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For other persons named Thomas Reid, see Thomas Reid (disambiguation). Thomas Reid (1710-1796 was a Scottish philosopher Thomas or Tom Reid may also refer to Thomas Reid (footballer (born 1905
Western Philosophy
18th-century philosophy,
Thomas Reid
Name
Thomas Reid
Birth April 26, 1710 ( Strachan, Kincardineshire, Scotland )
Death October 7, 1796 ( Glasgow, Scotland )
School/tradition Scottish School of Common Sense,
Scottish Enlightenment
Main interests Metaphysics, Epistemology, Mind, Ethics
Notable ideas direct realism, proper functionalism (later made popular by Alvin Plantinga)
Influenced by Hume, Cicero, Aquinas, Berkeley
Influenced Cousin, Plantinga, C.S. Peirce, Moore, Iain King, Alston, Hartley

Thomas Reid (April 26, 1710 – October 7, 1796), Scottish philosopher, and a contemporary of David Hume, was the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense, and played an integral role in the Scottish Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1710 ( MDCCX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year Strachan is a surname and may refer to Andy Strachan drummer Douglas Strachan Scottish designer of stained glass windows The County of Kincardine, also known as Kincardineshire or The Mearns (from A' Mhaoirne meaning 'The Stewartry' was a local government Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Scottish School of Common Sense was a school of Philosophy that flourished in Scotland in the late 18th and early 19th centuries The Scottish Enlightenment was the period in 18th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Direct realism, also known as Naive realism or common sense realism is a theory of Perception that claims that the Senses provide us with direct Awareness Alvin Carl Plantinga (born 1932 is a contemporary American Philosopher known for his work in Epistemology, Metaphysics, and the Philosophy David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman George Berkeley (ˈbɑrkli (12 March 1685 14 January 1753 also known as Bishop Berkeley, was a Philosopher. Victor Cousin ( 28 November 1792 - 13 January 1867) was a French Philosopher. Alvin Carl Plantinga (born 1932 is a contemporary American Philosopher known for his work in Epistemology, Metaphysics, and the Philosophy Charles Sanders Peirce (pronounced purse) (September 10 1839 &ndash April 19 1914 was an American Logician mathematician, philosopher "GE Moore" redirects here For the cofounder of Intel see Gordon Moore. Iain King (born 1971 is a contemporary British Moral philosopher. William P Alston (born 1921 is professor emeritus at Syracuse University, and has made influential contributions to the Philosophy of David Hartley (June 21 1705&ndashAugust 28 1757 was an English philosopher and founder of the Associationist school of Psychology Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1710 ( MDCCX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy The Scottish School of Common Sense was a school of Philosophy that flourished in Scotland in the late 18th and early 19th centuries The Scottish Enlightenment was the period in 18th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments The early part of his life was spent in Aberdeen, Scotland, where he created the 'Wise Club' (a literary-philosophical association) and graduated from the University of Aberdeen. Aberdeen ( pronounced; Aiberdeen Obar Dheathain is Scotland 's third most populous city and one of Scotland's 32 local government council Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland. He was given a professorship at King's College, Aberdeen in 1752, where he wrote An Inquiry Into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense (published in 1764). King's College in Old Aberdeen, Scotland, is a formerly independent university founded in 1495 and an integral part of the University of Aberdeen. Shortly afterward he was given the prestigious Professorship of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow when he was called to replace Adam Smith. The Chair of Moral Philosophy is a professorship at Glasgow University, Scotland, which was established in 1727 The University of Glasgow (Oilthigh Ghlaschu was founded in 1451 in Glasgow, Scotland and along with its contemporary institutions the University of St Andrews Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of Political economy. He resigned from this position in 1781.

Reid believed that common sense (in a special philosophical sense) is, or at least should be, at the foundation of all philosophical inquiry. Common sense (or when used attributively as an Adjective, commonsense, common-sense, or commonsensical) based on a strict construction He disagreed with Hume and George Berkeley, who asserted that the external world is merely ideas in the mind. George Berkeley (ˈbɑrkli (12 March 1685 14 January 1753 also known as Bishop Berkeley, was a Philosopher. Reid claimed that common sense tells us that there is an external world.

In his day and for some years into the 19th century, he was regarded as more important than David Hume. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy He advocated direct realism, or common sense realism, and argued strongly against the Theory of Ideas advocated by John Locke, René Descartes, and (in varying forms) nearly all Early Modern philosophers who came after them. Direct realism, also known as Naive realism or common sense realism is a theory of Perception that claims that the Senses provide us with direct Awareness Naïve realism is a Common sense Theory of Perception. Most people until they start reflecting philosophically, are naïve realists In Western civilization, Idealism is the philosophy which maintains that the Ultimate nature of reality is ideal or based upon ideas values essences The so-called John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. 17th century philosophy in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of Modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach He had a great admiration for Hume and asked him to correct the first manuscript of his (Reid's) Inquiry.

Thomas Reid's Theory of Common Sense

His theory of knowledge had a strong influence on his theory of morals. He thought epistemology was an introductory part to practical ethics: When we are confirmed in our common beliefs by philosophy, all we have to do is to act according to them, because we know what is right. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge His moral philosophy is reminiscent of the Latin stoicism mediated by the scholastics, St. Thomas Aquinas and the Christian way of life. Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries He often quotes Cicero, from whom he adopted the term "sensus communis"

He set down six axioms which he regarded as an essential basis for reasoning, all derived from "sensus communis":

These axioms did not so much answer the testing problems set by David Hume and, earlier, René Descartes, as simply deny them. David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy Contemporary philosopher Roy Sorensen writes "Reid's common sense looks like an impression left by Hume; concave where Hume is convex, convex where Hume is concave. One explanation is that common sense is reactive. . . Without a provocateur, common sense is faceless. "

His reputation waned after attacks on the Scottish School of Common Sense by Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, but his was the philosophy taught in the colleges of North America, during the 19th century, and was championed by Victor Cousin, a French philosopher. The Scottish School of Common Sense was a school of Philosophy that flourished in Scotland in the late 18th and early 19th centuries Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Victor Cousin ( 28 November 1792 - 13 January 1867) was a French Philosopher. Justus Buchler showed that Reid was an important influence on the American philosopher C.S. Peirce, who shared Reid's concern to revalue common sense and whose work links Reid to pragmatism. Charles Sanders Peirce (pronounced purse) (September 10 1839 &ndash April 19 1914 was an American Logician mathematician, philosopher Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. To Peirce, the closest we can get to truth in this world is a consensus of millions that something is so. Common sense is socially constructed truth, open to verification much like scientific method, and constantly evolving as evidence, perception, and practice warrant. Reid's reputation has revived in the wake of the advocacy of common sense as a philosophical method or criterion by G. E. Moore early in the 20th century, and more recently due to the attention given to Reid by contemporary philosophers, in particular those seeking to defend Christianity from philosophical attacks, such as William Alston and Alvin Plantinga. "GE Moore" redirects here For the cofounder of Intel see Gordon Moore. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings William P Alston (born 1921 is professor emeritus at Syracuse University, and has made influential contributions to the Philosophy of Alvin Carl Plantinga (born 1932 is a contemporary American Philosopher known for his work in Epistemology, Metaphysics, and the Philosophy

He wrote a number of important philosophical works, including Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense (1764, Glasgow & London), Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785) and Essays on the Active Powers of Man (1788). In 1844, Schopenhauer praised Reid for explaining that the perception of external objects does not result from the raw data that is received through the five senses:

Thomas Reid's excellent book, Inquiry into the Human Mind …, affords us a very thorough conviction of the inadequacy of the senses for producing the objective perception of things, and also of the non-empirical origin of the intuition of space and time. Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Senses are the physiological methods of Perception. The senses and their operation classification and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. Space is the extent within which Matter is physically extended and objects and Events have positions relative to one another For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Reid refutes Locke's teaching that perception is a product of the senses. This he does by a thorough and acute demonstration that the collective sensations of the senses do not bear the least resemblance to the world known through perception, and in particular by showing that Locke's five primary qualities (extension, figure, solidity, movement, number) cannot possibly be supplied to us by any sensation of the senses. … .

– The World as Will and Representation, Vol. Published in 1819 The World as Will and Representation is the central work of Arthur Schopenhauer. II, Ch. 2

See also


External links

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