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This article is about Thomas Gold, an Austrian astrophysicist. For Thomas Ruggles Gold, a United States Representative from New York, see Thomas R. Gold. Thomas Ruggles Gold ( November 4, 1764 - October 24, 1827) was a United States Representative from New York.
Thomas Gold
Thomas Gold
Thomas Gold
Born May 22, 1920
Vienna, Austria
Died June 22, 2004
Nationality Austrian
Fields astrophysics
Institutions Cornell University

Thomas Gold (May 22, 1920 – June 22, 2004) was an Austrian born astrophysicist, a professor of astronomy at Cornell University, and a member of the U. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study S. National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science Gold was one of three young Cambridge scientists who in the 1950s proposed the now mostly abandoned 'steady state' hypothesis of the universe. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the In cosmology, the Steady State theory (also known as the Infinite Universe theory or continuous creation) is a model developed in 1948 by Fred The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy Gold's work crossed academic and scientific boundaries, into biophysics, astrophysics, space engineering, and geophysics. Biophysics (also biological physics) is an Interdisciplinary Science that employs and develops theories and methods of the Physical sciences for Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, Aerospace engineering is the branch of Engineering behind the design construction and science of Aircraft and Spacecraft. Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic

Contents

Life

Gold was born into a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria, he was educated at Zuoz College in Switzerland, and in the UK at Trinity College, Cambridge. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. At the start of World War II, he endured internment as an enemy alien, during which time he met Hermann Bondi. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial Sir Hermann Bondi, KCB, FRS ( 1 November 1919 &ndash 10 September 2005) was an Anglo - Austrian Once released, he worked with Bondi and Fred Hoyle (near Dunsfold in Surrey) on radar, a partnership that would extend into astrophysics. Sir Fred Hoyle FRS ( 24 June, 1915  &ndash 20 August, 2001) was an English Astronomer primarily Dunsfold is a Village in the Waverley district of the county of Surrey, England, 8 Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Together, the three upset existing dogma with their unorthodox theories on the nature of the cosmos. In its most general sense a cosmos is an orderly or harmonious system He later worked at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, in Herstmonceux, Sussex, England, and at Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Royal Observatory Greenwich (formerly the Royal Greenwich Observatory or RGO) was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, with the Herstmonceux (ˌhɜːsmənˈzuː is a village and Civil parish in the Wealden District of East Sussex, England. Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States.

In early 1959 he accepted an appointment at Cornell University, which had offered him the opportunity to set up an interdisciplinary unit for radiophysics and space research, and take charge of the Department of Astronomy. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In Academia, Pedagogy, Physical sciences, Earth sciences, Human sciences and Social sciences Radiophysics is a branch of Physics focused on the theoretical and experimental study of certain kinds of Radiation: its emission propagation and interaction with He remained at Cornell until his death.

He was married twice: to Merle Tuberg in 1947 and to Carvel Beyer in 1972. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He had three daughters by his first wife and one by his second. He died at the age of 84.

Astrophysics

Gold carried out research on cosmology and on magnetic fields, and coined the term 'magnetosphere' for the Earth's magnetic fields. In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges A magnetosphere' is a highly magnetized region around and possessed by an Astronomical object. Along with Bondi, he developed the steady-state theory. In cosmology, the Steady State theory (also known as the Infinite Universe theory or continuous creation) is a model developed in 1948 by Fred Soon after the discovery of pulsars in 1968, Gold and Fred Hoyle correctly identified these objects as rapidly rotating neutron stars with strong magnetic fields. Pulsars are highly magnetized rotating Neutron stars that emit a beam of Electromagnetic radiation in the form of radio waves Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sir Fred Hoyle FRS ( 24 June, 1915  &ndash 20 August, 2001) was an English Astronomer primarily A neutron star is a type of remnant that can result from the Gravitational collapse of a massive Star during a Type II, Type Ib or Type In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials.

For a number of years, Gold promoted the idea that a thick layer of dust would cover many portions of the surface of the Moon. His opinion influenced the design of the American Surveyor lunar landing probes, but their precautions appeared excessive, as Gold had overestimated the extent to which cyclic thermal expansion and contraction would pulverize lunar surface rock. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Surveyor Program was a NASA program that from 1966 through 1968 sent seven Robotic spacecraft to the surface of the Moon. Regardless, he was prescient in proposing the general composition of the lunar regolith.

He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1985. The Gold Medal is the highest award of the Royal Astronomical Society. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar)

Origins of petroleum

"Hydrocarbons are not biology reworked by geology (as the traditional view would hold) but rather geology reworked by biology. " – Thomas Gold

Gold achieved fame for his 1992 paper "The Deep Hot Biosphere" in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,[1] which presented a controversial view of the origin of coal, oil, and gas deposits, a theory of an abiogenic petroleum origin. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter The hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin is an alternative hypothesis to the biological origin theory which was popular in Russia and Ukraine between The theory suggests coal and crude oil deposits have their origins in natural gas flows which feed bacteria living at extreme depths under the surface of the Earth; in other words, oil and coal are produced through tectonic forces, rather than from the decomposition of fossils. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have At the beginning of his 1992 paper Gold also referred to ocean vents that pump bacteria from the depth of the earth towards the ocean floor in support of his views. A hydrothermal vent is a Fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated Water issues A number of new such hydrothermal vents have since been discovered, as recently as 2007. A hydrothermal vent is a Fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated Water issues [2]

Gold also published a book of the same title in 1999, which expanded on the arguments in his 1992 paper and included speculations on the origin of life. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) In the Natural sciences, Abiogenesis, or origin of life, is the study of how Life on Earth emerged from Inanimate Organic [3] He has been accused of stealing the abiogenic theory outright from Soviet geologists who first published it in the 1950s [1]. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Although he later credited Soviet research, it is claimed that he first published a paper on the abiogenic theory in 1979 without citing any of the Soviet literature on the subject [2]. Gold's defenders maintain that these charges are unfounded: they say that, after first formulating his views on petroleum in 1979, he began finding the papers by Soviet geologists and had them translated. He was both disappointed (that his ideas were not original) and delighted (because such independent formulation of these ideas added weight to the hypothesis). They insist that he always credited the Soviet work once he knew about it.

According to Gold and the Soviet geologists who originated the abiogenic theory, bacteria feeding on the oil accounts for the presence of biological debris in hydrocarbon fuels, obviating the need to resort to a biogenic theory for the origin of the latter. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. A biogenic substance is a substance produced by Life processes The flows of underground hydrocarbons may also explain oddities in the concentration of other mineral deposits. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon.

Most western geologists and petrologists consider petroleum abiogenic theories implausible and believe the biogenic theory of 'fossil fuel' formation adequately explains all observed hydrocarbon deposits. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings A geologist is a contributor to the Science of Geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system In Geology, petrology (from Greek πέτρα petra, rock and λόγος logos, knowledge is the study of rocks and the conditions on which Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Most geologists do recognize the geologic carbon cycle includes subducted carbon, which returns to the surface, with studies showing the carbon does rise in various ways. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Gold and geology experts point out the biogenic theories do not explain phenomena such as helium in oil fields and oil fields associated with deep geologic features. Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical

However, recent discoveries have shown that bacteria live at depths far greater than previously believed. An endolith or cryptoendolith is an Organism ( Archaeum, Bacterium, Fungus, Lichen, Alga or Amoeba Whilst this does not prove Gold's theory, it may lend support to its arguments. A thermal depolymerization process which converts animal waste to carbon fuels does show some processes can be done without bacterial action, but does not explain details of natural oil deposits such as magnetite production. Thermal depolymerization ( TDP) is a process using Hydrous pyrolysis for the reduction of complex Organic materials (usually Waste products of Magnetite is not to be confused with Magnesite or Maghemite. Magnetite is a ferrimagnetic Mineral with chemical

An article on abiogenic hydrocarbon production in the February 2008 issue of Science Magazine reported how the abiotic synthesis of hydrocarbons in nature may occur in the presence of ultramafic rocks, water, and moderate amounts of heat. The hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin is an alternative hypothesis to the biological origin theory which was popular in Russia and Ukraine between Science Magazine was a half-hour television show produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from 1975 to 1979 [4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Gold T (1992). The hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin is an alternative hypothesis to the biological origin theory which was popular in Russia and Ukraine between Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, Famous Astronomers and Astrophysicists include A Marc Aaronson ( USA, 1950 &ndash 1987 Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study "The Deep Hot Biosphere". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89 (13): 6045. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United  
  2. ^ "New undersea vent suggests snake-headed mythology", EurekaAert, April 18 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.  
  3. ^ Thomas Gold, 1999, The Deep Hot Biosphere, Springer, ISBN 0387952535
  4. ^ Science Magazine, Abiogenic Hydrocarbon Production at Lost City Hydrothermal Field February 2008 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/319/5863/604

External links

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