Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak 
Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak 

Thrace (Bulgarian: Тракия, Trakiya or Trakia, Greek: Θράκη, Thráki, Turkish: Trakya) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. Kazanlak (Казанлък is a Bulgarian town located in the middle of the plain of the same name at the foot of the Balkan mountain range, Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Today the name Thrace designates a region spread over southern Bulgaria (Northern Thrace), northeastern Greece (Western Thrace), and European Turkey (Eastern Thrace). The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Upper Thracian Plain (Горнотракийска низина Gornotrakiyska nizina) constitutes the northern part of the historical region of Thrace. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Area - Demographics The approximate area of Thrace is 8578 km² with a population of 368993 (2006 est Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches East Thrace, or Eastern Thrace (Източна Тракия Iztochna Trakiya; Ανατολική Θράκη or Turkish Thrace, is the part of the modern Thrace borders on three seas: the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian In Turkey, it is also called Rumeli. Rumelia or Rumeli ( Turkish: Rumeli ("Land of the Romans" from Rum: "Greek" "Roman" and El

The historical boundaries of Thrace have varied. Ancient Thrace (i. e. the territory where ethnic Thracians lived) included present day Bulgaria, European Turkey, north-eastern Greece and parts of eastern Serbia and eastern Republic of Macedonia. "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian For Turkey in the European Union see Accession of Turkey to the European Union European Turkey or Turkey in Europe was the term used Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Republic of Macedonia (Република Its boundaries were between the Danube River to the north and the Aegean Sea to the south, to the east - the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara and on the west to the Vardar and Great Morava rivers. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian The Vardar or Axios ( Αξιός Axiós or Βαρδάρης Vardárīs; Latin: Axius) is the longest and major River in the The Velika Morava or Great Morava ( Serbian Cyrillic: Велика Морава) is a final section of the Morava (Cyrillic Морава The Roman province of Thrace was somewhat smaller, having the same eastern maritime limits and being bounded on the north by the Balkan Mountains; the Roman province extended west only to the Mesta River. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The Balkan Mountain range ( Bulgarian and Стара планина Stara planina, "Old Mountain" The Mesta (Места or Nestos (Νέστος is a river in Bulgaria and Greece.

Thraciae veteris typvs.
Thraciae veteris typvs.
Classical Thrace and environs, from Alexander G. Findlay's Classical Atlas to Illustrate Ancient Geography, New York, 1849
Classical Thrace and environs, from Alexander G. Findlay's Classical Atlas to Illustrate Ancient Geography, New York, 1849

Contents

Ancient history

The indigenous population of Thrace was a people called the Thracians, divided into numerous tribal groups. "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity Thracian troops were known to accompany neighboring ruler Alexander the Great when he crossed the Hellespont which abuts Thrace, and took on the Persian Empire of the day. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' See also Dardanelles Hellespont ( Turkish, Greek; ie "Sea of Helle" variously named in classical literature Hellespontium Pelagus The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia

In Greek mythology

Ancient Greek mythology provides them with a mythical ancestor, named Thrax, son of the war-god Ares, who was said to reside in Thrace. In Greek mythology, Thrax (by his name simply the quintessential Thracian) was regarded as one of the reputed sons of Ares. In Greek mythology, Ares ( Ancient Greek:, Μodern Greek Άρης) is the son of Zeus and Hera. The Thracians appear in Homer's Iliad as Trojan allies, led by Acamas and Peiros. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or This article is about Acamas in Greek mythology for the promontory in Cyprus see Akamas Acamas ( English translation: "unwearying" The first version of this article has been based in the text of of the published under GFDL. Later in the Iliad, another Thracian king makes an appearance, named Rhesus. Cisseus, father-in-law to the Trojan elder Antenor, is also given as a Thracian king. In Greek mythology, Cisseus was a Thracian king and father of Theano, the wife of Antenor, as related in Homer 's Iliad. This article is about the historical sculptor For the mythological figure see Antenor. Homeric Thrace was vaguely defined, and stretched from the River Axios in the west to the Hellespont and Black Sea in the east. Axios ( Greek Άξιος " is worthy" is an Acclamation that is made by the faithful See also Dardanelles Hellespont ( Turkish, Greek; ie "Sea of Helle" variously named in classical literature Hellespontium Pelagus The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Catalogue of Ships mentions three separate contingents from Thrace: Thracians led by Acamas and Peiros, from Aenus; Cicones led by Euphemus, from southern Thrace, near Ismarus; and from the city of Sestus, on the Thracian (northern) side of the Hellespont, which formed part of the contingent led by Asius. The Catalogue of Ships (νεῶν κατάλογος neōn katalogos) is a passage in Book Aenus may refer to Aenus (Thrace, an ancient city Inn River The Cicones or Ciconians (Κίκονες were a Thracian tribe whose stronghold in the time of Odysseus was the city of Ismara (or There are two figures in Greek mythology known as Euphemus (Εὔφημος "reputable" Ismara ( Ancient Greek:) also Ismaros or Ismarus was an ancient Ciconian town on the Aegean coast of Thrace and supposedly Sestos was an ancient town of the Thracian Chersonese, the modern Gallipoli peninsula in European Turkey. Greek mythology is replete with Thracian kings, including Diomedes, Tereus, Lycurgus, Phineus, Tegyrius, Eumolpus, Polymnestor, Poltys, and Oeagrus (father of Orpheus). The Mares of Diomedes were four man-eating horses in Greek mythology. In Greek mythology, Tereus (Τηρεύς was a son of Ares and husband of Procne. In Greek mythology, Eumolpus (also Eumolpos) was the son of Poseidon and Chione. Polymnestor is one of the characters in Euripides' Hecuba, the king of Thracian Hersones Poltys is also a genus of orb-weaving spider. Poltys is a mythical king and eponym of the Thracian city of Poltyobria Oeagrus ( Ancient Greek:; Modern Greek: Οίαγρος in Greek mythology was a king of Thrace. Orpheus ( Greek: Ὀρφεύς ˈɔrfiəs ( OHR-fee-uhs) or /ˈɔrfjuːs/ ( OHR'-fews) in English is a figure from Greek mythology born in In addition to the tribe that Homer calls Thracians, ancient Thrace was home to numerous other tribes, such as the Edones, Bisaltae, Cicones, and Bistones. The Edoni (also Edones, Edonians, Edonides) were a Thracian people who dwelt mostly between the Nestus and the Strymon The Bisaltae were a Thracian people on the lower Strymon river who gave their name to Bisaltia, the district between Amphipolis and Heraclea The Cicones or Ciconians (Κίκονες were a Thracian tribe whose stronghold in the time of Odysseus was the city of Ismara (or

In history and archaeology

See also: Thrace (satrapy)

Divided into separate tribes, the Thracians did not manage to form a lasting political organization until the Odrysian state was founded in the 4th century BC. Thrace was a Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. It was conquered by general Mardonius, under the reign of Darius the Great. The Odrysian kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes that endured between the 5th century BC and the 3rd century BC. The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. According to the ancient sources, which are limited, the mountainous regions were home to various warlike and ferocious tribes, while the plains peoples were apparently more peaceable, owing to contacts and influences from the Greeks. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions

These Indo-European peoples, while considered barbarian and rural by their refined and urbanized Greek neighbors, had developed advanced forms of music, poetry, industry, and artistic crafts. Aligning themselves in petty kingdoms and tribes, they never achieved any form of national unity beyond short, dynastic rules at the height of the Greek classical period. Similar to the Gauls and other Celtic tribes, most people are thought to have lived simply in small fortified villages, usually on hilltops. Although the concept of an urban center wasn't developed until the Roman period, various larger fortifications which also served as regional market centers were numerous. Yet, in general, despite Greek colonization in such areas as Byzantium, Apollonia or Tomi, the Thracians avoided urban life. This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM Sozopol (Созопол Sozopolis Antheia Apollonia is a ancient town and seaside resort located 15 km south of Burgas on the southern Bulgarian Black Constanţa (pronunciation in Romanian: /kon'stanʦa/ historical names Tomis, Κωνστάντια or Constantia, Köstence

Thracian coin, 2nd century BCE.Obv: Head of a horse, and initials of the minting city ("Pan" for Panticapaeum).Rev: Vergina Sun withtin diadem (a symbol also employed by the Hebrew king Alexander Jannaeus, also under Hellenistic influence).
Thracian coin, 2nd century BCE.
Obv: Head of a horse, and initials of the minting city ("Pan" for Panticapaeum). Panticapaeum ( Greek: Παντικάπαιον Pantikápaion) present-day Kerch: an important Greek city and port in Taurica (Tauric
Rev: Vergina Sun withtin diadem (a symbol also employed by the Hebrew king Alexander Jannaeus, also under Hellenistic influence). Interpretations of the symbol The significance of the Vergina Sun is unclear Alexander Jannaeus (also known as Alexander Jannai/Yannai) king of Judea from (103 BCE to 76 BCE son of John Hyrcanus, inherited the throne from his

The Thracians fell early under the cultural influence of the ancient Greeks, preserving until a much later time, however, their language and culture. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions It also appears from mythological accounts that the Thracians influenced Greek culture from a very early period, with some Thracians, such as Orpheus, even appearing as culture-bearers in some myths. Orpheus ( Greek: Ὀρφεύς ˈɔrfiəs ( OHR-fee-uhs) or /ˈɔrfjuːs/ ( OHR'-fews) in English is a figure from Greek mythology born in But as non-Greek speakers, they were viewed by the Greeks as barbarians. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived The first Greek colonies in Thrace were founded in the 6th century BC. Colonies in antiquity were City-states founded from a mother- City The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC.

Throughout the 6th century BC, Thracian infantry was heavily recruited by Greek states and large deposits of gold and silver were mined.

Thrace south of the Danube (except for the land of the Bessi) was ruled for nearly half a century by the Persians under Darius the Great, who conducted an expedition into the region from 513 BC to 512 BC. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Bessi ( Vesi) were an independent Thracian tribe who lived in a territory ranging from Moesia to Mount Rhodope in southern Thrace The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed Events and trends 519 BC — Zhou Jing Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. Events and trends 519 BC — Zhou Jing Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.

Before the expansion of the kingdom of Macedon, Thrace was divided into three camps (East, Central, and West) after the withdrawal of the Persians. Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most A notable ruler of the East Thracians was the overking Cersobleptes, who attempted to expand his power over many of the Thracian tribes. Cersobleptes (in Greek Kερσoβλέπτης) was son of Cotys, king of Thrace, on whose death in 358 BC he inherited the kingdom He was eventually defeated by the Macedonians. The Ancient Macedonians (Μακεδόνες Makedónes were an ancient tribe which inhabited the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axius, north

The region was conquered by Philip II of Macedon in the 4th century BC and was ruled by the kingdom of Macedon for a century and a half. Philip II of Macedon, ( Greek: Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών &mdash φίλος = friend + ίππος = Horse Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most During the Macedonian Wars, conflict between Rome and Thracia was inevitable. The Macedonian and Seleucid wars were a series of conflicts fought by Rome during and after the Second Punic war, in the eastern Mediterranean, the Adriatic The destruction of the ruling parties in Macedonia destabilized their authority over Thrace, and its tribal authorities began to act once more on their own accord. After the battle of Pydna in 168 BC, Roman authority over Macedonia seemed inevitable, and the governing of Thracia passed to Rome. Neither the Thracians nor the Macedonians had yet resolved themselves to Roman dominion, and several revolts took place during this period of transition. The revolt of Andriscus in 149 BC, as an example, drew the bulk of its support from Thracia. Andriscus, also spelt Andriskos and often called the "pseudo-Philip" was ruler of Adramyttium in Aeolis, part of western Anatoliawho claimed Several incursions by local tribes into Macedonia continued for many years, though there were tribes who willingly allied themselves to Rome, such as the Deneletae and the Bessi. The Bessi ( Vesi) were an independent Thracian tribe who lived in a territory ranging from Moesia to Mount Rhodope in southern Thrace

The next century and a half saw the slow development of Thracia into a permanent Roman client state. The Sapaei tribe came to the forefront initially under the rule of Rhascuporis. He was known to have granted assistance to both Pompey and Caesar, and later supported the Republican armies against Antonius and Octavian in the final days of the Republic. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Antonius (fem Antonia) was the Nomen of the gens Antonia, one of the most important plebeian (meaning not Patrician Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was The familiar heirs of Rhascuporis were then as deeply tied into political scandal and murder as were their Roman masters. A series of royal assassinations altered the ruling landscape for several years in the early Roman imperial period. Various factions took control, with the support of the Roman Emperor. The turmoil would eventually stop with one final assassination.

Thracian tribes in Thrace before the Roman invasion.
Thracian tribes in Thrace before the Roman invasion.

In 279 BC, Celtic Gauls advanced into Macedonia, Southern Greece and Thrace. Events By place Greece An army of Gauls under Brennus invade Greece. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western They were soon forced out of Macedonia and Southern Greece, but they remained in Thrace until the end of the century. Tylis ( Greek: Τύλις or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorios From Thrace, three Celtic tribes advanced into Anatolia and formed a new kingdom called Galatia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey.

Following the Third Macedonian War, Thracia came to acknowledge Roman authority. The Third Macedonian War ( 171 BC - 168 BC) was a war fought between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon. The client state of Thracia comprised several different tribes. Client state is one of several terms used to describe the subordination of one state to a more powerful state in international affairs [1]

After Roimitalkes III of the Thracian Kingdom of Sapes was murdered in 46 by his wife, Thracia was incorporated as an official Roman province to be governed by Procurators, and later Praetorian Prefects. Sapes (Σάπες Şapçı is the second largest city in Rhodope prefecture of Greece. Year 46 was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i The central governing authority of Rome was based in Perinthus, but regions within the province were uniquely under the command of military subordinates to the governor. Marmara Ereğli is a town and district of Tekirdağ Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. The lack of large urban centers made Thracia a difficult place to manage, but eventually the province flourished under Roman rule. It is considered that many of the Thracians were Hellenized in these times. Hellenization (or Hellenisation) is a term used to describe the spread of Greek culture. However the Bessi ,who were a Thracian tribe of the Rodope Mountains, were still speaking Thracian.

Roman authority of Thracia rested mainly with the legions stationed in Moesia. Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the The rural nature of Thracia's populations, and distance from Roman authority, certainly inspired the presence of local troops to support Moesia's legions. Over the next few centuries, the province was periodically and increasingly attacked by migrating Germanic tribes. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The reign of Justinian saw the construction of over 100 legionary fortresses to supplement the defense. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription,"

Culture

Coat of Arms of Roman (Byzantine) Thrace (Stemmatographia from 1741)
Coat of Arms of Roman (Byzantine) Thrace (Stemmatographia from 1741)
Coat of arms of Ottoman Thrace (Stemmatographia from 1741)
Coat of arms of Ottoman Thrace (Stemmatographia from 1741)

Owing to their martial reputation, the Thracian tribesmen were much used as mercenaries by the Greek kings of Syria, Pergamum, Bithynia, and other regions. Hristofor Zhefarovich (original Cyrillic: Христофоръ Жефаровичъ Bulgarian: Христофор Жефарович Hristofor Zhefarovich A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Description Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara) Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius Thracian mercenaries were always in demand, as they were fierce fighters, especially in rocky or hilly regions similar to their homeland. They were however considered a bit expensive at times, and liable to switch sides. The principal Thracian weapons in the fifth and fourth centuries were the spear and the knife. This is an article about a particle accelerator For uses of spear, see Spear or Spear (disambiguation. A knife is a handheld sharp-edged instrument consisting of handle attached to a Blade used for cutting Much earlier Thracian infantry had been armed with axes, while their leaders rode chariots. The axe, or ax, is an implement that has been used for millennia to shape split and cut Wood, Harvest timber, as a Weapon The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of Carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples Thracian light infantry could be armed with javelins, slings, or bows, with javelins predominating. Traditionally light infantry (or skirmishers) were soldiers whose job was to provide a Skirmishing screen ahead of the main body of Infantry, harassing The pilum (plural pila) was a heavy javelin commonly used by the Roman army in ancient times A bow is a Weapon that projects arrows powered by the elasticity of the bow Thracian warriors, particularly the hillmen, were especially famous for an unusual weapon which combined elements of sword, sickle and polearm, which was called the Rhomphaia, and was carried increasingly by Thracian infantry in the centuries following Alexander the Great's death until it became a trademark of the mercenary Thracian peltast. The Rhomphaia was a close combat bladed weapon used by the Thracians as early as 400 B Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Even the Romans dreaded this fearsome weapon. Cavalry armament for all Thracians except the Getae consisted of 2 cornel wood javelins that could be thrust with or thrown. They also carried the typical Kopis. The Getae often used bows instead of javelins, and the akinakes instead of the kopis. Thracian tribes also used more exotic weapons such as spiked axles, or carts rolled down steep hills. Thracians were known for their hit and run tactics consisting of random melee attacks followed by quick retreats. The backbone of the Thracian military were the Thracian Peltast, a type of light infantry that was equally at home fighting hand-to-hand and at a distance (throwing javelins). A peltast ( Ancient Greek: πελταστής was a type of Light infantry in Ancient Greece who often served as Skirmishers Peltasts were unarmored except for their curved shields. They carried some form of short sword or melee weapon and an assortment of javelins. The wealthy nobility wore helmets with pointed tops in order to accommodate their top-knot hairstyles.

The Thracian calendar was similar to that of the Egyptians. Each year had twelve months, totaling 360 days, and 5 days were added to the last month; there were three seasons. The Thracians celebrated 60 main holidays. [2]

Medieval history

By the mid 5th century, as the Roman Empire began to crumble, Thracia fell from the authority of Rome and into the hands of Germanic tribal rulers. With the fall of Rome, Thracia turned into a battleground territory for the better part of the next 1,000 years. The eastern successor of the Roman Empire in the Balkans, the Byzantine Empire, retained control over Thrace until the beginning of the 9th century when most of the region was incorporated into Bulgaria. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Byzantium regained Thrace in 972 only to lose it again to the Bulgarians at the end of the 12th century. 972 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Europe Otto II marries Theophanu, Byzantine Throughout the 13th century and the first half of the 14th century, the region oscillated between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire. In 1265 the area suffered a Mongol raid from Golden Horde, led by Nogai Khan. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Nogai Khan (died 1299 also called Kara Nogai (Black Nogai was a General and de facto ruler of the Golden Horde and a great-grandson of Genghis In 1352, the Ottoman Turks conducted their first incursion into the region subduing it completely within a matter of two decades and ruling over it for five centuries. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family

Modern history

Proposal to cede Eastern Thrace to Greece during World War I. This photocopy came from a larger, color map.
Proposal to cede Eastern Thrace to Greece during World War I. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All This photocopy came from a larger, color map.
The modern boundaries of Thrace in Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria.
The modern boundaries of Thrace in Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian

In 1878, Northern Thrace was incorporated into the semi-autonomous Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia, which united with Bulgaria in 1885. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Eastern Rumelia or Eastern Roumelia (Източна Румелия Iztochna Rumeliya; Ottoman Turkish: Rumeli-i Şarkî; Modern Turkish Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The rest of Thrace was divided between Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey at the beginning of the 20th century, following the Balkan Wars, World War I and the Greco-Turkish War. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Today Thracian is a strong regional identity in Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

Genetical descendants according to mt. DNA: (partway) Bulgarians, Romanians Serbians http://www.scribd.com/doc/321869/02-cardos-mtdna

Cities of Thrace

Bulgaria

Greece

Turkey

Famous Thracians and people from Thrace

See also

Sources

External links

Dictionary

Thrace

-proper noun

  1. A region in northeastern Greece, much of southern Bulgaria, and parts of northwestern Turkey. It contains the prefectures of Comotene, Ebros, Rhodope, and Xanthe, it used to contain Adrianople (now Edirne), and Kesan which are now Turkish.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic