The Three Departments and Six Ministries system (traditional Chinese: 三省六部) was the main central administrative system adopted in ancient China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The system first took shape after the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-24 AD), was officially instituted in Sui Dynasty (589-618 AD), and matured during Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD). The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by It replaced the Three Lords and Nine Ministers system that was instituted in Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC). The Three Lords and Nine Ministers system ( was a central administrative system adopted in ancient China that was officially instituted in Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China The three departments were the Secretariat (中書省), the Chancellery (門下省), and the Department of State Affairs (尚書省), while the six ministries referred to the Ministry for Personnel (吏部), Revenue (戶部), Rites (禮部), War (兵部), Justice (刑部) and Works (工部). [1]
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Overview
Under this system, the Department of State Affairs, which controlled the six ministries, was the highest executive institution of the imperial government. The Secretariat was the main policy-formulating agency that was responsible for proposing and drafting all imperial decrees. The main function of the Chancellery was to advise the emperor and the Secretariat. The head of the Secretariat or the Department of State Affairs was generally referred to as the Chancellor, next only to the emperor in rank and power. The Chancellor ( variously translated as Prime Minister, Premier or Chief Councillor, was a generic name given to the highest-ranking official in the
The six ministries were direct administrative organs of the state and each was headed by a Minister (尚書) who was assisted by a Vice Minister (侍郎). The Ministry of Personnel was in charge of appointments, merit ratings, promotions, and demotions of officials, as well as granting of honorific titles. [2] The Ministry of Revenue was in charge of gathering census data, collecting taxes, and handling state revenues, while there were two offices of currency that were subordinate to it. [3] The Ministry of Rites was in charge of state ceremonies, rituals, and sacrifices; it also oversaw registers for Buddhist and Daoist priesthoods and even the reception of envoys from tributary states. [4] The Ministry of War was in charge of the appointments, promotions, and demotions of military officers, the maintenance of military installations, equipment, and weapons, as well as the courier system. [5] The Ministry of Justice was in charge of judicial and penal processes, but had no supervisory role over the Censorate or the Grand Court of Revision. [6] The Ministry of Works was in charge of government construction projects, hiring of artisans and laborers for temporary service, manufacturing government equipment, the maintenance of roads and canals, standardization of weights and measures, and the gathering of resources from the countryside. [6]
History
The origin of the Three Departments and Six Ministries system can be traced as far as the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD). The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Han government adopted the so-called Three Lords and Nine Ministers system led by the Chancellor, the head of all civil service officials. The Three Lords and Nine Ministers system ( was a central administrative system adopted in ancient China that was officially instituted in Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 The Chancellor ( variously translated as Prime Minister, Premier or Chief Councillor, was a generic name given to the highest-ranking official in the After emperor Wu (156–87 BC), however, the Chancellor gradually lost his power. Background birth and years as crown prince Emperor Wu was the tenth child of Emperor Jing, and was born to one of Emperor Jing's favorite Concubines, At the beginning of Cao Wei, a secretarial institution was established to assist the emperor, which was later expanded and renamed as the Secretariat. Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period [7]
See also
Notes
- ^ Li, 130. The Grand Secretariat ( Pinyin: Nèigé was nominally a coordinating agency but de facto the highest institution in the Ming imperial government The Censorate (御史台 yùshǐtái later 都察院 dūcháyuàn was a top-level surveillance agency in ancient China, first instituted in Qin Dynasty (221&ndash207 The Three Lords and Nine Ministers system ( was a central administrative system adopted in ancient China that was officially instituted in Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 The Three Excellencies ( or the Three Lords was the collective name for the three highest officials in the Han Dynasty. The Nine Ministers ( was the collective name for nine important officials in the imperial government in Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD
- ^ Hucker, 32.
- ^ Hucker, 33.
- ^ Hucker, 33–35.
- ^ Hucker, 35.
- ^ a b Hucker, 36.
- ^ Lu, 235.
References
- Denis C. Twitchett, John K. Fairbank (Hrsg. ) (1979). The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589–906. Cambridge University Press, p. 179. ISBN 0-521-21446-7.
- Li, Konghuai (2007). History of Administrative Systems in Ancient China (in Chinese). Joint Publishing (H. K. ) Co. , Ltd. . ISBN 978-962-04-2654-4.
- Lu, Simian (2008). The General History of China (in Chinese). New World Publishing. ISBN 978-7-80228-569-9.
- Wang, Yü-Ch'üan (June 1949). "An Outline of The Central Government of The Former Han Dynasty". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12 (1/2): 134-187.
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