Western Philosophy 18th-century philosophy
Thomas Paine
Name	Thomas Paine
Birth	January 29, 1737 Thetford, England, Great Britain
Death	June 8, 1809 (aged 72) New York, NY, U.S.
School/tradition	Enlightenment, Radicalism, Classical liberalism, Republicanism
Main interests	Ethics, Politics
Influenced by	Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Religious Society of Friends, Montesquieu
Influenced	Thomas Jefferson, Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Edison, Moncure D. Conway, Bertrand Russell, Christopher Hitchens,Robert G. Ingersoll. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1737 ( MDCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Thetford is a Market town and Civil parish in the Breckland area of Norfolk, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (Eng Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud ( May 31, 1753 – October 31, 1793) was a French Orator and revolutionary. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Moncure Daniel Conway ( March 17, 1832 &ndash November 5, 1907) was an American Abolitionist, clergyman and author Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949) is a British Author, Journalist, Literary critic and American Colonel Robert Green Ingersoll ( August 11, 1833 &ndash July 21, 1899) was a Civil War veteran American political leader

Thomas Paine (Thetford, England, 29 January 1737 – 8 June 1809, New York City, U.S.) was an English pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, classical liberal, inventor and intellectual. Thetford is a Market town and Civil parish in the Breckland area of Norfolk, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1737 ( MDCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A pamphleteer is a historical term for someone who creates or distributes Pamphlets Pamphlets were used to broadcast the writer's opinions on an issue for example in order A revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of Revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, He lived and worked in Britain until the age of 37, when he migrated to the American colonies just in time to take part in the American Revolution. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" His main contribution was as the author of the powerful, widely read pamphlet, Common Sense (1776), advocating independence for the American Colonies from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and of The American Crisis, a series of pamphlets distributed between 1776-1783 that supported the Revolution. Common Sense was a Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. It was first published anonymously on January 10, 1776, during the American The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The American Crisis was a series of pamphlets published from 1776 to 1783 during the American Revolution by eighteenth century enlightenment Philosopher

Later, Paine was a great influence on the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an He wrote the Rights of Man (1791) as a guide to the ideas of the Enlightenment. Rights of Man (1787 by Thomas Paine, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard its people their natural rights The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Despite an inability to speak French, he was elected to the French National Convention in 1792. During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly Regarded as an ally of the Girondists, he was seen with increasing disfavour by the Montagnards and in particular by Robespierre. The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative The Mountain (in French La Montagne) refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group whose members called Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794)

Paine was arrested in Paris and imprisoned in December 1793; he was released in 1794. He became notorious with his book, The Age of Reason (1793-94), which advocated deism and took issue with Christian doctrines. The Age of Reason Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology, a Deistic treatise written by eighteenth-century British radical and American Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth While in France, he also wrote a pamphlet titled Agrarian Justice (1795), which discussed the origins of property and introduced a concept that is similar to a guaranteed minimum income. Agrarian Justice, written by Thomas Paine, was published in 1797 Guaranteed minimum income (GMI is a proposed system of Social welfare provision that guarantees that all Citizens or families have an income sufficient

Paine remained in France during the early Napoleonic era, but condemned Napoleon's moves towards dictatorship, calling him "the completest charlatan that ever existed. Timeline of the Napoleonic eraThe Napoleonic Era is a period in the History of France and Europe "^[1] Paine remained in France until 1802, when he returned to America on an invitation from Thomas Jefferson, who had been elected president. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence

Paine died at age 72, on 59 Grove Street in Greenwich Village, New York City, on the morning of June 8, 1809. Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan The City of New York Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year His burial site is located in New Rochelle, New York where he had lived after returning to America in 1802. New Rochelle ( French: Nouvelle-Rochelle) is a city in the south-east portion of the U His remains were later disinterred by an admirer looking to return them to England; his final resting place today is unknown.

Contents 1 Early life 2 American Revolution 3 Rights of Man 4 Later years 5 Views 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links

Early life

Thomas Paine was born to Joseph Paine, a Quaker, and Frances Paine (née Cocke) an Anglican, in Thetford, a small market town and coaching stage-post, in rural Norfolk. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Thetford is a Market town and Civil parish in the Breckland area of Norfolk, England. Norfolk (ˈnɔrfək is a low-lying county in East Anglia, England, United Kingdom. He attended Thetford Grammar School, which selected entrants on ability, from 1744-1749^[2] at a time when there was no compulsory education. He was apprenticed to his father, a corset maker, at 13, but apparently failed at this. In his late teens Paine enlisted as a privateer ^[3], serving a short time before returning to Great Britain in April 1759. A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping There he became a master corsetmaker and set up a shop in Sandwich, Kent. Sandwich is a historic town in Kent, south-east England. It was one of the Cinque Ports and still has many original medieval buildings KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format On September 27, 1759, Paine married Mary Lambert. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1759 ( MDCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year His business collapsed soon after. His wife became pregnant, and, following a move to Margate, went into early labor and died along with her child. Margate is a Seaside resort town within the Thanet district of East Kent, England.

In July 1761, Paine returned to Thetford where he worked as a supernumerary officer. Supernumerary is an additional member of an organization A supernumerary is also non-regular member of a staff a member of the staff or an employee who works in a public office who In December 1762, he became an excise officer in Grantham, Lincolnshire. Grantham is a Market town within the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. In August 1764, he was again transferred, this time to Alford, where his salary was £50 a year. Alford (pronounced "Olford" is a Town in Lincolnshire, England, with a population of about 2700 people On 27 August 1765, Paine was discharged from his post for claiming to have inspected goods when in fact he had only seen the documentation. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a On July 3, 1766, he wrote a letter to the Board of Excise asking to be reinstated. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1766 ( MDCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The next day the board granted his request to be filled, upon vacancy. While waiting for an opening, Paine worked as a staymaker in Diss, Norfolk and later as a servant (records show he worked for a Mr Noble of Goodman's Fields and then for a Mr Gardiner at Kensington). DISS ( Disability Information Services is part of the Queen Elizabeth's Foundation for Disabled People (QEF a Charitable organisation based in Kensington is a district of West London, England within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, located west of Charing Cross. He also applied to become an ordained minister of the Church of England and, according to some accounts,^[4] he preached in Moorfields. In London, the Moorfields were one of the last pieces of open land in the City of London, near the Moorgate.

In 1767, Paine was appointed to a position in Grampound, Cornwall. Grampound is a village in Cornwall, England, with 638 residents as of the 2001 census and little growth in the last ten years Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar He was subsequently asked to leave this post to await another vacancy and he became a schoolteacher in London. On February 19, 1768, Paine was appointed to Lewes, East Sussex. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1768 ( MDCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Lewes (ˈluːɨs Lewis) is the County town of East Sussex, England and gives its name to the Local government district in which it East Sussex is a county in South East England. It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the He moved into the room above the 15th-century Bull House, a building which held the snuff and tobacco shop of Samuel and Esther Ollive. Here Paine became involved for the first time in civic matters when Samuel Ollive introduced him into the Society of Twelve, a local elite group that met twice a year to discuss town issues. In addition, Paine participated in the Vestry, the influential church group that collected taxes and tithes and distributed them to the poor. A vestry is a storage room in or attached to a church or Synagogue. On 26 March 1771, at age 34, he married his landlord's daughter, Elizabeth Ollive. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1771 ( MDCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

From 1772 to 1773, Paine joined other excise officers in lobbying Parliament for better pay and working conditions for excisemen, and in the summer of 1772 he published The Case of the Officers of Excise, a 21-page article and his first political work. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Paine had 4,000 copies printed and spent the winter in London distributing the pamphlet to Members of Parliament. In the spring of 1774, Paine was dismissed from the excise service for being absent from his post without permission, and his tobacco shop failed as well. On April 14, he auctioned off his household possessions to pay his debts. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in On June 4, he signed a separation agreement with his wife and moved to London where a friend introduced him to Benjamin Franklin in September. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. Franklin advised Paine to emigrate to the British colonies in America, and wrote him letters of recommendation. The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the Paine left England in October, arriving in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 30, 1774. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The Province of Pennsylvania, also known as Pennsylvania Colony, was a North American colony granted to William Penn on March 4, 1681 Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Paine barely survived the transatlantic voyage. The drinking water on the ship was so bad that typhoid fever killed five passengers, and Paine was too ill to leave his cabin when he arrived in Philadelphia. Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium Benjamin Franklin's physician, who had arrived to welcome him to America, literally had to pick up Paine and carry him off. It took the doctor six weeks to nurse Paine back to health.

Paine was also an inventor, receiving a patent in Europe for a single-span iron bridge, even though through a lack of funds, the bridge was in a field in Paddington, London. He developed a smokeless candle,^[5][6] and worked with John Fitch on the early development of steam engines. John Fitch ( January 21, 1743 &ndash July 2, 1798) was an American Inventor, Clockmaker, and Bronzesmith This aptitude for invention, coupled with his originality of thought, found him an advocate more than a century later in the famous inventor Thomas Edison. Edison championed Paine's achievements and helped increase his historical awareness.

American Revolution

Thomas Paine is sometimes known as "The Father of the American Revolution" for his writing advocating complete independence from royal rule—his pro-independence monograph pamphlet Common Sense was published anonymously on January 10, 1776 and spread quickly among literate colonists. Common Sense was a Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. It was first published anonymously on January 10, 1776, during the American Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Within three months, 120,000 copies are alleged to have been distributed throughout the colonies,^[7] which themselves totaled only two million free inhabitants, making it the best-selling work in 18th-century America, with the exception of the Bible. Its total sales in both America and Europe reached 500,000 copies. ^[8] It convinced many colonists, including George Washington and John Adams, to seek redress in political independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and argued strongly against any compromise short of independence. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. The work was greatly influenced (including in its name – Paine had originally proposed the title Plain Truth) by the equally controversial pro-independence writer Benjamin Rush and was instrumental in bringing about the Declaration of Independence. Benjamin Rush ( December 24 1745 &ndash April 19 1813) was a Founding Father of the United States. The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then

Loyalists attacked Common Sense with vigor. One such early attack, entitled Plain Truth, was written in 1776 by prominent loyalist James Chalmers. James Chalmers (1727–1806 was a Loyalist officer and Pamphleteer in the American Revolution. An expatriate of Scotland, Chalmers attacked Paine as a "political quack. " Chalmers would serve as commander of the First Battalion of Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution. ^[9]

Paine's strength lay in his ability to present complex ideas in clear and concise form, as opposed to the more philosophical approaches of his Enlightenment contemporaries in Europe, and it was Paine who proposed the name United States of America for the new nation. When the war arrived, Paine published a series of important pamphlets, The Crisis, credited with inspiring the early colonists during the ordeals faced in their long struggle with the British. The American Crisis was a series of pamphlets published from 1776 to 1783 during the American Revolution by eighteenth century enlightenment Philosopher To inspire the troops, General George Washington ordered Paine's "The American Crisis" to be read out loud to his men. ^[10] The first Crisis paper began with the famous words:

These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value.

—Published on 23 December 1776

In 1778, Paine alluded to the then ongoing secret negotiations with France in his pamphlets, and there was a scandal which resulted in Paine's being dropped from the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In 1781, however, he accompanied John Laurens during his mission to France. John Laurens ( October 28, 1754 - August 27, 1782) was an American His services were eventually recognized by the state of New York by the granting of an estate at New Rochelle, New York, and he received considerable gifts of money from both Pennsylvania and – at Washington's suggestion – from Congress. New Rochelle ( French: Nouvelle-Rochelle) is a city in the south-east portion of the U

He served in the War as aide to Gen. Nathanael Greene, and appointed by Congress as secretary to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In his later years, he established himself as "a missionary of world revolution. "

Rights of Man

Returning to Europe, Paine finished his Rights of Man on 29 January 1791, while staying with his friend Thomas 'Clio' Rickman. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thomas 'Clio' Rickman (born 1760 died 1834 was born to a Quaker family the youngest son of John Rickman (1715-1789 a Brewer (and the Freeholder of On January 31, he passed the manuscript to the publisher Joseph Johnson, who intended to have it ready for Washington's birthday on February 22. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Joseph Johnson (15 November 1738 – 20 December 1809 was an influential Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Johnson was visited on a number of occasions by agents of the government. Sensing that Paine's book would be controversial, he decided on the day it was due to be published not to release it. Paine quickly began to negotiate with another publisher, J. S. Jordan. Once a deal was secured, Paine left for Paris on the advice of William Blake, leaving three good friends, William Godwin, Thomas Brand Hollis and Thomas Holcroft, in charge of concluding the publication. William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827 was an English poet, painter, and Printmaker. William Godwin ( 3 March 1756 &ndash 7 April 1836) was an English journalist political philosopher and Novelist Thomas Holcroft ( December 10, 1745 - March 23, 1809) was an English Dramatist and miscellaneous writer The book appeared on March 13, three weeks later than originally scheduled. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. It was an abstract political tract published in support of the French Revolution, written as a reply to Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790 by Edmund Burke, is one of the best-known intellectual attacks against the (then-infant French Revolution Edmund Burke ( 12 January, 1729 9 July, 1797) was an Irish statesman author orator Political theorist, and The book — which was highly critical of monarchies and European social institutions — sold briskly but was so controversial that the British government put Paine on trial in absentia for seditious libel. This is about the law term For other uses see Sedition (disambiguation Sedition is a term of Law which refers to covert conduct In the summer of 1792, he answered the charges with these famous words: "If, to expose the fraud and imposition of monarchy (. . ), to promote universal peace, civilization, and commerce, and to break the chains of political superstition, and raise degraded man to his proper rank; if these things be libellous (. . . ) let the name of libeller be engraved on my tomb. "^[11] In a second edition of the Rights of Man in February 1792 Paine proposed a plan for the reformation of England, including one of the first proposals for a progressive income tax. A progressive tax is a Tax imposed so that the Tax rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases

Paine served in the 1792 National Convention. Paine was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution, and was granted, along with Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin among others, honorary French citizenship. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. Despite his inability to speak French, he was elected to the National Convention, representing the district of Pas-de-Calais. During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly Pas-de-Calais is a department in northern France. Its name is the French language equivalent of the Strait of Dover, which it borders He voted for the French Republic; but argued against the execution of Louis XVI, saying that he should instead be exiled to the United States: firstly, because of the way royalist France had come to the aid of the American Revolution; and secondly because of a moral objection to capital punishment in general and to revenge killings in particular. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return

Regarded as an ally of the Girondins, he was seen with increasing disfavour by the Montagnards who were now in power, and in particular by Robespierre. The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative The Mountain (in French La Montagne) refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group whose members called Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) A decree was passed at the end of 1793 excluding foreigners from their places in the Convention (Anacharsis Cloots was also deprived of his place). Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce, Baron de Cloots ( June 24, 1755 - March 24, 1794) better known as Anacharsis Cloots Paine was arrested and imprisoned in December 1793.

Before his arrest and imprisonment, knowing that he would likely be arrested and executed, Paine wrote the first part of The Age of Reason, an assault on organized "revealed" religion combining a compilation of inconsistencies he found in the Bible with his own advocacy of Deism. The Age of Reason Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology, a Deistic treatise written by eighteenth-century British radical and American In his "Autobiographical Interlude," which is found in The Age of Reason between the first and second parts, Paine writes, "Thus far I had written on the 28th of December, 1793. In the evening I went to the Hotel Philadelphia . . . About four in the morning I was awakened by a rapping at my chamber door; when I opened it, I saw a guard and the master of the hotel with them. The guard told me they came to put me under arrestation and to demand the key of my papers. I desired them to walk in, and I would dress myself and go with them immediately. "

Paine protested and claimed that he was a citizen of America, which was an ally of Revolutionary France, rather than of Great Britain, which was by that time at war with France. However, Gouverneur Morris, the American ambassador to France, did not press his claim, and Paine later wrote that Morris had connived at his imprisonment. Gouverneur Morris ( January 31, 1752 November 6, 1816) was an American statesman who represented Pennsylvania in the Paine thought that George Washington had abandoned him, and he was to quarrel with Washington for the rest of his life. Years later he wrote a scathing letter to Washington, accusing him of private betrayal of their friendship and public hypocrisy as general and president, and concluding the letter by saying "the world will be puzzled to decide whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you have abandoned good principles or whether you ever had any,"^[12] He was also vehemently opposed to Washington owning slaves.

While in prison, Paine escaped execution apparently by chance. A guard walked through the prison placing a chalk mark on the doors of the prisoners who were due to be condemned that day. He placed one on the door of the Paine's cell, but did not notice that the door was open. After the door was closed, the mark was hidden inside the cell. Hence, he was overlooked, and survived the few vital days needed to be spared by the fall of Robespierre on 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794)^[13]. The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Paine was released in November 1794 largely because of the work of the new American Minister to France, James Monroe. James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825

In 1800, Paine purportedly had a meeting with Napoleon. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Napoleon claimed he slept with a copy of Rights of Man under his pillow and went so far as to say to Paine that "a statue of gold should be erected to you in every city in the universe. "^[14] Paine quickly moved from admiration to condemnation, however, as he saw Napoleon's moves toward dictatorship, calling him "the completest charlatan that ever existed. "^[15] Paine remained in France until 1802, when he returned to America on an invitation from Thomas Jefferson.

Later years

Paine returned to America in the early stages of the Second Great Awakening and a time of great political partisanship. The Second Great Awakening  (1790–1840s was the second great religious revival in United States history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival The Age of Reason gave ample excuse for the religiously devout to hate him, and the Federalists attacked him for his ideas of government stated in Common Sense, for his association with the French Revolution, and for his friendship with President Jefferson. Also still fresh in the minds of the public was his Letter to Washington, published six years before his return.

Paine died at the age of 72, at 59 Grove Street in Greenwich Village, New York City on the morning of June 8, 1809. Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan The City of New York Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Although the original building is no longer there, the present building has a plaque noting that Paine died at this location. At the time of his death, most American newspapers reprinted the obituary notice from the New York Citizen, which read in part: "He had lived long, did some good and much harm. " Only six mourners came to his funeral, two of whom were black, most likely freedmen. The great orator and writer Robert G. Ingersoll wrote:

Thomas Paine had passed the legendary limit of life. Colonel Robert Green Ingersoll ( August 11, 1833 &ndash July 21, 1899) was a Civil War veteran American political leader One by one most of his old friends and acquaintances had deserted him. Maligned on every side, execrated, shunned and abhorred – his virtues denounced as vices – his services forgotten – his character blackened, he preserved the poise and balance of his soul. He was a victim of the people, but his convictions remained unshaken. He was still a soldier in the army of freedom, and still tried to enlighten and civilize those who were impatiently waiting for his death, Even those who loved their enemies hated him, their friend – the friend of the whole world – with all their hearts. On the 8th of June, 1809, death came – Death, almost his only friend. At his funeral no pomp, no pageantry, no civic procession, no military display. In a carriage, a woman and her son who had lived on the bounty of the dead – on horseback, a Quaker, the humanity of whose heart dominated the creed of his head – and, following on foot, two negroes filled with gratitude – constituted the funeral cortege of Thomas Paine. ^[16]

"In the summer of 1803 the political atmosphere was in a tempestuous condition, owing to the widespread accusation that Aaron Burr had intrigued with the Federalists against Jefferson to gain the presidency. There was a Society in New York called " Republican Greens," who, on Independence Day, had for a toast " Thomas Paine, the Man of the People," and who seem to have had a piece of music called the " Rights of Man. " Paine was also apparently the hero of that day at White Plains, where a vast crowd assembled".

A few years later, the agrarian radical William Cobbett dug up and shipped his bones back to England. William Cobbett ( 9 March 1763 &ndash 18 June 1835) was an English political pamphleter Farmer and prolific The plan was to give Paine a heroic reburial on his native soil, but the bones were still among Cobbett's effects when he died over twenty years later. There is no confirmed story about what happened to them after that, although down the years various people have claimed to own parts of Paine's remains, such as his skull and right hand. ^[17][18]

Views

Some believe Paine may have begun to form his early views on natural justice during his childhood, while listening to a mob jeering and attacking those punished in the Thetford stocks. Natural justice or procedural fairness is a legal philosophy used in some jurisdictions in the determination of just or fair, processes in legal proceedings Stocks are devices used since Medieval times for Public humiliation, Corporal punishment, and Torture. Others have argued that he was influenced by his Quaker father. ^[19] In The Age of Reason – Paine's treatise in support of deism – he wrote:

The religion that approaches the nearest of all others to true deism, in the moral and benign part thereof, is that professed by the Quakers … though I revere their philanthropy, I cannot help smiling at [their] conceit; … if the taste of a Quaker [had] been consulted at the Creation, what a silent and drab-colored Creation it would have been! Not a flower would have blossomed its gaieties, nor a bird been permitted to sing. The Age of Reason Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology, a Deistic treatise written by eighteenth-century British radical and American

Paine was an early advocate of republicanism and liberalism. Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal He dismissed monarchy, and viewed all government as, at best, a necessary evil. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or He opposed slavery and was amongst the earliest proponents of universal, free public education, a guaranteed minimum income, and many other ideas considered radical at the time. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the Government, whether national regional or local provided by an institution Guaranteed minimum income (GMI is a proposed system of Social welfare provision that guarantees that all Citizens or families have an income sufficient

In the second part of The Age of Reason, Paine writes about his illness and the fever he suffered while in prison. ". . . I was seized with a fever that in its progress had every symptom of becoming mortal, and from the effects of which I am not recovered. It was then that I remembered with renewed satisfaction, and congratulated myself most sincerely, on having written the former part of 'The Age of Reason. '" The content of the work can be briefly summarized in this quotation:

The opinions I have advanced… are the effect of the most clear and long-established conviction that the Bible and the Testament are impositions upon the world, that the fall of man, the account of Jesus Christ being the Son of God, and of his dying to appease the wrath of God, and of salvation by that strange means, are all fabulous inventions, dishonorable to the wisdom and power of the Almighty; that the only true religion is Deism, by which I then meant, and mean now, the belief of one God, and an imitation of his moral character, or the practice of what are called moral virtues—and that it was upon this only (so far as religion is concerned) that I rested all my hopes of happiness hereafter. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. So say I now—and so help me God.

With regard to his religious views, in The Age of Reason (begun in France in 1793), Paine stated:

I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any church that I know of. The Age of Reason Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology, a Deistic treatise written by eighteenth-century British radical and American My own mind is my own church.

All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.

He described himself as a "Deist" and commented:

How different is [Christianity] to the pure and simple profession of Deism! The true Deist has but one Deity, and his religion consists in contemplating the power, wisdom, and benignity of the Deity in his works, and in endeavoring to imitate him in everything moral, scientifical, and mechanical.

The first article published in America advocating the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery was written by Paine. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Titled "African Slavery in America," it appeared on March 8, 1775 in the Postscript to the Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser, more popularly known as The Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Museum. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a ^[20]

Paine published his last great pamphlet, Agrarian Justice, in the winter of 1795-96. It further developed ideas proposed in the Rights of Man concerning the way in which the institution of land ownership separated the great majority of persons from their rightful natural inheritance and their means of independent survival. Paine's proposal is now deemed a form of basic Income Guarantee. The Social Security Administration of the United States recognizes Agrarian Justice as the first American proposal for an old-age pension. The United States Social Security Administration ( SSA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that administers A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. In Agrarian Justice Paine writes:

In advocating the case of the persons thus dispossessed, it is a right, and not a charity… [Government must] create a national fund, out of which there shall be paid to every person, when arrived at the age of twenty-one years, the sum of fifteen pounds sterling, as a compensation in part, for the loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed property; And also, the sum of ten pounds per annum, during life, to every person now living, of the age of fifty years, and to all others as they shall arrive at that age.

Legacy

Thomas Paine's writings had great influence on his contemporaries, especially the American revolutionaries. A revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of Revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or His books inspired both philosophical and working-class radicals in the United Kingdom, and he is often claimed as an intellectual ancestor by United States liberals, libertarians, anarchists, freethinkers, progressives and radicals. For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Freethought is a philosophical viewpoint that holds that Beliefs should be formed on the basis of Science and Logic and should not be influenced Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of international social and political philosophies. Both Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Edison read his works with respect. ^[21]

Lincoln is reported by William Herndon to have written a defense of Paine's deism in 1835 that was burned by Lincoln's friend Samuel Hill as a gesture meant to save Lincoln's political career. William Henry Herndon ( December 25, 1818, Kentucky - March 18, 1891, Springfield Illinois) was the law partner and biographer ^[22]

Edison said of Paine:

I have always regarded Paine as one of the greatest of all Americans. Never have we had a sounder intelligence in this republic… It was my good fortune to encounter Thomas Paine's works in my boyhood… it was, indeed, a revelation to me to read that great thinker's views on political and theological subjects. Paine educated me then about many matters of which I had never before thought. I remember very vividly the flash of enlightenment that shone from Paine's writings and I recall thinking at that time, 'What a pity these works are not today the schoolbooks for all children!' My interest in Paine was not satisfied by my first reading of his works. I went back to them time and again, just as I have done since my boyhood days. ^[23]

At the close of the Revolutionary War, Paine was given, for his services to the nation, a farm located in New Rochelle, New York. New Rochelle ( French: Nouvelle-Rochelle) is a city in the south-east portion of the U On that site remains his house, the Thomas Paine Cottage and a museum housing the Thomas Paine Historical Society, ^[24]. The Thomas Paine Cottage in New Rochelle, New York, was the home of Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense and Revolutionary His burial site is also located on that site.

A statue of him stands in King Street, Thetford, Norfolk, his place of birth. The statue holds a quill and his book, Rights of Man, although the book is upside down. The Sixth Form in Thetford is also named after Paine. The sixth form, in the English, Welsh and Northern Irish education systems Commonwealth West Indian countries such as Barbados, Belize ^[25] New York University also has a bust of Thomas Paine in their pantheon of heroes. New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. There are additional statues of Paine in Morristown, New Jersey and Bordentown, New Jersey, as well as in Paris, in the Parc Montsouris. This article is about the Town of Morristown in New Jersey Other places in New Jersey with similar names are Morris Township, Morris Plains, and Moorestown See also: Bordentown Township New Jersey Bordentown City is in Burlington County, New Jersey, United ^[26][27]

There is a small street in Diss which is named after Paine.

There is a plaque in Paris at the street where he lived from 1797 to 1802, which reads "Thomas Paine. Englishman by birth. American by choice. French by decree. Citizen of the World. "^[28]

Every year, between 4 July and 14 July, Lewes Town Council organizes a festival to celebrate the life and work of Thomas Paine. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Lewes (ˈluːɨs Lewis) is the County town of East Sussex, England and gives its name to the Local government district in which it ^[29]

See also

• United States Declaration of Independence
• Asset-based egalitarianism
• American Revolution
• Liberalism
• Liberty
• United States history
• Bill of Rights
• Political philosophy
• Contributions to liberal theory
• Founding Fathers of the United States
• Deism
• Bordentown, New Jersey
• New Rochelle, New York

References

Bibliography

• Aldridge, A. Owen, 1959. Man of Reason: The Life of Thomas Paine. Lippincott. Regarded by British authorities as the standard biography.
• Aldridge, A. Owen, 1984. Thomas Paine's American Ideology. University Press of Delaware.
• Bailyn, Bernard, 1990. "Common Sense", in Bailyn, Faces of Revolution: Personalities and Themes in the Struggle for American Independence. Alfred A. Knopf.
• Bernstein, R. B. "Review Essay: Rediscovering Thomas Paine. " New York Law School Law Review, 1994 -- valuable blend of historiographical essay and biographical/analytical treatment.
• Butler, Marilyn, 1984. Burke Paine and Godwin and the Revolution Controversy.
• Gregory Claeys, 1989. Thomas Paine, Social and Political Thought. Unwin Hyman. Excellent analysis of Paine's thought.
• Conway, Moncure Daniel, 1892. The Life of Thomas Paine, 2 vols. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Facsimile. Long hailed as the definitive biography, and still valuable.
• Fast, Howard, 1946. Citizen Tom Paine (historical novel, though sometimes taken as biography).
• Foner, Eric, 1976. Tom Paine and Revolutionary America. Oxford University Press. The standard monograph treating Paine's thought and work with regard to America.
• Griffiths, Trevor (2004), These Are the Times: A Life of Thomas Paine, Spokesman Books 
• Hawke, David Freeman, 1974. Trevor Griffiths (born 4 April 1935 in Ancoats, Manchester) is an English Dramatist. Paine. Regarded by many American authorities as the standard biography.
• Hitchens, Christopher, 2006. Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man": A Biography. Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man" A Biography is Christopher Hitchens ' contribution to the Books That Changed the World series
• Ingersoll, Robert G. , 1892, "Thomas Paine," North American Review. The North American Review ( NAR) was the first literary magazine in the United States.
• Kates, Gary, 1989, "From Liberalism to Radicalism: Tom Paine's Rights of Man," Journal of the History of Ideas: 569-87.
• Kaye, Harvey J. , 2005. Thomas Paine and the Promise of America. Hill and Wang.
• Keane, John, 1995. Tom Paine: A Political Life. London. One of the most valuable recent studies.
• Larkin, Edward, 2005. Thomas Paine and the Literature of Revolution. Cambridge Univ. Press.
• Nelson, Craig, 2006. Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Moderrn Nations. Viking; also Penguin paperback.
• Paine, Thomas (Foner, Eric. , editor), 1993. Writings. Library of America. Authoritative and scholarly edition containing Common Sense, the essays comprising the American Crisis series, Rights of Man, The Age of Reason, Agrarian Justice, and selected briefer writings, with authoritative texts and careful annotation.
• Paine, Thomas (Fomer, Philip S. , editor), 1944. The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, 2 volumes. Citadel Press. We badly need a complete edition of Paine's writings on the model of Eric Foner's edition for the Library of America, but until that goal is achieved, Philip Foner's two-volume edition is a serviceable substitute. Volume I contains the major works, and volume II contains shorter writings, both published essays and a selection of letters, but confusingly organized; in addition, Foner's attributions of writings to Paine have come in for some criticism in that Foner may have included writings that Paine edited but did not write and omitted some writings that later scholars have attributed to Paine.
• Powell, David, 1985. Tom Paine, The Greatest Exile. Hutchinson.
• Russell, Bertrand (1934), The Fate of Thomas Paine 
• Vincent, Bernard, 2005. Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian The Transatlantic Republican: Thomas Paine and the age of revolutions.
• Books of Our Time: Thomas Paine and the Promise of America (video)

External links

• Complete Works of Thomas Paine
• Works by Thomas Paine at Project Gutenberg
• Deistic and Religious Works of Thomas Paine
• The theological works of Thomas Paine to which are appended the profession of faith of a savoyard vicar by J.J. Rousseau
• The theological works of Thomas Paine
• Thomas Paine Birthday Celebrations
• The Thomas Paine Society
• Essays on the Religious and Political Philosophy of Thomas Paine
• Thomas Paine's Memorial
• Thomas Paine Quotations
• Books of Our Time: Thomas Paine and the Promise of America by Harvey Kaye (video)
• Take a video tour of Thomas Paine's birthplace
• Common Sense in mp3 audio at Americana Phonic
• Rights of Man book on Google books (full-view)
• office location while in Alford
• Thomas Paine's time at Bordentown, New Jersey

Lesson Plan

• Common Sense: The Rhetoric of Popular Democracy[1] at edsitement. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works neh. gov

Persondata
NAME	Paine, Thomas
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Pain, Thomas
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Pamphleteer
DATE OF BIRTH	29 January 1737
PLACE OF BIRTH	Thetford, England
DATE OF DEATH	8 June 1809
PLACE OF DEATH	New York City, USA

A pamphleteer is a historical term for someone who creates or distributes Pamphlets Pamphlets were used to broadcast the writer's opinions on an issue for example in order Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1737 ( MDCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Thetford is a Market town and Civil parish in the Breckland area of Norfolk, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic