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This article is about the novelist and poet. For other uses, see Thomas Hardy (disambiguation). Thomas Hardy is a human name and may refer to Sir Thomas Hardy 1st Baronet (1769-1839 British naval officer Thomas Duffus Hardy
Thomas Hardy

Born June 2, 1840
Stinsford, Dorchester, England
Died January 11, 1928 (aged 87)
Occupation Novelist, Poet, and Short Story writer
Literary movement Naturalism
Spouse(s) Emma Lavinia Gifford and his secretary Florence Dugdale
Influences
Influenced

Thomas Hardy, OM (June 2, 1840 – January 11, 1928) was an English novelist, short story writer, and poet of the naturalist movement, though he saw himself as a poet and wrote novels mainly for financial gain only. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Stinsford is a village in south west Dorset, England, one Mile east of Dorchester. Dorchester is a Market town in southern central Dorset, England, on the River Frome at the junction of the A35 and A37 England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. Naturalism is a movement in Theatre, film, and Literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Philip Arthur Larkin, CH, CBE, FRSL (9 August 1922 – 2 December 1985 was an English Poet, Novelist and Jazz David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930 was an English writer of the 20th century whose prolific and diverse output included Novels short The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Naturalism is a movement in Theatre, film, and Literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such The bulk of his work, set mainly in the semi-imaginary county of Wessex, delineates characters struggling against their passions and circumstances. The English author Thomas Hardy set all of his major novels in the south and southwest of England. Hardy's poetry, first published in his fifties, has come to be as well regarded as his novels, especially after The Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. This article is about a specific literary movement - for other literary movements see List of literary movements The Movement was a term

Contents

Biography

Thomas Hardy was born at Higher Bockhampton, a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England. Stinsford is a village in south west Dorset, England, one Mile east of Dorchester. Dorchester is a Market town in southern central Dorset, England, on the River Frome at the junction of the A35 and A37 Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland His father worked as a stonemason and local builder. His mother was ambitious and well read, supplementing his formal education, which ended at the age of 16 when he became apprenticed to John Hicks, a local architect. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862. An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. There he enrolled as a student at King’s College London. King's College London is a British Higher education institution and co-founding constituent college of the federal University of London. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA is a Professional body for Architects in the United Kingdom. Former students Will Alsop Herbert Baker Geoffrey Bawa Ben van Berkel He never truly felt at home in London and when he returned five years later to Dorset he decided to dedicate himself to writing.

In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall,[1] Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Lavinia Gifford, whom he married in 1874. [2] Although he later became estranged from his wife, her death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him. He made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship; his Poems 1912-13 explore his grief. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Dugdale, 40 years his junior, whom he had met in 1905. However, Hardy remained preoccupied with Emma's sudden death, and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry. [3]

Burial site of Thomas Hardy's heart
Burial site of Thomas Hardy's heart

Hardy fell ill with pleurisy in December 1927 and died in January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed. Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is an Inflammation of the pleura the lining of the Pleural cavity surrounding the Lungs Pleurisy has a variety His funeral, on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, proved a controversial occasion: Hardy, his family and friends had wished him to be buried at Stinsford in the same grave as his first wife, Emma. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Stinsford is a village in south west Dorset, England, one Mile east of Dorchester. However, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted he be placed in the abbey's Poets' Corner. Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell (1867-1962 was a British museum Curator, collector and well-connected figure in the literary world Poets’ Corner is the name traditionally given to a section of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey due to the number of Poets Playwrights and A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, and his ashes in Poets' Corner.

Shortly after Hardy's death, the executors of his estate burnt his letters and notebooks. Twelve records survived, one of them containing notes and extracts of newspaper stories from the 1820s. Research into these provided insight into how Hardy kept track of them and how he used them in his later work. [4]

Hardy's work was admired by many authors, amongst them D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf. David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930 was an English writer of the 20th century whose prolific and diverse output included Novels short (Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941 was an English Novelist and Essayist, regarded as one of the foremost The writer Robert Graves, in his autobiography Goodbye to All That, recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset in the early 1920s. Robert Graves (24 July 1895 &ndash 7 December 1985 was an English Poet, Translator and Novelist. Good-bye to All That is the Autobiography of Robert Graves. First published in 1929 the work is a landmark anti-war memoir of life in the trenches Hardy received Graves and his newly married wife warmly, and was encouraging about the younger author's work.

In 1910, Hardy was awarded the Order of Merit. The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch.

Hardy's cottage at Bockhampton and Max Gate in Dorchester are owned by the National Trust. Thomas Hardy's Cottage, in Higher Bockhampton, Dorset, is the birthplace of the English author Thomas Hardy. Max Gate is the former home of Thomas Hardy and is located in Dorchester, Dorset, England. Dorchester is a Market town in southern central Dorset, England, on the River Frome at the junction of the A35 and A37 The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as the National Trust, is a conservation organization in England, Wales

Religious beliefs

Hardy's early religious experience was with the Plymouth Brethren. The Plymouth Brethren is a Conservative, Evangelical Christian movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland He was often in the company of Henry R. Bastow, a fellow architect, when they studied the Greek New Testament together. Henry Robert Bastow (1839–1920 was an Australian architect and a leading Plymouth Brethren member in Melbourne, Victoria. Bastow went to Australia maintained a long correspondence with Hardy, but eventually Hardy tired to these exchanges and the correspondence ceased. Hardy's links with the Brethren also concluded.

Hardy’s idea of fate in life gave way to his philosophical struggle with God. Although Hardy’s faith remained intact, the irony and struggles of life led him to question God and His traditional meaning in the Christian sense.

“ The Christian god-the external personality-has been replaced by the intelligence of the First Cause…the replacement of the old concept of god as all-powerful by a new concept of universal consciousness. The ‘tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous’ is replaced by the ‘unconscious will of the Universe’ which progressively grows aware of itself and ‘ultimately, it is to be hoped, sympathetic’. [5] ”

Hardy's religious life seems to have mixed agnosticism and spiritism. Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the Spiritism is a Christian philosophical Doctrine, established in France in the mid-nineteenth century Once, when asked in correspondence by a clergyman about the question of reconciling the horrors of pain with the goodness of a loving God, Hardy replied,

“ Mr. Hardy regrets that he is unable to offer any hypothesis which would reconcile the existence of such evils as Dr. Grosart describes with the idea of omnipotent goodness. Perhaps Dr. Grosart might be helped to a provisional view of the universe by the recently published Life of Darwin, and the works of Herbert Spencer, and other agnostics. Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal [6] ”

Nevertheless, Hardy frequently conceived of and wrote about supernatural forces that control the universe, more through indifference or caprice than any firm will. Also, Hardy showed in his writing some degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits. [6] Despite these sentiments, Hardy retained a strong emotional attachment to the Christian liturgy and church rituals, particularly as manifested in rural communities, that had been such a formative influence in his early years. Some attributed the bleak outlook of many of his novels as reflecting his view of the absence of God. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. A sentence found in his Tess of the d'Urbervilles neatly sums up Hardy's philosophical stance:

“ The inherent will to enjoy and the circumstantial will against enjoyment ”

In Far From the Madding Crowd, Oak’s entire flock, and livelihood, dies. Far from the Madding Crowd (1874 is Thomas Hardy's fourth novel and his first major literary success For Oak, being a simple farmer with nothing to his name, to encounter such a loss is a tragedy wherein Hardy wants his readers to consider the role of God in this type of situation along with the universe’s cruelty. Biblical references can be found woven throughout many of Hardy’s novels as he became friends with a Dorchester minister, Hourace Moule. Moule also influenced Hardy’s point of view by introducing him to scientific studies and ideas that questioned the literal meaning of the Bible. [7] These new ideas, along with Darwinism, and a series of unsettling events in Hardy’s life may be the reason for his pessimistic attitude that is perceived by many critics and readers alike. [8]

Novels

Hardy's first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady, finished by 1867, failed to find a publisher and Hardy destroyed the manuscript so only parts of the novel remain. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The Poor Man and the Lady was the first Novel written by Thomas Hardy. He was encouraged to try again by his mentor and friend, Victorian poet and novelist George Meredith. George Meredith, OM ( February 12, 1828 &ndash May 18, 1909) was an English Novelist and Poet during Desperate Remedies (1871) and Under the Greenwood Tree (1872) were published anonymously. Desperate Remedies is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published anonymously by Tinsley Brothers in 1871. Under the Greenwood Tree or The Mellstock Quire A Rural Painting of the Dutch School is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published anonymously in 1872. In 1873 A Pair of Blue Eyes, a story drawing on Hardy's courtship of his first wife, was published under his own name. A Pair of Blue Eyes is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1873.

Hardy said that he first introduced Wessex in Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), his next (and first important) novel. The English author Thomas Hardy set all of his major novels in the south and southwest of England. Far from the Madding Crowd (1874 is Thomas Hardy's fourth novel and his first major literary success It was successful enough for Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a literary career. Over the next twenty-five years Hardy produced ten more novels.

The Hardys moved from London to Yeovil and then to Sturminster Newton, where he wrote The Return of the Native (1878). London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Yeovil (ˈjovɪl is a town in south Somerset, England, on the A30 and A37. Sturminster Newton, known to locals as Stur, is a town in the Blackmore Vale area of Dorset, England. The Return of the Native is Thomas Hardy's sixth published Novel. In 1885, they moved for a last time, to Max Gate, a house outside Dorchester designed by Hardy and built by his brother. Max Gate is the former home of Thomas Hardy and is located in Dorchester, Dorset, England. There he wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887) and Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), the last of which attracted criticism for its sympathetic portrayal of a "fallen woman" and was initially refused publication. The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886 is a tragic novel by English Author Thomas Hardy subtitled "The Life and Death of a Man of Character" The Woodlanders is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1887. Tess of the d'Urbervilles A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a Novel by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1891 Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle-classes. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power.

Jude the Obscure, published in 1895, met with even stronger negative outcries from the Victorian public for its frank treatment of sex, and was often referred to as "Jude the Obscene". Jude the Obscure is the last of Thomas Hardy 's Novels begun as a magazine serial and first published in book form in 1895. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities Heavily criticized for its apparent attack on the institution of marriage, the book caused further strain on Hardy's already difficult marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as being autobiographical. Some booksellers sold the novel in brown paper bags, and the Bishop of Wakefield is reputed to have burnt a copy. The Bishop of Wakefield is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Wakefield [4] In his postscript of 1912, Hardy humorously referred to this incident as part of the career of the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press its next misfortune was to be burnt by a bishop - probably in his despair at not being able to burn me".

Despite this criticism, Hardy had become a celebrity in English literature by the 1900s, with several blockbuster novels under his belt, yet he felt disgust at the public reception of two of his greatest works and gave up writing novels altogether. Several critics have commented, however, that there was very little left for Hardy to write about, having creatively exhausted the increasingly fatalistic tone of his novels.

Literary themes

Although he wrote a great deal of poetry, mostly unpublished until after 1898, Hardy is best remembered for the series of novels and short stories he wrote between 1871 and 1895. His novels are set in the imaginary world of Wessex, a large area of south and south-west England, using the name of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom that covered the area. West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation. The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of Early medieval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon Hardy was part of two worlds; on the one hand he had a deep emotional bond with the rural way of life which he had known as a child, but on the other he was aware of the changes which were under way, and the current social problems from the innovations in agriculture - he captured the epoch just before the railways and the industrial revolution changed the English countryside - to the unfairness and hypocrisy of Victorian sexual behaviour. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the

Hardy critiques certain social constraints that hindered the lives of those living in the 19th century. Considered a Victorian Realist writer, Hardy examines the social constraints that are part of the Victorian status quo. These rules hinder the lives of all involved and ultimately lead to a life of unhappiness. In Two on a Tower, Hardy seeks to take a stand against these rules and sets up a story against the backdrop of social structure by creating a romantic story of love that crosses the boundaries of class. The reader is forced to consider the option of disposing of the conventions set up for love. 19th century society enforces the conventions and societal pressure ensures conformity. Swithin St Cleeve is idyllic against social constraints. He is a meaningful, unique individual set up against the dictating confinements of the conventions of social structure.

“ In a novel structured around contrasts, the main opposition is between Swithin St Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine, who are presented as binary figures in a series of ways: aristocratic and lower class, youthful and mature, single and married, fair and dark, religious and agnostic…she [Lady Viviette Constantine] is also deeply conventional, absurdly wishing to conceal their marriage until Swithin has achieved social status through his scientific work, which gives rise to uncontrolled ironies and tragic-comic misunderstandings (Harvey 108). ”

Hardy’s stories take into consideration the events of life and their effects. Fate plays a big role as the thematic basis for many of his novels. Characters are constantly encountering crossroads, which are symbolic of a point of opportunity and transition. Far From the Madding Crowd tells a tale of lives that are constructed by chance. Far from the Madding Crowd (1874 is Thomas Hardy's fourth novel and his first major literary success “Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Fanny not missed her wedding, for example, the story would have taken an entirely different path. ”[9] Once things have been put into motion, they will play out. Hardy’s characters are in the grips of too much overwhelming fate.

He paints a vivid picture of rural life in the nineteenth century, with all its joys and suffering, a fatalistic world full of superstition and injustice. His heroes and heroines are often alienated from society and rarely become readmitted into it. He tends to emphasize the impersonal and, generally, negative powers of fate over the mainly working class people he represented in his novels. Hardy exhibits in his books elemental passion, deep instinct, the human will struggling against fatal and ill-comprehended laws, a victim also of unforeseeable change. Tess, for example, ends with some of the most poignant lines in British Literature on this theme:

“ Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Æschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess. And the d'Urberville knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. The two speechless gazers bent themselves down to the earth, as if in prayer, and remained thus a long time, absolutely motionless: the flag continued to wave silently. As soon as they had strength they arose, joined hands again, and went on. ”

In particular, Hardy's novel Jude the Obscure is full of the sense of crisis of the later Victorian period (as witnessed in Matthew Arnold's 'Dover Beach'). Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 &ndash 15 April 1888 was an English Poet, and Cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools "Dover Beach" is a short lyric poem by English poet Matthew Arnold. It describes the tragedy of two new social types, Jude Fawley, a working man who attempts to educate himself, and his lover and cousin, Sue Bridehead, who represents the 'new woman' of the 1890s. [10]

His mastery, as both an author and poet, lies in the creation of natural surroundings making discoveries through close observation and acute sensitiveness. He notices the smallest and most delicate details, yet he can also paint vast landscapes of his own Wessex in melancholy or noble moods. [11] (His eye for poignant detail - such as the spreading bloodstain on the ceiling at the end of Tess of the d'Urbervilles and little Jude's suicide note - often came from clippings from newspaper reports of real events). Tess of the d'Urbervilles A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a Novel by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1891 Jude the Obscure is the last of Thomas Hardy 's Novels begun as a magazine serial and first published in book form in 1895.

Poetry

For the full text of several poems, see the External links section

In 1898 Hardy published his first volume of poetry, Wessex Poems, a collection of poems written over 30 years. Thomas Hardy OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928 was an English novelist Short story writer and poet of the naturalist movement though he saw Wessex Poems and Other Verses is a collection of 51 poems set against the bleak and forbidding Dorset landscape by English writer Thomas Hardy, often referred Hardy claimed poetry as his first love, and published collections until his death in 1928. Although not as well received by his contemporaries as his novels, Hardy's poetry has been applauded considerably in recent years, in part because of the influence on Philip Larkin. Philip Arthur Larkin, CH, CBE, FRSL (9 August 1922 – 2 December 1985 was an English Poet, Novelist and Jazz However, critically it is still not regarded as highly as his prose.

Most of his poems deal with themes of disappointment in love and life, and mankind's long struggle against indifference to human suffering. Some, like The Darkling Thrush and An August Midnight, appear as poems about writing poetry, because the nature mentioned in them gives Hardy the inspiration to write those. A vein of regret tinges his often seemingly banal themes. His compositions range in style from the three-volume epic closet drama The Dynasts to smaller, and often hopeful or even cheerful ballads of the moment such as the little-known The Children and Sir Nameless, a comic poem inspired by the tombs of the Martyns, builders of Athelhampton. A closet drama is a play that is not intended to be performed onstage but read by a solitary reader or sometimes out loud in a small group perhaps in a small room called The Dynasts is "an epic-drama of the war with Napoleon, in three parts nineteen acts and one hundred and thirty scenes" by Thomas Hardy, whose Athelhampton (also known as Admiston or Adminston) is one of the finest 15th-century Manor houses in England, and is set in superb gardens

A few of Hardy's poems, such as The Blinded Bird (a melancholy polemic against the sport of vinkenzetting), display his love of the natural world and his firm stance against animal cruelty, exhibited in his antivivisectionist views and his membership in the RSPCA. Vinkensport ( Dutch finch sport is a competitive Animal sport in which male Chaffinches are made to compete for the highest number of Bird Cruelty to animals refers to the infliction of unnecessary Suffering or Harm to animals This article is about the original RSPCA in England and Wales [12]

Composers who have set Hardy's text to music include Gerald Finzi, who produced six song-cycles for poems by Hardy, Benjamin Britten, who based his song-cycle Winter Words on Hardy's poetry, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Gustav Holst. Gerald Raphael Finzi ( July 14, 1901 &ndash September 27, 1956) was a British Composer, whose popularity has increased Edward Benjamin Britten Baron Britten, OM CH (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976 was an English Composer, conductor, Winter Words, Op 52 is a Song cycle for Tenor and Piano by Benjamin Britten. Ralph (reɪf Vaughan Williams OM (12 October 1872 &ndash 26 August 1958 was an English Composer of symphonies, Chamber music Gustav Theodore Holst (21 September 1874 – 25 May 1934was an English Composer and was a music teacher for nearly 20 years Holst also based one of his last orchestral works, Egdon Heath, on Hardy's work. Egdon Heath is a fictitious heath in Hardy's Wessex, a hamlet of people who cut the Furze, or Gorse, that grows there It is said to be Holst's masterpiece. Composer Lee Hoiby's setting of "The Darkling Thrush" became the basis of the multimedia opera Darkling and Timothy Takach, a graduate of St. Lee Hoiby (born 1926 is an American classical pianist and composer Multimedia is media and content that utilizes a combination of different content forms. Olaf, has also put "The Darkling Thrush" into arrangement for a 4-part mixed choir.

Works

Prose

Hardy divided his novels and collected short stories into three classes:

Novels of Character and Environment

Romances and Fantasies

Novels of Ingenuity

Hardy also produced a number of minor tales and a collaborative novel, The Spectre of the Real (1894). Desperate Remedies is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published anonymously by Tinsley Brothers in 1871. The Hand of Ethelberta is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1876 A Laodicean is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1881. Set in the more modern age of that time the plot exhibits devices uncommon for Hardy such as An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones mentioned above, is A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913). His works have been collected as the 24-volume Wessex Edition (1912-1913) and the 37-volume Mellstock Edition (1919-1920). His largely self-written biography appears under his second wife's name in two volumes from 1928-1930, as The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840-1891 and The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892-1928, now published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy, edited by Michael Millgate (1984).

Poetry (not a comprehensive list)

Drama

Locations in novels

Berkshire is North Wessex, Devon is Lower Wessex, Dorset is South Wessex, Somerset is Outer or Nether Wessex, Wiltshire is Mid-Wessex,

Bere Regis is King's-Bere of Tess, Bincombe Down cross roads is the scene of the military execution in A Melancholy Hussar. Wessex Poems and Other Verses is a collection of 51 poems set against the bleak and forbidding Dorset landscape by English writer Thomas Hardy, often referred The Dynasts is "an epic-drama of the war with Napoleon, in three parts nineteen acts and one hundred and thirty scenes" by Thomas Hardy, whose The Dynasts is "an epic-drama of the war with Napoleon, in three parts nineteen acts and one hundred and thirty scenes" by Thomas Hardy, whose The Dynasts is "an epic-drama of the war with Napoleon, in three parts nineteen acts and one hundred and thirty scenes" by Thomas Hardy, whose Satires of Circumstance is a collection of poems by English poet Thomas Hardy, and was published in 1914 Berkshire (ˈbɑːkʃə or /ˈbɑːkʃɪə/ say Baak-shuh/-sheer sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a Home County in the South Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county Etymology The county formerly 'Wiltonshire' or 'Wiltunscir' (9th century is named after the former county town of Wilton (itself named after the River Wylye Bere Regis is a large Village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England; situated 6 miles north-west of Wareham. Bincombe is a large Village in the West Dorset district of Dorset, England; situated 5 miles north of Weymouth. It is a true story, the deserters from the German Legion were shot in 1801 and are recorded in the parish register. Bindon Abbey is where Clare carried her. Wool is a village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England. Bournemouth is Sandbourne of Hand of Ethelberta and Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Bridport is Port Bredy, Charborough House and its folly tower at 50°46′38.75″N, 2°6′7.09″W is the model for Welland House in the novel Two on a Tower. Bournemouth ( is a large coastal resort town in the Borough of Bournemouth in Dorset, England. Tess of the d'Urbervilles A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a Novel by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1891 Bridport is a town in Dorset, England. Located near the Coast at the Western end of Chesil Beach at the confluence of the rivers Charborough House is located between Sturminster Marshall and Bere Regis in Dorset, England. In Architecture, a folly is a Building constructed strictly as a decoration having none of the usual purposes of housing or sheltering associated with a conventional Two on a Tower ( 1882) is a novel by English Author Thomas Hardy, classified by him as a romance and fantasy and now regarded as one Corfe Castle is the Corvsgate-Castle of Hand of Ethelberta. Corfe Castle is a Village, Civil parish and ruined Castle, in the English county of Dorset. Cranborne Chase is The Chase scene of Tess's seduction. Cranborne Chase ( is a Chalk Plateau in central southern England, straddling the counties Dorset, Hampshire and Wiltshire (Note - Bowerchalke on Cranborne Chase at 51°0′30.75″N, 1°59′18.30″W was the film location for the great fire in John Schlesinger's 1967 film Far from the Madding Crowd. Bowerchalke or Bower Chalke is a village and Civil parish in the Salisbury district of Wiltshire, England, about twelve miles John Richard Schlesinger, CBE ( February 16, 1926 &ndash July 25, 2003) was an Academy Award -winning English Far from the Madding Crowd is a 1967 feature film directed by John Schlesinger, adapted from the book of the same name by Thomas Hardy )

Dorchester, Dorset is Casterbridge, the scene of Mayor of Casterbridge. Dorchester is a Market town in southern central Dorset, England, on the River Frome at the junction of the A35 and A37 The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886 is a tragic novel by English Author Thomas Hardy subtitled "The Life and Death of a Man of Character" The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886 is a tragic novel by English Author Thomas Hardy subtitled "The Life and Death of a Man of Character" Dunster Castle in Somerset is Castle De Stancy of A Laodicean. Dunster Castle is the historical home of the Luttrell family located in the small town of Dunster, Somerset, England ( Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county Fordington moor is Durnover moor and fields. Fordington Liberty was a liberty in the County of Dorset, England containing the following parishes Fordington Greenhill Fair near Bere Regis is Woodbury Hill Fair, Lulworth Cove is Lulstead Cove, Marnhull is Marlott of Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Melbury House near Evershot is Great Hintock Court in A Group of Noble Dames. Bere Regis is a large Village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England; situated 6 miles north-west of Wareham. Bere Regis is a large Village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England; situated 6 miles north-west of Wareham. Lulworth Cove is a Cove near the village of West Lulworth, on the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site in Dorset, south England Marnhull is a village in the Blackmore Vale area of north Dorset, England, 3 Miles north of Sturminster Newton. Tess of the d'Urbervilles A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a Novel by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1891 Evershot is a village in west Dorset, England, eight Miles south of Yeovil. Evershot is a village in west Dorset, England, eight Miles south of Yeovil. Minterne is Little Hintock, Owermoigne is Nether Moynton in Wessex Tales. Minterne Magna is a village in west Dorset, England, situated at the source of the River Cerne in the Dorset Downs, half way between Dorchester Owermoigne is a village in south west Dorset, England, situated six Miles south east of Dorchester.

Piddlehinton and Piddle Trenthide are the Longpuddle of A Few Crusted Characters. Piddlehinton is a village in west Dorset, England situated in the Piddle valley five Miles north of Dorchester. The River Piddle or Trent or North River is a small rural Dorset River which rises next to Alton Pancras church (Alton Puddletown Heath, Moreton Heath, Tincleton Heath and Bere Heath are Egdon Heath. Puddletown (formerly Piddletown is a village in Dorset, England, 5 Miles east of Dorchester in the River Piddle Valley Moreton is a village in Dorset, England, situated on the River Frome eight Miles east of Dorchester. Tincleton is a village in south west Dorset, England, situated on the River Frome five Miles east of Dorchester. Bere Regis is a large Village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England; situated 6 miles north-west of Wareham. Poole is Havenpool in Life's Little Ironies. Poole ( is a large coastal town and seaport in Dorset on the south coast of England Portland is the scene of The Pursuit of the Well-Beloved. The Isle of Portland ( is a limestone tied island long by wide in the English Channel. Puddletown is Weatherbury in Far from the Madding Crowd, River Frome valley is the scene of Talbothays dairy in Tess. Puddletown (formerly Piddletown is a village in Dorset, England, 5 Miles east of Dorchester in the River Piddle Valley The River Frome (fruːm is a River in Dorset in the south of England. Salisbury is Melchester in On the Western Circuit, Life's Little Ironies and Jude the Obscure etc. Salisbury (ˈsɒlzbri ˈsɔːlzbri ('Solzbry' or ˈzɔːwzbri ('Zawzbry' — moving from RP to local dialect) is a cathedral city in the Shaftesbury is Shaston in Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. Shaftesbury is a Town in North Dorset, England, situated on the A30 road near the Wiltshire border 20 Miles west of Tess of the d'Urbervilles A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a Novel by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1891 Jude the Obscure is the last of Thomas Hardy 's Novels begun as a magazine serial and first published in book form in 1895. Sherborne is Sherton-Abbas, Sherborne Castle is home of Lady Baxby in A Group of Noble Dames. Sherborne is an affluent Market town in north west Dorset, England, situated on the River Yeo Sherborne Castle is a 16th-century Tudor Mansion southeast of Sherborne in Dorset, England. Stonehenge is the scene of Tess's apprehension. Stonehenge is a Prehistoric Monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about west of Amesbury and north of Salisbury Sutton Poyntz is Overcombe. Sutton Poyntz Liberty was a liberty in the County of Dorset, England containing the following parishes Chickerell (part Swanage is the Knollsea of Hand of Ethelberta. Swanage is a small coastal Town in the south east of Dorset, England. Taunton is known as Toneborough in both Hardy's novels and poems (see http://www.wessex.me.uk/taunton.html). Taunton is the County town of Somerset, England. The Unparished area (or former Municipal borough) of Taunton has a Population Wantage is Alfredston, of Jude the Obscure. Wantage is a Town and Civil parish in the Vale of the White Horse, near the Thames Valley, in the English county of Oxfordshire Fawley, Berkshire is Marygreen of Jude the Obscure. Jude the Obscure is the last of Thomas Hardy 's Novels begun as a magazine serial and first published in book form in 1895. Weyhill is Weydon Priors, Weymouth is Budmouth Regis, the scene of Trumpet Major & portions of other novels; Winchester is Wintoncester where Tess was executed. Andover is a town in the English county of Hampshire. The town is situated on the River Anton some 18 Weymouth (ˈweɪməθ is a town in Dorset, England situated on a sheltered bay at the mouth of the River Wey on the English Channel coast Winchester or Winton ( archaic) is a historic city in southern England, with a population of around 40000 within a radius of its centre Wimborne is Warborne of Two on a Tower. This article is about the town Wimborne Minster For the church of Wimborne Minster see Wimborne Minster. Two on a Tower ( 1882) is a novel by English Author Thomas Hardy, classified by him as a romance and fantasy and now regarded as one Wolfeton House, near Dorchester is the scene of The Lady Penelope in a Group of Noble Dames. Charminster is a village in west Dorset, England, situated on the River Cerne and A352 road one Mile (2 km north of Dorchester Woolbridge old Manor House, close to Wool station, is the scene of Tess's confession and honeymoon. Wool is a village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England.

In other literature

Hardy provides the springboard for D. H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (1936). David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930 was an English writer of the 20th century whose prolific and diverse output included Novels short Though this work became a platform for Lawrence's own developing philosophy rather than a more standard literary study, the influence of Hardy's treatment of character and Lawrence's own response to the central metaphysic behind many of Hardy's novels helped significantly in the development of The Rainbow (1915, suppressed) and Women in Love (1920, private publication). Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science The Rainbow is a 1915 Novel by British author D H Lawrence. It follows three generations of the Brangwen family particularly focusing on the sexual

Notes

  1. ^ Chosen Poems of Thomas Hardy, ed. James Gibson, Macmillam Education Ltd, 1975, p. 9.
  2. ^ "Thomas Hardy - the Time-Torn Man", BBC Radio 4, 23 October 2006 (a reading of Claire Tomalin's book of the same name). Claire Tomalin (born 20 June 1933) is an English Biographer and Journalist.
  3. ^ bbc.co.uk (accessed August 12, 2006)
  4. ^ a b bbc.co.uk, (accessed August 12, 2006)
  5. ^ Wotton, George. Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism. Lanham,: Rowan & Littlefield, 1985, p. 36.
  6. ^ a b Ellman, Richard & O'Clair, Robert (eds. ) 1988. "Thomas Hardy" in The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, Norton, New York.
  7. ^ (http://wps.ablongman.com/long_kennedy_lfpd_9/0,9130,1489987-,00.html
  8. ^ Thomas Hardy: The Tragedy of a Life Without Christ
  9. ^ ("Far from the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy: Introduction. " Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Linda Pavlovski. Vol. 153. Gale Group, Inc. , 2005. eNotes. com. 2006. 12 Mar, 2008 <http://www.enotes.com/twentieth-century-criticism/far-from-madding-crowd-thomas-hardy>
  10. ^ Words Words Words, La Spiga Languages, 2003 p. 482
  11. ^ A Short History of English Literature, Emile Legouis, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1934
  12. ^ Herbert N. Schneidau. Waking Giants: The Presence of the Past in Modernism. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom (Google Books)

References

External links

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