ( AF or afib) is a Cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm that involves the two upper chambers ( atria) of the Heart A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated Warfarin (also known under the brand names Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an Anticoagulant. [1]
In people admitted to hospital, thrombosis is a major cause for complications and occasionally death. In the UK, for instance, the Parliamentary Health Select Committee heard in 2005 that the annual rate of death due to hospital-acquired thrombosis was 25,000. The Health Select Committee is one of the Select Committees of the British House of Commons. [2] In patients admitted for surgery, graded compression stockings are widely used, and in severe illness, prolonged immobility and in all orthopedic surgery, professional guidelines recommend low molecular weight heparin administration, mechanical calf compression or (if all else is contraindicated and the patient has recently suffered deep vein thrombosis) the insertion of a vena cava filter. Compression stockings are used to support the venous and lymphatic systems of the leg Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (also spelled orthopaedics) is the branch of Surgery concerned with injuries to or conditions involving the A medical guideline (also called a clinical guideline, clinical protocol or clinical practice guideline) is a document with the aim of guiding decisions In Medicine, low-molecular-weight heparin ( LMWH) is a class of Medication used as an Anticoagulant in diseases that feature Thrombosis An inferior vena cava filter, also IVC filter a type of vascular filter is a Medical device that is implanted into the Inferior vena cava to prevent [3][4] In patients with medical rather than surgical illness, LMWH too is known to prevent thrombosis,[4][5] and in the United Kingdom the Chief Medical Officer has issued guidance to the effect that preventative measures should be used in medical patients, in anticipation of formal guidelines. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located There are four Chief Medical Officers (CMO in the United Kingdom who are appointed to advise their respective governments on Health related matters Her Majesty's [2]
See also
References
- ^ National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is it stops Blood from clotting Clinical guideline 36: Atrial fibrillation. London, June 2006.
- ^ a b Hunt BJ (March 2008). "Awareness and politics of venous thromboembolism in the United kingdom". Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28 (3): 398–9. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 18296598.
- ^ National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical guideline 46: Venous thromboembolism (surgical). London, April 2007.
- ^ a b Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA, et al (September 2004). "Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy". Chest 126 (3 Suppl): 338S–400S. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15383478.
- ^ Dentali F, Douketis JD, Gianni M, Lim W, Crowther MA (February 2007). "Meta-analysis: anticoagulant prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medical patients" (PDF). Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (4): 278–88. PMID 17310052.
External links
- North American Thrombosis Forum - US organisation dedicated to clotting diseases of the circulatory system.
Dictionary
thrombosis
-noun
- (pathology) The formation of thrombi in the blood vessels of a living organism, causing obstruction of the circulation.
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