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Thomas Linacre
Thomas Linacre

Thomas Linacre (or Lynaker) (c. 1460 – December 20, 1524) was an English humanist and physician, after whom Linacre College, Oxford is named. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Renaissance Humanism was a European intellectual movement beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Linacre College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England, currently offering graduate entry only

He was born at Brampton in Derbyshire, descended from an ancient family recorded in the Domesday Book. Brampton is an area of Chesterfield, Derbyshire. Originally a village separate from the town it became absorbed into it over time due to Urban sprawl. History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle The Domesday Book (ˈduːmzdeɪ bʊk also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester) was the record of the great survey He received his early education at the Canterbury Cathedral school, under the direction of William Tilly of Selling, who became prior of Canterbury in 1472. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a It was from Selling that Linacre must have received his first incentive to the study of Classics. Linacre entered Oxford in about 1480, and in 1484 was elected a fellow of All Souls College. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the All Souls College (in full The Warden and College of the Souls of all Faithful People deceased in the University of Oxford) is one of the constituent colleges Shortly afterwards he visited Italy in the train of Selling, who was sent by King Henry VII as an envoy to the papal court. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Linacre accompanied his patron as far as Bologna. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy There he became the pupil of Angelo Poliziano, and shared the instruction which Poliziano imparted at Florence to the sons of Lorenzo de Medici. Angelo Ambrogini, best known as Poliziano ( July 14, 1454 &ndash September 24, 1494) was a Florentine Classical Lorenzo de' Medici (January 1 1449 &ndash 9 April 1492 was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance The younger of these princes became Pope Leo X, and later remembered his old companionship with Linacre. Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death Among his other teachers and friends in Italy were Demetrius Chalcondylas, Hermolaus Barbarus, Aldus Romanus the printer of Venice, and Nicolaus Leonicenus of Vicenza. Demetrius Chalcondylas (1423&ndash1511 was a Greek exile in Italy and a humanist scholar of the Italian Renaissance. Ermolao or Hermolao Barbaro, also Hermolaus Barbarus ( 21 May 1454 &mdash 14 June 1493 /1495 was an Italian Aldus Manutius (1449/1450 – February 6, 1515) the Latinized name of Teobaldo Mannucci, sometimes called Aldus Manutius the Elder to distinguish Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Vicenza, a city in northern Italy, is the capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region at the northern base of the Monte Berico Linacre took the degree of doctor of medicine with great distinction at Padua. Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy.

On his return to Oxford, full of the learning and imbued with the spirit of the Italian Renaissance, he formed one of the brilliant circle of Oxford scholars, including John Colet, William Grocyn and William Latimer, who are mentioned in the letters of Erasmus. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th John Colet (January 1467 &ndash 10 September 1519) was an English churchman and Educational pioneer William Grocyn (1446? - 1519 was an English scholar a friend of Erasmus. William Latimer, (c 1467 &ndash 1545 was an English Clergyman and Scholar of Ancient Greek.

Linacre does not appear to have practised or taught medicine in Oxford. In about 1501 he was called to court as tutor of the young Arthur, Prince of Wales. Arthur Tudor (19 or 20 September 1486 - 2 April 1502 was the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and therefore heir to the throne On the accession of Henry VIII in 1509, he was appointed the king's physician, an office at that time of considerable influence and importance, and practised medicine in London, having among his patients most of the great statesmen and prelates of the time, including Cardinal Wolsey, Archbishop William Warham and Bishop Fox. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c1470–1471 – November 28 or November 29 1530 who was born in Ipswich Suffolk England was an English Statesman and a cardinal William Warham (c 1450 &ndash August 22 1532) Archbishop of Canterbury, belonged to a Hampshire family and was educated at Winchester After some years of professional activity, Linacre received priest's orders as the rector of Wigan in 1520[1], though he had for some years previously held several clerical benefices, including the Precentorship of York Minster. [2] His ordination was connected with his retirement from active life. Literary labours, and the cares of the foundation which owed its existence chiefly to him, the Royal College of Physicians, occupied Linacre's remaining years. The Royal College of Physicians of London was the first medical institution in England to receive a Royal Charter

Linacre was more of a scholar than a scientific investigator. It is difficult to judge his practical skill in his profession, but it was highly esteemed in his own day. He took no part in political or theological questions, but his career as a scholar was characteristic of the critical period in the history of learning through which he lived. He was one of the first Englishmen to study Greek in Italy, and brought back to his native country and his own university the lessons of the "New Learning. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly " His teachers were some of the greatest scholars of the day. Among his pupils was one—Erasmus—whose name alone would suffice to preserve the memory of his instructor in Greek, and others of note in letters and politics, such as Sir Thomas More, Prince Arthur and Queen Mary I of England. Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535 from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English Lawyer, author and statesman who in his lifetime gained Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Colet, Grocyn, William Lilye and other eminent scholars were his intimate friends, and he was esteemed by a still wider circle of literary correspondents in all parts of Europe. William Lilye, or Lily (c 1468 &ndash 25 February, 1522) was an English classical Grammarian and scholar

Linacre's literary activity was displayed both in pure scholarship and in translation from Greek. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In the domain of scholarship he was known by the rudiments of (Latin) grammar (Progymnasmata Grammatices vulgaria), composed in English, a revised version of which was made for the use of the Princess Mary, and afterwards translated into Latin by Robert Buchanan. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. "Robert Buchanan" may also refer to the footballer Robert Buchanan Robert Buchanan (1841-1901 was a British Owenite poet playwright lecturer and He also wrote a work on Latin composition, De emendata structure, Latini sermonis, which was published in London in 1524 and many times reprinted on the continent of Europe.

Linacre's only medical works were his translations. He desired to make the works of Galen (and indeed those of Aristotle also) accessible to all readers of Latin. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. What he effected in the case of the first, though not trifling in itself, is inconsiderable as compared with the whole mass of Galen's writings; and of his translations from Aristotle, some of which are known to have been completed, nothing has survived. The following are the works of Galen translated by Linacre:

  1. De sanitate tuenda, (Paris, 1517)
  2. Methodus medendi (Paris, 1519)
  3. De temperamentis et de Inaequali Intemperie (Cambridge, 1521)
  4. De naturalibus facultatibus (London, 1523)
  5. De symptomatum differentiis et causis (London, 1524)
  6. De pulsuum Usu (London, without date).

He also translated for the use of Prince Arthur an astronomical treatise of Proclus, De sphaera, which was printed at Venice by Aldus in 1499. Proclus Lycaeus ( February 8, c 411 &ndash April 17, 485) called "The Successor" or "Diadochos" ( Greek Próklos Aldine Press was the Printing office started by Aldus Manutius in 1494 in Venice, from which were issued the celebrated Aldine editions of the The accuracy of these translations and their elegance of style were universally admitted. They have been generally accepted as the standard versions of those parts of Galen's writings, and frequently reprinted, either as a part of the collected works or separately.

The most important service Linacre conferred upon his own profession and science was the foundation by royal charter of the College of Physicians in London, and he was the first president of the new college, which he further aided by bequeathing to it his own house and library. The Royal College of Physicians of London was the first medical institution in England to receive a Royal Charter Shortly before his death Linacre obtained from the king letters patent for the establishment of readerships in medicine at Oxford and Cambridge, and placed valuable estates in the hands of trustees for their endowment. Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right Two readerships were founded at Merton College, Oxford, and one at St John's College, Cambridge, but owing to neglect and bad management of the funds, they fell into uselessness and obscurity. See also Wardens of Merton College Oxford. Merton College is also the name of a college in the London Borough of Merton. St John's College, an institution known formally as The Master Fellows and Scholars of the College of St John the Evangelist in the University of Cambridge is a The Oxford foundation was revived by the university commissioners in 1856 in the form of the Linacre professorship of anatomy. Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Linacre Chair of Zoology in the University of Oxford was founded in 1857 initially as the Linacre Professorship of Physiology and then as the chair of Human and Comparative

Linacre's intellectual fastidiousness and minute accuracy were, as Erasmus suggests, the chief cause why he left no more permanent literary memorials. It is difficult to justify by any extant work the extremely high reputation which he enjoyed among the scholars of his time. His Latin style was greatly admired by Erasmus, who also praised Linacre's critical judgment ("vir non exacti tantum sed sever judicii"). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. According to others it was hard to say whether he was more distinguished as a grammarian or a rhetorician. Of Greek he was regarded as a consummate master; and he was equally eminent as a "philosopher," that is, as learned in the works of the ancient philosophers and naturalists. In this there may have been some exaggeration; but all have acknowledged the elevation of Linacre's character, and the fine moral qualities summed up in the epitaph written by John Caius: "Fraudes dolosque mire perosus; idus amicis; omnibus ordinibus juxta carus. John Caius ( October 6, 1510 - July 29, 1573) was an English Physician, and second founder of the present Gonville "

The materials for Linacre's biography are to a large extent contained in the older biographical collections of George Lilly (in Paulus Jovius, Descriptio Britanniae), Bale, Leland and Pits, in Anthony Wood's Athenae Oxonienses and in the Biographia Britannica; but all are completely collected in the Life of Thomas Linacre, by Noble Johnson (London, 1835). Paolo Giovio ( April 19 1483 – December 11, 1552) was an Italian physician historian and biographer and prelate Reference may also be made of Dr. Munk's Roll of the Royal College of Physicians (2nd ed. , London, 878); and the Introduction, by Dr. J. F. Payne, to a facsimile eproduction of Linacre's version of Galen de temperamentis (Cambridge, 1881). With the exception of this treatise, none of Linacre's works or translations has been reprinted in modern times.

See also

References

  1. ^ British History Online - The Parish of Wigan. One of the best sources for the world of European Renaissance Humanism in the early 16th century is the correspondence of Erasmus.
  2. ^ The History Guide.

External links

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